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                很久沒寫博客了,一直想寫下android關于源碼分析的文章,今天就來分析下android中的異步消息處理機制Handler的原理。Handler的用法我們都再熟悉不過了。其最經典的用法如下: ~~~ Looper.prepare(); ~~~ ~~~ private Handler handlerWenzhang = new Handler(){ public void handleMessage(Message msg) { switch (msg.what) { case 0:break; case 1:break; default:break; } }; }; ~~~ ~~~ Looper.loop(); ~~~ 接下來在子線程中發送消息。 ~~~ Message message = new Message(); Bundle bundle = new Bundle(); bundle.putString("message", "1"); message.setData(bundle); handler.sendMessage(message); ~~~ 以上handleMessage()方法中就是在主線程調用,一般用于進行UI操作,而sendMessage()方法是在子線程中調用,把結果傳到主線程,這就實現了異步通信。使用方法用簡單,但是只會用而不知道其原理往往會很不爽,所以讓我們來看看handler的源碼實現吧。 我們來細究handler的內部原理。在介紹handler之前我們要先了解下什么是Looper,Handler和MessageQueue。 Handler:用于在子線程發送消息,在主線程獲得和處理消息; MessageQueue:是一個管理消息的隊列,消息是先入先出的。 Looper:負責讀取MessageQueue中的消息,讀取到后交給Handler處理。要注意的是每個線程都必須定義一個Looper,之所以平時我們在使用時很少定義Looper是因為android的主線程中已經默認給我們定義好了,所以不需要再次定義。 程序一開始就應該調用Looper.prepare()來定義Looper,首先看看Looper的代碼: ~~~ public static void prepare() { prepare(true); } private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) { if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) { throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread"); } sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed)); } ~~~ 以上的代碼寫得很清楚,判斷線程存儲空間是否為空,若為空就創建一個Looper并放入sThreadLocal中,這樣保證線程中只有一個Looper。既然創建了Looper,就先看看它的構造方法: ~~~ private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) { mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed); mThread = Thread.currentThread(); } ~~~ 很簡單,創建了一個消息隊列。接著我們來看看定義了Handler,前面我們已經提過,Handler一般在子線程中發送消息,在主線程中從MessageQueue中取數據,那么具體怎么實現的呢,先看看Handler的構造方法: ~~~ public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) { if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) { final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass(); if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) && (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) { Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " + klass.getCanonicalName()); } } mLooper = Looper.myLooper(); if (mLooper == null) { throw new RuntimeException( "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()"); } mQueue = mLooper.mQueue; mCallback = callback; mAsynchronous = async; } ~~~ 主要看看第10行代碼,通過Looper的myLooper獲取到線程中的Looper對象,代碼如下: ~~~ public static Looper myLooper() { return sThreadLocal.get(); } ~~~ 然后第15行代碼就是獲得Looper的MessageQuene對象,這樣Handler就和MessageQuene連接起來了。接著我們調用Looper.loop(),什么意思,看看代碼: ~~~ public static void loop() { final Looper me = myLooper(); if (me == null) { throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread."); } final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue; // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process, // and keep track of what that identity token actually is. Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); for (;;) { Message msg = queue.next(); // might block if (msg == null) { // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting. return; } // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger Printer logging = me.mLogging; if (logging != null) { logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback + ": " + msg.what); } msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); if (logging != null) { logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback); } // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted. final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); if (ident != newIdent) { Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x" + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x" + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to " + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " " + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what); } msg.recycle(); } } ~~~ 以上代碼很長,首先是先獲取Looper對象,如果不存在拋異常。queue.next()就是消息出隊列的意思,如果有消息就將其出隊列,其中for循環其到一個不斷取數據的作用,如果沒數據,就阻塞。調用msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)對獲得的消息進行處理,通過前文我們可以猜測target應該是Handler。那么就先把它當Handler,接下來當然就是看Handler的dispatchMessage()方法啦。 ~~~ public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) { if (msg.callback != null) { handleCallback(msg); } else { if (mCallback != null) { if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) { return; } } handleMessage(msg); } } ~~~ 看看handleMessage()方法,有沒有很熟悉。而在Handler中handleMessage()是一個空方法。 ~~~ public void handleMessage(Message msg) { } ~~~ 所以我們如果要對消息進行處理就只要重寫handleMessage()方法即可。到此是不是對Handler如何取數據和如何處理數據相當清楚啦。但我們還有些疑問,Handler是如何發送消息的,消息如何進入隊列的。還有就是為什么上面的target是Handler。要弄明白這些,就只能繼續看代碼。 我們來看看發送的代碼,一般調用sendMessage()、sendEmptyMessage()等方法來發送消息。追蹤源碼可知無論是sendMessage()還是sendEmptyMessage最終都調用的是sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis)方法。讓我們來看看它的源碼: ~~~ public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { MessageQueue queue = mQueue; if (queue == null) { RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException( this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue"); Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e); return false; } return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis); } ~~~ 方法很簡單,傳入兩個參數,msg是我們發送的消息,uptimMills指發送消息的時間。若像延時發送可設置此值。最后返回enqueueMessage方法。讓我們繼續看看enqueueMessage實現了什么功能。 ~~~ private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { msg.target = this; if (mAsynchronous) { msg.setAsynchronous(true); } return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis); } ~~~ 看到第二行,我們是不是明白了什么。在這里把msg.target賦值Handler,這就回答了上面的問題。最后調用的是MessageQueue中的enqueueMessage方法。查看下enqueueMessage的方法: ~~~ boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) { if (msg.isInUse()) { throw new AndroidRuntimeException(msg + " This message is already in use."); } if (msg.target == null) { throw new AndroidRuntimeException("Message must have a target."); } synchronized (this) { if (mQuitting) { RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException( msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread"); Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e); return false; } msg.when = when; Message p = mMessages; boolean needWake; if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) { // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked. msg.next = p; mMessages = msg; needWake = mBlocked; } else { // Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue. needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous(); Message prev; for (;;) { prev = p; p = p.next; if (p == null || when < p.when) { break; } if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) { needWake = false; } } msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next prev.next = msg; } // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false. if (needWake) { nativeWake(mPtr); } } return true; } ~~~ 這個就是入隊的意思。將消息傳入MessageQueue中。看上面代碼才知道,原來MessageQueue并不是一個集合把消息都存起來。它是按傳入的時間參數來對消息進行排序。這就完成了消息的入隊。到此我們整個Handler的處理過程就講完了,接下來總結一下: Handler在子線程中通過sendMessage()方法經enqueueMessage將消息傳入到MessageQueue隊列中。此時仍在子線程中。Handler再通過loop()方法獲得消息并在handleMessage方法中處理。Handler是建立在主線程中的,所以handlerMessage就是在主線程處理相關操作。 關于HandleMessage的講解就到這里,可能個人的分析有出錯的地方,希望指出。
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