非謂語動詞 · 英語學習

# 動詞不定式、動名詞 ## 動詞不定式：to+動詞原形 * 構成：to+動詞原形 * 可以做主語、賓語、賓補、定語、表語和狀語 ``` 主語 To get there by bike will take us an hour.騎自行車到那將會花掉我們一個小時。賓語 The driver failed to see the car in time.司機沒有及時看到那輛小車失敗了。賓補 We believe him to be guilty.我們相信他是有罪的。定語 The next train to arrive is from Seoul.將到達的下一輛火車來自首爾。表語 My suggestion is to put off the meeting.我的建議是推遲會議。狀語 I come here only to say goodbye to you. ``` ## 動名詞：動詞原形+ing * 構成：動詞原形+ing * 可以作動名詞使用，具有動詞的特征和變化形式，但在句子中的用法及功能類同名詞 * 可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語。 * 它也可以被副詞修飾或支配賓語 ``` Reading is an art. They went on walking and never stopped talking. Your task is quickly cleaning the windows. This is a reading room. ``` > 動名詞作主語，動作弱化； > 不定式作主語，動作強化，多指要去做某事 # 假主語（形式主語）非謂語動詞用法的延伸，假主語就是用一個詞來代替真正的主語，為什么要代替呢？就是因為主語太長了，如果主語放在句首，就會顯得句子頭重腳輕，這是就是用it來代替真正的主語，然后將主語放在句子的后面。 * 不定式或動名詞可以在主語的位置上，但一般用it代替它作形式主語，這種情況it叫做形式主語 ``` It's a great honor to be invited.被邀請很榮幸。 It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水難收。 ``` # 假賓語（形式賓語）在賓語的位置上，用it代替它作形式賓語，這種情況it叫形式賓語。 ``` We think it important to learn English.我認為學英語很重要。 I found it pleasant walking in the park.在公園走是件樂事。 ``` # 不定式/動名詞的否定式在其前加not構成否定 ``` He pretended not to see her. 他假裝沒有看見她。 He regrets not joining them.他后悔沒有加入他們。 ``` # 動詞不定式作目的狀語的具體使用 in order to + v 表示目的 so as to + v 表示目的由in order to 引導的目的狀語，置于句首，句尾均可。由so as to 引導的目的狀語，只能置于句尾 ``` I've written it down in order to remember it. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.他大聲喊并揮手為了被注意到。 ``` 否定形式為，在to前面加not ``` I've written it down in order not to forget it. He said nothing so as not to be noticed. ``` # 常見的不定式和動名詞的句型 ## 包含不定式或動名詞的一些固定結構 * too~to~ 太xxx以至于不能xxx ``` The room is too small to live.`這個房間太小了以至于不能居住。 ``` * enough+n+to+v/adj+enough+to+v 足夠xxx可以xxx ``` There is enough food to eat.有足夠的食物來吃。 The box is big enough to contain six apples.這個盒子足夠大可以裝6個蘋果。 ``` * On + v-ing 一xxx就xxx ``` On seeing the snake,the girl was very fightened.一看見那條蛇，這個女孩就非常害怕。 ``` * There is no hope of+v-ing 沒希望xxx ``` There is no hope of seeing him.沒希望看見他了。 ``` * feel like+v-ing 想要~ ``` I feel like eating ice cream.我想要吃冰淇淋。 ``` * have a hard time+v-ing 做~艱難 ``` They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.他們自己解決那個問題很艱難。 ``` # 現在分詞、過去分詞、分詞句 ## 現在分詞 v-ing可稱之為動名詞，有時也是現在分詞 ``` 動名詞 Writing books is his job. 現在分詞 He is writing a book. ``` ## 過去分詞動詞的p.p.形式可稱之為動詞的過去分詞，用在完成時和被動語態當中。 ``` He has written the homework. The homework is written. ``` ## 分詞句分詞句是包含現在分詞或過去分詞的分句 ``` The students went out of the classroom,laughing and talking. 這些學生有說有笑的走出了教室。伴隨狀語 Accompanied by his friend,he went to the railway station. 被他的朋友伴隨著，他去了火車站。 ```