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                ??一站式輕松地調用各大LLM模型接口,支持GPT4、智譜、豆包、星火、月之暗面及文生圖、文生視頻 廣告
                ## 路由與偽靜態 ### 路由 >[info] 字面上解釋,路是線路,道路;由,緣由,指意,表示規則;所以意思就是按照什么規則,或者意義,被指派到什么地方去。 所以路由是指線路分發,在后端web中一般都是指訪問url的映射規則,比如什么樣的url訪問,經過路由規則映射到什么模塊,什么控制器,什么方法,或者是類,或者是閉包,或者是別的,總之它是起分發的作用。 ### 偽靜態 >[info] 偽靜態字面上的意思就是偽造,靜態。 **(補充:偽靜態就是讓動態的URL地址看起來是靜態的地址,偽靜態是最終的目的,而不是技術。實現偽靜態有很多方式去實現,利用主機的URL重寫可以實現,利用程序本身的路由配置也可以實現,比如tp5和wordpress中可以自由的配置URL規則。前者需要有管理主機的權限,而后者比較靈活。但是要隱藏入口需要pathinfo或url重寫的支持)** web2.0的世界里面,很多頁面都是動態的,比如很多 index.php/a/…… 或者 index.php?a=1&…… 這樣的,這樣的動態地址不怎么好看,對搜索引擎不友好,所需需要借助一些技術手段來將這些動態的url地址偽裝成靜態的url地址,這就是偽靜態。 所以偽靜態指的是利用一些技術將動態地址轉換成靜態地址并可照常訪問的解決方案,并不是指某一種技術。 那么來看下實現偽靜態需要用到哪些技術: 1. **web主機rewrite模塊**(URL重寫,rewrite翻譯成中文為重寫,但很多人也常稱偽靜態) 2. **pathinfo** (主機支持的一種技術,index.php/path,再利用url重寫可以隱藏入口) 3. **程序的路由**(可以美化,縮短url,變得更人性化,更有語義) > 補充:還有一個很重要的一點沒提到的就是【加后綴】,這個不算是什么技術,所以沒列到上面的技術列表中,加后綴可以在上面每一步都能完成,程序中就是控制url生成時加后綴就可以了。并且后綴有時候設計API時還很有用,必須后綴可以代表返回的數據格式(參考:REST設計風格)。 **分析:** 1. 第一種方案優點是功能強大(利用重寫模塊規則支持正則匹配等特性),可以實現任意的url重寫,但缺點是需要配置很多復雜的url重寫規則(多多返利程序就是利用這方式做偽靜態,如果開啟偽靜態,則程序會生成偽靜態規則的url,并且需要主機同時手動配置相應的url重寫規則),需要有主機管理的權限,如果是在主機上修改的配置則需要重啟web服務器(支持.htaccess則不需要重啟)。 2. 這個需要web主機的支持,支持PATHINFO的主機可以支持 index.php/home/index/index 這樣的url訪問,這樣web語言中就可以獲得值(比如PHP程序可以得到 `$_SERVER['PATH_INFO'] = '/home/index/index'` )。根據這個特性,**利用URL重寫**,只需要一條簡單的[URL重寫規則](#pathinfo),將所有參數都重寫到入口文件的后面,這樣就能實現隱藏入口文件了,當然這只是隱藏入口文件,在thinkphp中如果主機不支持PATHINFO(比如低版本的nginx)那么使用[兼容模式(?s=/m/c/a)](#compatible)也能模擬實現pathinfo從而實現隱藏入口文件index.php 3. 可以說是程序里面的url重寫(上面提到的rewrite是主機的URL重寫),設計參考了主機的url重寫,所以路由規則也和主機url重寫規則差不多。優點是功能強大,規則配置靈活;缺點就是解析的性能問題(就這一個缺點,其它都是優點)。(WordPress自定義url其實就是用的自定義路由) **總結:** 一般主機都能開啟rewrite模塊/功能支持URL重寫,這很關鍵,這樣實現隱藏入口文件了,這是第一步,再利用pathinfo(或者兼容模式),還有程序的路由,這樣配合起來就能夠實現簡潔明了的URL地址了,也就是實現我們所說的偽靜態。 參見:[偽靜態](http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=S-5KttfY-Ky0BaRR3Y6m15kz5Yw9yyN73qH8vTgzr9vRaW5N8W1d1paaJwXATsQw0IW3bzLd3qxjjlDlAqEzPODxMMA0N6qDn_HCA9b0W75_D0Kxy5hS12F4OGNuEZBQ) ## 擴展知識 原始的 `index.php?m=home&c=index&a=index` 實在是太難看了,所以即使不全偽靜態,不用路由,也最好拋棄這種原始的地址,因為有些接口開發中已經不支持使用這類url地址了,所以務必使用 `pathinfo` 的形式:`index.php/home/index/index `,在隱藏入口,再加個后綴 `home/index/index.html` 就完美了,如果是做API或者有特殊用途的話還可以帶上特定的后綴,比如看云、github倉庫克隆時代`.git`后綴的倉庫地址。 想要了解【URL/PATHINFO/路由】的更多信息可以繼續閱讀:[URL模式之分析](http://www.hmoore.net/xiak/php-node/228772) 其實如果你的入口是index.php,使用兼容模式也可以隱藏入口的,直接?s=/m/c/a,?m=home&c=index&a=index 因為大多主機默認配置的有默認訪問文件/入口。 下面分析nginx的部分配置: **主配置:/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf** ~~~ user www www; worker_processes auto; error_log /data/wwwlogs/error_nginx.log crit; pid /var/run/nginx.pid; worker_rlimit_nofile 51200; events { use epoll; worker_connections 51200; multi_accept on; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; server_names_hash_bucket_size 128; client_header_buffer_size 32k; large_client_header_buffers 4 32k; client_max_body_size 1024m; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; keepalive_timeout 120; server_tokens off; tcp_nodelay on; fastcgi_connect_timeout 300; fastcgi_send_timeout 300; fastcgi_read_timeout 300; fastcgi_buffer_size 64k; fastcgi_buffers 4 64k; fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k; fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k; #Gzip Compression gzip on; gzip_buffers 16 8k; gzip_comp_level 6; gzip_http_version 1.1; gzip_min_length 256; gzip_proxied any; gzip_vary on; gzip_types text/xml application/xml application/atom+xml application/rss+xml application/xhtml+xml image/svg+xml text/javascript application/javascript application/x-javascript text/x-json application/json application/x-web-app-manifest+json text/css text/plain text/x-component font/opentype application/x-font-ttf application/vnd.ms-fontobject image/x-icon; gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]\.(?!.*SV1)"; #If you have a lot of static files to serve through Nginx then caching of the files' metadata (not the actual files' contents) can save some latency. open_file_cache max=1000 inactive=20s; open_file_cache_valid 30s; open_file_cache_min_uses 2; open_file_cache_errors on; ######################## default ############################ server { listen 80; server_name _; access_log /data/wwwlogs/access_nginx.log combined; root /data/wwwroot/default; index index.html index.htm index.php; location /nginx_status { stub_status on; access_log off; allow 127.0.0.1; deny all; } location ~ [^/]\.php(/|$) { #fastcgi_pass remote_php_ip:9000; fastcgi_pass unix:/dev/shm/php-cgi.sock; fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi.conf; } location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf|flv|ico)$ { expires 30d; access_log off; } location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$ { expires 7d; access_log off; } } ########################## vhost ############################# include vhost/*.conf; } ~~~ **每一個虛擬主機在虛擬主機配置目錄都有一個對應的配置文件** ~~~ [root@iZuf6fvttmu9vkdbnencgpZ vhost]# ls dingtalk.uogo8.com.conf lipin.uogo8.com.conf tv.uogo8.com.conf gj.uogo8.com.conf test.uogo8.com.conf www.uogo8.com.conf ~~~ **`虛擬主機配置文件:/usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/www.uogo8.com.conf`** ~~~ server { listen 80; server_name www.uogo8.com uogo8.com; access_log /data/wwwlogs/www.uogo8.com_nginx.log combined; index index.html index.htm index.php; include /usr/local/nginx/conf/rewrite/www.uogo8.com.conf; root /data/wwwroot/www.uogo8.com; if ($host != www.uogo8.com) { rewrite ^/(.*)$ $scheme://www.uogo8.com/$1 permanent; } location ~ \.php { #fastcgi_pass remote_php_ip:9000; fastcgi_pass unix:/dev/shm/php-cgi.sock; fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi_params; set $real_script_name $fastcgi_script_name; if ($fastcgi_script_name ~ "^(.+?\.php)(/.+)$") { set $real_script_name $1; #set $path_info $2; } fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$real_script_name; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $real_script_name; #fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $path_info; } location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf|flv|ico)$ { expires 30d; access_log off; } location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$ { expires 7d; access_log off; } } ~~~ **偽靜態單獨放一個目錄,需要時被虛擬主機配置文件引入,這樣方便管理** ~~~ [root@iZuf6fvttmu9vkdbnencgpZ vhost]# cd ../rewrite/ [root@iZuf6fvttmu9vkdbnencgpZ rewrite]# ls none.conf thinkphp.conf www.uogo8.com.conf ~~~ >[info] 偽靜態是一種效果,準確的說這是主機的URL重寫規則/配置文件。但一般大家也習慣性稱之為偽靜態配置、偽靜態文件,開啟偽靜態,偽靜態模塊,偽靜態功能了,其實偽靜態只是最終實現的效果。 **<a id="compatible">thinkphp程序的偽靜態配置文件:/usr/local/nginx/conf/rewrite/thinkphp.conf</a>** ~~~ location / { if (!-e $request_filename) { # 不支持pathinfo,那就使用url重寫,重寫成兼容模式,來達到隱藏入口的效果 rewrite ^(.*)$ /index.php?s=$1 last; break; } } ~~~ **<a id="pathinfo">thinkphp偽靜態配置文件.htaccess(Apache環境)</a>** ~~~ <IfModule mod_rewrite.c> Options +FollowSymlinks -Multiviews RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f # 直接利用url重寫,重寫成 pathinfo 模式 RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php/$1 [QSA,PT,L] </IfModule> ~~~ **`uogo8的偽靜態配置文件:/usr/local/nginx/conf/rewrite/www.uogo8.com.conf`** ~~~ location / { if (!-e $request_filename) { rewrite ^/(.*)$ /index.php/$1 last; break; } } ~~~ ~~~ ####################################################################### # OneinStack for CentOS/RadHat 5+ Debian 6+ and Ubuntu 12+ # # For more information please visit https://oneinstack.com # ####################################################################### Your domain: www.uogo8.com Virtualhost conf: /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/www.uogo8.com.conf Directory of: /data/wwwroot/www.uogo8.com Rewrite rule: /usr/local/nginx/conf/rewrite/thinkphp.conf ~~~ 相關閱讀: - [nginx下支持PATH_INFO詳解](http://www.nginx.cn/426.html) - [nginx支持.htaccess文件實現偽靜態的方法分享](http://www.jb51.net/article/59376.htm) - [php官方手冊 隱藏 PHP](http://php.net/manual/zh/security.hiding.php) - [WordPress 偽靜態規則(IIS/Apache/Nginx)](https://www.wpdaxue.com/wordpress-rewriterule.html) - [Wordpress固定鏈接偽靜態的設置方法](http://www.jb51.net/cms/73962.html) - [WordPress 查看網站的所有偽靜態 Rewrite 規則](https://www.wpdaxue.com/rewrite-rules-inspector.html) >[info] WordPress 本身只需要一條服務器重寫規則就能讓固定鏈接正常功能,這條規則就是把所有不存在的文件請求指向 index.php,然后它再通過 PHP 匹配請求的網址,得出最終的請求結果,注入到主循環之中。 - [v8偽靜態規則在哪,如何開啟偽靜態功能](http://bbs.duoduo123.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=114920&highlight=%CE%B1%BE%B2%CC%AC) >[info] 這個比WordPress的復雜一點,利用了重寫,程序根據網站后臺設置中是否開啟偽靜態,來決定生成什么樣的URL,并沒有用到pathinfo和路由。這樣的缺點就是每次都要手動配置主機的偽靜態規則,且規則多容易出錯。 ### 其他應當注意的問題 任何時候要考慮兼容性,并不是所有環境都支持PATH_INFO的,比如下面的代碼就能體現出來這個思想: ```php $input->SetNotify_url(SITE_URL . '/index.php/Home/Payment/notifyUrl/pay_code/weixin'); ``` 這個代碼在Apache上沒有問題,但是在Nginx上面就出問題了,即使Nginx設置了這樣的URL重寫: ~~~ location / { if (!-e $request_filename) { rewrite ^(.*)$ /index.php?s=$1 last; break; } } ~~~ 也沒用有,Nginx不支持PATH_INFO,并且也不滿足上面的URL重寫規則(如果文件不存在就映射到s參數上面),所以上面的代碼可以說沒有兼容性。 上面的代碼只要改成 ```php $input->SetNotify_url(SITE_URL . '/Home/Payment/notifyUrl/pay_code/weixin'); ``` 就好了,就不會有問題了(在不支持PATH_INFO的Nginx上面滿足URL重寫規則),這樣代碼在不同環境下面都能以期望的結果運行,就具有兼容性了。 * * * * * ### 擴展 附: 多多返利程序的Nginx的URL重寫規則:nginx.txt ```shell location / { rewrite /mall/list-(.*)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=mall&act=list&cid=$1&page=$2 last; rewrite /mall/list-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=mall&act=list&cid=$1 last; rewrite /mall/list.html$ /index.php?mod=mall&act=list last; rewrite /mall/view-(\d+)-(.*)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=mall&act=view&id=$1&do=$2&page=$3 last; rewrite /mall/view-(\d+)-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=mall&act=view&id=$1&do=$2 last; rewrite /mall/view-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=mall&act=view&id=$1 last; rewrite /mall/goods-(.*)-(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)-(.*)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=mall&act=goods&merchantId=$1&order=$2&start_price=$3&end_price=$4&list=$5&q=$6&page=$7 last; rewrite /mall/goods-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=mall&act=goods&q=$1 last; rewrite /mall/goods.html$ /index.php?mod=mall&act=goods last; rewrite /article/index.html$ /index.php?mod=article&act=index last; rewrite /article/$ /index.php?mod=article&act=index last; rewrite /article$ /index.php?mod=article&act=index last; rewrite /article/list-(.*)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=article&act=list&cid=$1&page=$2 last; rewrite /article/list-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=article&act=list&cid=$1 last; rewrite /article/list.html$ /index.php?mod=article&act=list last; rewrite /article/view-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=article&act=view&id=$1 last; rewrite /huodong/list-(\d+)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=huodong&act=list&cid=$1&page=$2 last; rewrite /huodong/list-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=huodong&act=list&page=$1 last; rewrite /huodong/list.html$ /index.php?mod=huodong&act=list last; rewrite /huodong/view-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=huodong&act=view&id=$1 last; rewrite /huan/list-(\d+)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=huan&act=list&cid=$1&page=$2 last; rewrite /huan/list-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=huan&act=list&cid=$1 last; rewrite /huan/list-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=huan&act=list&cid=$1 last; rewrite /huan/list.html$ /index.php?mod=huan&act=list last; rewrite /huan/view-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=huan&act=view&id=$1 last; rewrite /tao/index.html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=index last; rewrite /tao/$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=index last; rewrite /tao$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=index last; rewrite /tao/list-(.*)-(.*)-(\d+)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=list&cid=$1&q=$2&list=$3&page=$4 last; rewrite /tao/list-(.*)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=list&cid=$1&page=$2 last; rewrite /tao/list-0-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=list&cid=0&q=$1 last; rewrite /tao/list-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=list&cid=$1 last; rewrite /tao/list.html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=list last; rewrite /tao/view-(.*)-(.*)-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=view&iid=$1&promotion_price=$2&promotion_endtime=$3 last; rewrite /tao/view-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=view&iid=$1 last; rewrite /tao/shop-(.*)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=shop&nick=$1&list=$2 last; rewrite /tao/shop-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=shop&nick=$1 last; rewrite /tao/zhe-(.*)-(\d+)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=zhe&q=$1&cid=$2&page=$3 last; rewrite /tao/zhe-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=zhe&q=$1 last; rewrite /tao/zhe.html$ /index.php?mod=tao&act=zhe last; rewrite /shop/list-(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)-(.*)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=shop&act=list&cid=$1&start_level=$2&end_level=$3&type=$4&nick=$5&page=$6 last; rewrite /shop/list-(.*)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=shop&act=list&cid=$1&page=$2 last; rewrite /shop/list-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=shop&act=list&cid=$1 last; rewrite /shop/list.html$ /index.php?mod=shop&act=list last; rewrite /baobei/list-0-(.*)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=baobei&act=list&cid=0&q=$1&page=$2 last; rewrite /baobei/list-0-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=baobei&act=list&cid=0&q=$1 last; rewrite /baobei/list-(.*)-(\d+)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=baobei&act=list&sort=$1&cid=$2&page=$3 last; rewrite /baobei/list-(.*)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=baobei&act=list&cid=$1&page=$2 last; rewrite /baobei/list-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=baobei&act=list&cid=$1 last; rewrite /baobei/list.html$ /index.php?mod=baobei&act=list last; rewrite /baobei/user-(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=baobei&act=user&uid=$1&xs=$2&page=$3 last; rewrite /baobei/user-(\d+)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=baobei&act=user&uid=$1&xs=$2 last; rewrite /baobei/user-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=baobei&act=user&uid=$1 last; rewrite /baobei/view-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=baobei&act=view&id=$1 last; rewrite /tuan/list-(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)-(.*)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=tuan&act=list&cid=$1&mall_id=$2&city_id=$3&sort=$4&page=$5 last; rewrite /tuan/list-(\d+)-(\d+)-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=tuan&act=list&cid=$1&city_id=$2&sort=$3 last; rewrite /tuan/list-(\d+)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=tuan&act=list&cid=$1&page=$2 last; rewrite /tuan/list-(.*)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=tuan&act=list&q=$1&page=$2 last; rewrite /tuan/list-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=tuan&act=list&cid=$1 last; rewrite /tuan/list-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=tuan&act=list&q=$1 last; rewrite /tuan/list.html$ /index.php?mod=tuan&act=list last; rewrite /tuan/view-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=tuan&act=view&id=$1 last; rewrite /help/index-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=help&act=index&cid=$1 last; rewrite /help/index.html$ /index.php?mod=help&act=index last; rewrite /help/$ /index.php?mod=help&act=index last; rewrite /help$ /index.php?mod=help&act=index last; rewrite /about/index-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=about&act=index&id=$1 last; rewrite /about/index.html$ /index.php?mod=about&act=index last; rewrite /about/$ /index.php?mod=about&act=index last; rewrite /about$ /index.php?mod=about&act=index last; rewrite /paipai/index.html$ /index.php?mod=paipai&act=index last; rewrite /paipai/$ /index.php?mod=paipai&act=index last; rewrite /paipai$ /index.php?mod=paipai&act=index last; rewrite /paipai/list-(\d+)-(.*)-(\d+)-(.*)-(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+).html$ /index.php?mod=paipai&act=list&cid=$1&q=$2&sort=$3&property=$4&begPrice=$5&endPrice=$6&list=$7&page=$8 last; rewrite /paipai/list-(.*).html$ /index.php?mod=paipai&act=list&q=$1 last; rewrite /paipai/list.html$ /index.php?mod=paipai&act=list last; rewrite /tbimg/(.*).jpg$ /comm/showpic.php?pic=$1 last; rewrite /sitemap/index.html$ /index.php?mod=sitemap&act=index last; rewrite /index.html$ /index.php last; } ``` * * * * * [ThinkPHP5路由全程圖解 · 看云](http://www.hmoore.net/ldkt/tp5_route) update time : 2018-1-14 15:50:54
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