4-2 數據庫優化（分區表） · 運維工作筆記

> 原文鏈接[Zabbix分區表](https://www.zabbix.org/wiki/Docs/howto/mysql_partition "Zabbix分區表") > #### TokuDB可以大大緩解插入性能的瓶頸，并且存儲空間大大減少，結合分區表效果更佳 #### Zabbix大表有哪些 | 表名 |大小 | | :------------: | :------------: | | history | | | history_log | | | history_str | | | history_text || | history_uint | | | trends | | | trends_uint | || #### 分表前提 - 按時間范圍分表（字段clock，字段無索引） - MySQL分區表要求范圍字段是唯一索引或主鍵索引，或者是其中一部分，需要修改前核實clock是否在索引中 #### 創建4個存儲過程存儲過程1 ```shell DELIMITER $$ CREATE PROCEDURE `partition_create`(SCHEMANAME varchar(64), TABLENAME varchar(64), PARTITIONNAME varchar(64), CLOCK int) BEGIN /* SCHEMANAME = The DB schema in which to make changes TABLENAME = The table with partitions to potentially delete PARTITIONNAME = The name of the partition to create */ /* Verify that the partition does not already exist */ DECLARE RETROWS INT; SELECT COUNT(1) INTO RETROWS FROM information_schema.partitions WHERE table_schema = SCHEMANAME AND table_name = TABLENAME AND partition_description >= CLOCK; IF RETROWS = 0 THEN /* 1. Print a message indicating that a partition was created. 2. Create the SQL to create the partition. 3. Execute the SQL from #2. */ SELECT CONCAT( "partition_create(", SCHEMANAME, ",", TABLENAME, ",", PARTITIONNAME, ",", CLOCK, ")" ) AS msg; SET @sql = CONCAT( 'ALTER TABLE ', SCHEMANAME, '.', TABLENAME, ' ADD PARTITION (PARTITION ', PARTITIONNAME, ' VALUES LESS THAN (', CLOCK, '));' ); PREPARE STMT FROM @sql; EXECUTE STMT; DEALLOCATE PREPARE STMT; END IF; END$$ DELIMITER ; ``` 存儲過程2 ``` DELIMITER $$ CREATE PROCEDURE `partition_drop`(SCHEMANAME VARCHAR(64), TABLENAME VARCHAR(64), DELETE_BELOW_PARTITION_DATE BIGINT) BEGIN /* SCHEMANAME = The DB schema in which to make changes TABLENAME = The table with partitions to potentially delete DELETE_BELOW_PARTITION_DATE = Delete any partitions with names that are dates older than this one (yyyy-mm-dd) */ DECLARE done INT DEFAULT FALSE; DECLARE drop_part_name VARCHAR(16); /* Get a list of all the partitions that are older than the date in DELETE_BELOW_PARTITION_DATE. All partitions are prefixed with a "p", so use SUBSTRING TO get rid of that character. */ DECLARE myCursor CURSOR FOR SELECT partition_name FROM information_schema.partitions WHERE table_schema = SCHEMANAME AND table_name = TABLENAME AND CAST(SUBSTRING(partition_name FROM 2) AS UNSIGNED) < DELETE_BELOW_PARTITION_DATE; DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done = TRUE; /* Create the basics for when we need to drop the partition. Also, create @drop_partitions to hold a comma-delimited list of all partitions that should be deleted. */ SET @alter_header = CONCAT("ALTER TABLE ", SCHEMANAME, ".", TABLENAME, " DROP PARTITION "); SET @drop_partitions = ""; /* Start looping through all the partitions that are too old. */ OPEN myCursor; read_loop: LOOP FETCH myCursor INTO drop_part_name; IF done THEN LEAVE read_loop; END IF; SET @drop_partitions = IF(@drop_partitions = "", drop_part_name, CONCAT(@drop_partitions, ",", drop_part_name)); END LOOP; IF @drop_partitions != "" THEN /* 1. Build the SQL to drop all the necessary partitions. 2. Run the SQL to drop the partitions. 3. Print out the table partitions that were deleted. */ SET @full_sql = CONCAT(@alter_header, @drop_partitions, ";"); PREPARE STMT FROM @full_sql; EXECUTE STMT; DEALLOCATE PREPARE STMT; SELECT CONCAT(SCHEMANAME, ".", TABLENAME) AS `table`, @drop_partitions AS `partitions_deleted`; ELSE /* No partitions are being deleted, so print out "N/A" (Not applicable) to indicate that no changes were made. */ SELECT CONCAT(SCHEMANAME, ".", TABLENAME) AS `table`, "N/A" AS `partitions_deleted`; END IF; END$$ DELIMITER ; ``` 存儲過程3 ``` DELIMITER $$ CREATE PROCEDURE `partition_maintenance`(SCHEMA_NAME VARCHAR(32), TABLE_NAME VARCHAR(32), KEEP_DATA_DAYS INT, HOURLY_INTERVAL INT, CREATE_NEXT_INTERVALS INT) BEGIN DECLARE OLDER_THAN_PARTITION_DATE VARCHAR(16); DECLARE PARTITION_NAME VARCHAR(16); DECLARE OLD_PARTITION_NAME VARCHAR(16); DECLARE LESS_THAN_TIMESTAMP INT; DECLARE CUR_TIME INT; CALL partition_verify(SCHEMA_NAME, TABLE_NAME, HOURLY_INTERVAL); SET CUR_TIME = UNIX_TIMESTAMP(DATE_FORMAT(NOW(), '%Y-%m-%d 00:00:00')); SET @__interval = 1; create_loop: LOOP IF @__interval > CREATE_NEXT_INTERVALS THEN LEAVE create_loop; END IF; SET LESS_THAN_TIMESTAMP = CUR_TIME + (HOURLY_INTERVAL * @__interval * 3600); SET PARTITION_NAME = FROM_UNIXTIME(CUR_TIME + HOURLY_INTERVAL * (@__interval - 1) * 3600, 'p%Y%m%d%H00'); IF(PARTITION_NAME != OLD_PARTITION_NAME) THEN CALL partition_create(SCHEMA_NAME, TABLE_NAME, PARTITION_NAME, LESS_THAN_TIMESTAMP); END IF; SET @__interval=@__interval+1; SET OLD_PARTITION_NAME = PARTITION_NAME; END LOOP; SET OLDER_THAN_PARTITION_DATE=DATE_FORMAT(DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL KEEP_DATA_DAYS DAY), '%Y%m%d0000'); CALL partition_drop(SCHEMA_NAME, TABLE_NAME, OLDER_THAN_PARTITION_DATE); END$$ DELIMITER ; ``` 存儲過程4 ``` DELIMITER $$ CREATE PROCEDURE `partition_verify`(SCHEMANAME VARCHAR(64), TABLENAME VARCHAR(64), HOURLYINTERVAL INT(11)) BEGIN DECLARE PARTITION_NAME VARCHAR(16); DECLARE RETROWS INT(11); DECLARE FUTURE_TIMESTAMP TIMESTAMP; /* * Check if any partitions exist for the given SCHEMANAME.TABLENAME. */ SELECT COUNT(1) INTO RETROWS FROM information_schema.partitions WHERE table_schema = SCHEMANAME AND table_name = TABLENAME AND partition_name IS NULL; /* * If partitions do not exist, go ahead and partition the table */ IF RETROWS = 1 THEN /* * Take the current date at 00:00:00 and add HOURLYINTERVAL to it. This is the timestamp below which we will store values. * We begin partitioning based on the beginning of a day. This is because we don't want to generate a random partition * that won't necessarily fall in line with the desired partition naming (ie: if the hour interval is 24 hours, we could * end up creating a partition now named "p201403270600" when all other partitions will be like "p201403280000"). */ SET FUTURE_TIMESTAMP = TIMESTAMPADD(HOUR, HOURLYINTERVAL, CONCAT(CURDATE(), " ", '00:00:00')); SET PARTITION_NAME = DATE_FORMAT(CURDATE(), 'p%Y%m%d%H00'); -- Create the partitioning query SET @__PARTITION_SQL = CONCAT("ALTER TABLE ", SCHEMANAME, ".", TABLENAME, " PARTITION BY RANGE(`clock`)"); SET @__PARTITION_SQL = CONCAT(@__PARTITION_SQL, "(PARTITION ", PARTITION_NAME, " VALUES LESS THAN (", UNIX_TIMESTAMP(FUTURE_TIMESTAMP), "));"); -- Run the partitioning query PREPARE STMT FROM @__PARTITION_SQL; EXECUTE STMT; DEALLOCATE PREPARE STMT; END IF; END$$ DELIMITER ; ``` #### 存儲過程中有四個功能： partition_create - 這將在給定模式中的給定表上創建一個分區。 partition_drop - 這將刪除給定模式中給定表上給定時間戳的分區。 partition_maintenance - 此功能是用戶調用的。它負責解析給定的參數，然后根據需要創建/刪除分區。 partition_verify - 檢查給定模式中給定表上是否啟用了分區。如果沒有啟用，它將創建一個單獨的分區。 ##### partition_create ```shell 程序定義：partition_create（SCHEMANAME varchar（64），TABLENAME varchar（64），PARTITIONNAME varchar（64），CLOCK int）示例：CALL partition_create（“zabbix”，“history”，“p20131216”，1387267200）; SCHEMANAME =要在其中進行更改的DB模式 TABLENAME =要在其上創建PARTITIONNAME的表 PARTITIONNAME =要創建的分區的名稱將創建CLOCK = PARTITIONNAME以保存“clock”列值小于此值的值 ``` ##### partition_drop ```shell 過程定義：partition_drop（SCHEMANAME VARCHAR（64），TABLENAME VARCHAR（64），DELETE_BELOW_PARTITION_DATE VARCHAR（64））示例：CALL partition_drop（“zabbix”，“history”，“20131216”）; SCHEMANAME =要在其中進行更改的DB模式 TABLENAME =要刪除PARTITIONNAME的表 DELETE_BELOW_PARTITION_DATE =允許的最舊分區日期。所有舊版本的分區將被刪除。格式為yyyymmdd。 ``` ##### partition_maintenance ```shell 過程定義：partition_maintenance（SCHEMA_NAME VARCHAR（32），TABLE_NAME VARCHAR（32），KEEP_DATA_DAYS INT，HOURLY_INTERVAL INT，CREATE_NEXT_INTERVALS INT）示例：CALL partition_maintenance（'zabbix'，'history'，28，24，14 ）; SCHEMA_NAME =要在其中進行更改的DB模式 TABLE_NAME =要進行更改的表 KEEP_DATA_DAYS =要保留的分區的最大天數。所有超過此天數的分區將被刪除。 HOURLY_INTERVAL =分區之間的小時間隔。例如，每日分區的值為24，小時分區的值為1。 CREATE_NEXT_INTERVALS =提前創建的值的分區數。 ``` ##### partition_verify ```shell 過程定義：partition_verify（SCHEMANAME VARCHAR（64），TABLENAME VARCHAR（64），HOURLYINTERVAL INT（11））示例：CALL partition_verify（“zabbix”，“history”）; SCHEMANAME =要在其中進行更改的DB模式 TABLENAME =要檢查分區的表 HOURLY_INTERVAL =分區之間的小時間隔。例如，每日分區的值為24，小時分區的值為1。 ``` #### 分區表需求： - 每月一個分區（24小時*31約等于720小時） - 歷史保存1年數據（12個月） - 趨勢保存2年數據（24個月） - 未來周期12個（未來12個月）單獨語句： ```shell CALL partition_maintenance('zabbix', 'history', 24, 720, 12); CALL partition_maintenance(zabbix, 'trends', 48, 720, 12); ``` 解釋：創建24個分區，其中未來月份12個，每個周期存儲720小時數據 #### 添加以下存儲過程，用來增加新的分區和刪除舊的分區 ```shell DELIMITER $$ CREATE PROCEDURE `partition_maintenance_all`(SCHEMA_NAME VARCHAR(32)) BEGIN CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'history', 24, 720, 12); CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'history_log', 24, 720, 12); CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'history_str', 24, 720, 12); CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'history_text', 24, 720, 12); CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'history_uint', 24, 720, 12); CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'trends', 48, 720, 12); CALL partition_maintenance(SCHEMA_NAME, 'trends_uint', 48, 720, 12); END$$ DELIMITER ; ``` ##### 執行后，觀察分區表狀態是否建立 #### 定時調用此存儲過程用來增加新的分區和刪除舊的分區，注意定時調用的間隔不能小于每次創建的未來的分區周期，如上情況，**最少12個月調用一次** vim /root/shell/create_partition.sh 加入以下： ```shell /opt/tokudb/mysql/bin/mysql -uzabbix -pzabbix zabbix -e "call partition_maintenance_all('zabbix');" ``` crontab -e 加入以下： ```shell 0 3 * */11 * sh /root/shell/create_partition.sh ``` #### 關閉housekeeper Zabbix 2.2+ ~~~ "Administration" -> "General" History and Trends 的 "Enable internal housekeeping" 去掉 istory and Trends 的 "Override item <trend/history> period" 勾上 ~~~ ![Housekeeping設置](https://box.kancloud.cn/110320d14a11404a9e20731b3d11d6f4_329x291.png) #### 換句話說，實際就是執行了以下語句 ```sql ALTER TABLE `history_str` PARTITION BY RANGE ( clock)( PARTITION p20171 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2017-01-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20172 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2017-02-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20173 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2017-03-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20174 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2017-04-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20175 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2017-05-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20176 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2017-06-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20177 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2017-07-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20178 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2017-08-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20179 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2017-09-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p201710 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2017-10-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p201711 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2017-11-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p201712 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2017-12-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20181 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2018-01-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20182 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2018-02-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20183 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2018-03-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20184 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2018-04-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20185 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2018-05-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20186 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2018-06-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20187 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2018-07-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20188 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2018-08-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20189 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2018-09-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p201810 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2018-10-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p201811 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2018-11-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p201812 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2018-12-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20191 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2019-01-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20192 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2019-02-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20193 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2019-03-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20194 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2019-04-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20195 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2019-05-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20196 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2019-06-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20197 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2019-07-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20198 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2019-08-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20199 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2019-09-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p201910 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2019-10-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p201911 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2019-11-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p201912 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2019-12-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20201 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2020-01-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20202 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2020-02-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20203 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2020-03-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20204 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2020-04-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20205 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2020-05-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20206 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2020-06-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20207 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2020-07-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20208 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2020-08-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20209 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2020-09-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p202010 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2020-10-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p202011 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2020-11-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p202012 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2020-12-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20211 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2021-01-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20212 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2021-02-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20213 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2021-03-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20214 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2021-04-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20215 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2021-05-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20216 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2021-06-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20217 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2021-07-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20218 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2021-08-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p20219 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2021-09-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p202110 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2021-10-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p202111 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2021-11-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p202112 VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP("2021-12-01 00:00:00")), PARTITION p9999 VALUES LESS VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE); ```