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                ??碼云GVP開源項目 12k star Uniapp+ElementUI 功能強大 支持多語言、二開方便! 廣告
                # 第四節:文件上傳 # 文件上傳: 文件上傳是網站開發中非常常見的功能。這里詳細講述如何在`Django`中實現文件的上傳功能。 ## 前端HTML代碼實現: 1. 在前端中,我們需要填入一個`form`標簽,然后在這個`form`標簽中指定`enctype="multipart/form-data"`,不然就不能上傳文件。 2. 在`form`標簽中添加一個`input`標簽,然后指定`input`標簽的`name`,以及`type="file"`。 以上兩步的示例代碼如下: ``` <pre class="calibre12">``` <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-class">form</span> <span class="hljs-class">action</span>=<span class="hljs-string">""</span> <span class="hljs-class">method</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"post"</span> <span class="hljs-class">enctype</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"multipart/form-data"</span>></span> <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-class">input</span> <span class="hljs-class">type</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"file"</span> <span class="hljs-class">name</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"myfile"</span>></span> <span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-class">form</span>></span> ``` ``` ## 后端的代碼實現: 后端的主要工作是接收文件。然后存儲文件。接收文件的方式跟接收`POST`的方式是一樣的,只不過是通過`FILES`來實現。示例代碼如下: ``` <pre class="calibre12">``` <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">save_file</span><span class="hljs-params">(file)</span>:</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">with</span> open(<span class="hljs-string">'somefile.txt'</span>,<span class="hljs-string">'wb'</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> fp: <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> chunk <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> file.chunks(): fp.write(chunk) <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">index</span><span class="hljs-params">(request)</span>:</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> request.method == <span class="hljs-string">'GET'</span>: form = MyForm() <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> render(request,<span class="hljs-string">'index.html'</span>,{<span class="hljs-string">'form'</span>:form}) <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span>: myfile = request.FILES.get(<span class="hljs-string">'myfile'</span>) save_file(myfile) <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> HttpResponse(<span class="hljs-string">'success'</span>) ``` ``` 以上代碼通過`request.FILES`接收到文件后,再寫入到指定的地方。這樣就可以完成一個文件的上傳功能了。 ## 使用模型來處理上傳的文件: 在定義模型的時候,我們可以給存儲文件的字段指定為`FileField`,這個`Field`可以傳遞一個`upload_to`參數,用來指定上傳上來的文件保存到哪里。比如我們讓他保存到項目的`files`文件夾下,那么示例代碼如下: ``` <pre class="calibre12">``` <span class="hljs-title"># models.py</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Article</span><span class="hljs-params">(models.Model)</span>:</span> title = models.CharField(max_length=<span class="hljs-params">100</span>) content = models.TextField() thumbnail = models.FileField(upload_to=<span class="hljs-string">"files"</span>) <span class="hljs-title"># views.py</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">index</span><span class="hljs-params">(request)</span>:</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> request.method == <span class="hljs-string">'GET'</span>: <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> render(request,<span class="hljs-string">'index.html'</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span>: title = request.POST.get(<span class="hljs-string">'title'</span>) content = request.POST.get(<span class="hljs-string">'content'</span>) thumbnail = request.FILES.get(<span class="hljs-string">'thumbnail'</span>) article = Article(title=title, content=content, thumbnail=thumbnail) article.save() <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> HttpResponse(<span class="hljs-string">'success'</span>) ``` ``` 調用完`article.save()`方法,就會把文件保存到`files`下面,并且會將這個文件的路徑存儲到數據庫中。 ## 指定`MEDIA_ROOT`和`MEDIA_URL`: 以上我們是使用了`upload_to`來指定上傳的文件的目錄。我們也可以指定`MEDIA_ROOT`,就不需要在`FielField`中指定`upload_to`,他會自動的將文件上傳到`MEDIA_ROOT`的目錄下。 ``` <pre class="calibre12">``` MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR,<span class="hljs-string">'media'</span>) MEDIA_URL = <span class="hljs-string">'/media/'</span> ``` ``` 然后我們可以在`urls.py`中添加`MEDIA_ROOT`目錄下的訪問路徑。示例代碼如下: ``` <pre class="calibre12">``` <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> django.urls <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> path <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> front <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> views <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> django.conf.urls.static <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> static <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> django.conf <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> settings urlpatterns = [ path(<span class="hljs-string">''</span>, views.index), ] + static(settings.MEDIA_URL,document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT) ``` ``` 如果我們同時指定`MEDIA_ROOT`和`upload_to`,那么會將文件上傳到`MEDIA_ROOT`下的`upload_to`文件夾中。示例代碼如下: ``` <pre class="calibre12">``` <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Article</span><span class="hljs-params">(models.Model)</span>:</span> title = models.CharField(max_length=<span class="hljs-params">100</span>) content = models.TextField() thumbnail = models.FileField(upload_to=<span class="hljs-string">"%Y/%m/%d/"</span>) ``` ``` ## 限制上傳的文件拓展名: 如果想要限制上傳的文件的拓展名,那么我們就需要用到表單來進行限制。我們可以使用普通的`Form`表單,也可以使用`ModelForm`,直接從模型中讀取字段。示例代碼如下: ``` <pre class="calibre12">``` <span class="hljs-title"># models.py</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Article</span><span class="hljs-params">(models.Model)</span>:</span> title = models.CharField(max_length=<span class="hljs-params">100</span>) content = models.TextField() thumbnial = models.FileField(upload_to=<span class="hljs-string">'%Y/%m/%d/'</span>,validators=[validators.FileExtensionValidator([<span class="hljs-string">'txt'</span>,<span class="hljs-string">'pdf'</span>])]) <span class="hljs-title"># forms.py</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">ArticleForm</span><span class="hljs-params">(forms.ModelForm)</span>:</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Meta</span>:</span> model = Article fields = <span class="hljs-string">"__all__"</span> ``` ``` ## 上傳圖片: 上傳圖片跟上傳普通文件是一樣的。只不過是上傳圖片的時候`Django`會判斷上傳的文件是否是圖片的格式(除了判斷后綴名,還會判斷是否是可用的圖片)。如果不是,那么就會驗證失敗。我們首先先來定義一個包含`ImageField`的模型。示例代碼如下: ``` <pre class="calibre12">``` <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Article</span><span class="hljs-params">(models.Model)</span>:</span> title = models.CharField(max_length=<span class="hljs-params">100</span>) content = models.TextField() thumbnail = models.ImageField(upload_to=<span class="hljs-string">"%Y/%m/%d/"</span>) ``` ``` 因為要驗證是否是合格的圖片,因此我們還需要用一個表單來進行驗證。表單我們直接就使用`ModelForm`就可以了。示例代碼如下: ``` <pre class="calibre12">``` <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">MyForm</span><span class="hljs-params">(forms.ModelForm)</span>:</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Meta</span>:</span> model = Article fields = <span class="hljs-string">"__all__"</span> ``` ``` **注意:使用ImageField,必須要先安裝Pillow庫:pip install pillow**
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