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                ## C 基礎 strcpy(newstr,str)????????????????????????/*?拷貝?str?到?newstr?*/ expr1???expr2?:?expr3?????????????????????/*?if?(expr1)?expr2?else?expr3?*/ x?=?(y?>?z)???y?:?z;??????????????????????/*?if?(y?>?z)?x?=?y;?else?x?=?z;?*/ int?a[]={0,1,2};??????????????????????????/*?初始化數組?(或者?a[3]={0,1,2};?*/ int?a[2][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6}};????????????/*?初始化二維數組?*/ int?i?=?12345;????????????????????????????/*?從?i?轉換成?char?str?*/ char?str[10]; sprintf(str,?"%d",?i); ## C 實例 一個最小化的 C 程式 simple.c: ~~~ #include?<stdio.h> main()?{ ????int?number=42; ????printf("The?answer?is?%i\n",?number);?? } ~~~ 編譯: #?gcc?simple.c?-o?simple #?./simple The?answer?is?42 ## C++ 基礎 *pointer??????????????????????????????????//?指向對象的指針 &obj??????????????????????????????????????//?對象?obj?的地址 obj.x?????????????????????????????????????//?類(對象)?obj?成員?x pobj->x???????????????????????????????????//?指針?pobj?指向類(對象)成員?x ??????????????????????????????????????????//?(*pobj).x?同?pobj->x ## C++ 實例 來一個稍微現實一點的 C++ 程序,我們在一個頭文件(IPv4.h)中創建一個類并且實現它(IPv4.cpp),然后創建一個程式來使用其功能。這個類的成員方法實現了 IP 地址從一串整數轉換成我們熟知的點分格式。這是一個最小化的 C++ 程式和多源文件(multi-source)的編譯。 ### IPv4 class #### IPv4.h: #ifndef?IPV4_H #define?IPV4_H #include?<string> namespace?GenericUtils?{??????????????????????????????//?創建?namespace ????class?IPv4?{??????????????????????????????????????//?類定義 ????????public: ????????????IPv4(); ????????????~IPv4(); ????????????std::string?IPint_to_IPquad(unsigned?long?ip);//?成員方法接口 ????}; }?//namespace?GenericUtils #endif?//?IPV4_H #### IPv4.cpp: #include?"IPv4.h" #include?<string> #include?<sstream> using?namespace?std;??????????????????????????????//?使用?namespace using?namespace?GenericUtils; IPv4::IPv4()?{}???????????????????????????????????//?默認構造/析構函數 IPv4::~IPv4()?{} string?IPv4::IPint_to_IPquad(unsigned?long?ip)?{??//?成員方法實現 ????ostringstream?ipstr;??????????????????????????//?使用字符串流 ????ipstr?<<?((ip?&0xff000000)?>>?24)?????????????//?位右移 ??????????<<?"."?<<?((ip?&0x00ff0000)?>>?16) ??????????<<?"."?<<?((ip?&0x0000ff00)?>>?8) ??????????<<?"."?<<?((ip?&0x000000ff)); ????return?ipstr.str(); } ### 程序 simplecpp.cpp #include?"IPv4.h" #include?<iostream> #include?<string> using?namespace?std; int?main?(int?argc,?char*?argv[])?{ ????string?ipstr;?????????????????????????????????//?定義變量 ????unsigned?long?ipint?=?1347861486;?????????????//?數字形式的?IP ????GenericUtils::IPv4?iputils;???????????????????//?創建一個類的對象 ????ipstr?=?iputils.IPint_to_IPquad(ipint);???????//?調研類的成員方法 ????cout?<<?ipint?<<?"?=?"?<<?ipstr?<<?endl;??????//?輸出結果 ????return?0; } 編譯和執行: ~~~ #?g++?-c?IPv4.cpp?simplecpp.cpp????????????????#?編譯成目標文件 #?g++?IPv4.o?simplecpp.o?-o?simplecpp.exe??????#?連接目標代碼,生成可執行文件 #?./simplecpp.exe? 1347861486?=?80.86.187.238 ~~~ 使用?`ldd`?腳本檢查并列出可執行程序所依賴的共享庫文件。這個命令同樣可以用來檢查共享庫的丟失。 #?ldd?/sbin/ifconfig ## 簡單的 Makefile 相應的最小化多源文件(multi-source)編譯 Makefile 顯示如下。每一個命令行必須以?_tab_?開始!可以將一個較長行使用反斜線"\"來分解為多行。 ~~~ CC?=?g++ CFLAGS?=?-OOBJS?=?IPv4.o?simplecpp.o simplecpp:?${OBJS} ${CC}?-o?simplecpp?${CFLAGS}?${OBJS} clean: rm?-f?${TARGET}?${OBJS} ~~~
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