gin框架中文文檔 · golang

Gin 是一個 go 寫的 web 框架，具有高性能的優點。官方地址：[https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin) # 安裝要安裝Gin包，首先需要安裝Go并設置Go工作區 1、下載并安裝 > $ go get -u github.com/gin-gonic/gin 2、在代碼中導入它 > import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" **使用包管理工具Govendor安裝** 1、`go get` govendor(安裝) > $ go get github.com/kardianos/govendor 2、創建項目文件夾并進入文件夾 > ![mkdir -p](https://math.jianshu.com/math?formula=mkdir%20-p)GOPATH/src/github.com/myusername/project && cd "$\_" 3、初始化項目并添加 gin > $ govendor init > > $ govendor fetch [github.com/gin-gonic/gin@v1.3](http://github.com/gin-gonic/gin@v1.3) 4、復制一個模板到你的項目 > $ curl [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gin-gonic/gin/master/examples/basic/main.go](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gin-gonic/gin/master/examples/basic/main.go) > main.go 5、運行項目 > $ go run main.go # 前提使用gin需要Go的版本號為1.6或更高 # 快速入門運行這段代碼并在瀏覽器中訪問 [http://localhost:8080](http://localhost:8080) ~~~ package main import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" func main() { r := gin.Default() r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(200, gin.H{ "message": "pong", }) }) r.Run() // listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 } ~~~ # 代碼示例 ## 使用 GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, OPTIONS ~~~ func main() { // Disable Console Color // gin.DisableConsoleColor() // 使用默認中間件創建一個gin路由器 // logger and recovery (crash-free) 中間件 router := gin.Default() router.GET("/someGet", getting) router.POST("/somePost", posting) router.PUT("/somePut", putting) router.DELETE("/someDelete", deleting) router.PATCH("/somePatch", patching) router.HEAD("/someHead", head) router.OPTIONS("/someOptions", options) // 默認啟動的是 8080端口，也可以自己定義啟動端口 router.Run() // router.Run(":3000") for a hard coded port } ~~~ ## 獲取路徑中的參數 ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() // 此規則能夠匹配/user/john這種格式，但不能匹配/user/ 或 /user這種格式 router.GET("/user/:name", func(c *gin.Context) { name := c.Param("name") c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello %s", name) }) // 但是，這個規則既能匹配/user/john/格式也能匹配/user/john/send這種格式 // 如果沒有其他路由器匹配/user/john，它將重定向到/user/john/ router.GET("/user/:name/*action", func(c *gin.Context) { name := c.Param("name") action := c.Param("action") message := name + " is " + action c.String(http.StatusOK, message) }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ## 獲取Get參數 ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() // 匹配的url格式: /welcome?firstname=Jane&lastname=Doe router.GET("/welcome", func(c *gin.Context) { firstname := c.DefaultQuery("firstname", "Guest") lastname := c.Query("lastname") // 是 c.Request.URL.Query().Get("lastname") 的簡寫 c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello %s %s", firstname, lastname) }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ## 獲取Post參數 ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() router.POST("/form_post", func(c *gin.Context) { message := c.PostForm("message") nick := c.DefaultPostForm("nick", "anonymous") // 此方法可以設置默認值 c.JSON(200, gin.H{ "status": "posted", "message": message, "nick": nick, }) }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ## Get + Post 混合 ~~~ 示例： POST /post?id=1234&page=1 HTTP/1.1 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded name=manu&message=this_is_great ~~~ ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() router.POST("/post", func(c *gin.Context) { id := c.Query("id") page := c.DefaultQuery("page", "0") name := c.PostForm("name") message := c.PostForm("message") fmt.Printf("id: %s; page: %s; name: %s; message: %s", id, page, name, message) }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ~~~ 結果：id: 1234; page: 1; name: manu; message: this_is_great ~~~ ## 上傳文件 ### 單文件上傳參考問題 [#774](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/774)，細節 [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/tree/master/examples/upload-file/single) 慎用 `file.Filename` ，參考 [Content-Disposition on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Disposition#Directives) 和 [#1693](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/1693) > 上傳文件的文件名可以由用戶自定義，所以可能包含非法字符串，為了安全起見，應該由服務端統一文件名規則 ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() // 給表單限制上傳大小 (默認 32 MiB) // router.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20 // 8 MiB router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) { // 單文件 file, _ := c.FormFile("file") log.Println(file.Filename) // 上傳文件到指定的路徑 // c.SaveUploadedFile(file, dst) c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("'%s' uploaded!", file.Filename)) }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ `curl` 測試： ~~~ curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/upload \ -F "file=@/Users/appleboy/test.zip" \ -H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data" ~~~ ### 多文件上傳詳細示例：[example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/tree/master/examples/upload-file/multiple) ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() // 給表單限制上傳大小 (默認 32 MiB) // router.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20 // 8 MiB router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) { // 多文件 form, _ := c.MultipartForm() files := form.File["upload[]"] for _, file := range files { log.Println(file.Filename) // 上傳文件到指定的路徑 // c.SaveUploadedFile(file, dst) } c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("%d files uploaded!", len(files))) }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ `curl` 測試： ~~~ curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/upload \ -F "upload[]=@/Users/appleboy/test1.zip" \ -F "upload[]=@/Users/appleboy/test2.zip" \ -H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data" ~~~ ## 路由分組 ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() // Simple group: v1 v1 := router.Group("/v1") { v1.POST("/login", loginEndpoint) v1.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint) v1.POST("/read", readEndpoint) } // Simple group: v2 v2 := router.Group("/v2") { v2.POST("/login", loginEndpoint) v2.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint) v2.POST("/read", readEndpoint) } router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ## 無中間件啟動使用 ~~~ r := gin.New() ~~~ 代替 ~~~ // 默認啟動方式，包含 Logger、Recovery 中間件 r := gin.Default() ~~~ ## 使用中間件 ~~~ func main() { // 創建一個不包含中間件的路由器 r := gin.New() // 全局中間件 // 使用 Logger 中間件 r.Use(gin.Logger()) // 使用 Recovery 中間件 r.Use(gin.Recovery()) // 路由添加中間件，可以添加任意多個 r.GET("/benchmark", MyBenchLogger(), benchEndpoint) // 路由組中添加中間件 // authorized := r.Group("/", AuthRequired()) // exactly the same as: authorized := r.Group("/") // per group middleware! in this case we use the custom created // AuthRequired() middleware just in the "authorized" group. authorized.Use(AuthRequired()) { authorized.POST("/login", loginEndpoint) authorized.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint) authorized.POST("/read", readEndpoint) // nested group testing := authorized.Group("testing") testing.GET("/analytics", analyticsEndpoint) } // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 r.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ## 寫日志文件 ~~~ func main() { // 禁用控制臺顏色 gin.DisableConsoleColor() // 創建記錄日志的文件 f, _ := os.Create("gin.log") gin.DefaultWriter = io.MultiWriter(f) // 如果需要將日志同時寫入文件和控制臺，請使用以下代碼 // gin.DefaultWriter = io.MultiWriter(f, os.Stdout) router := gin.Default() router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) { c.String(200, "pong") }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ## 自定義日志格式 ~~~ func main() { router := gin.New() // LoggerWithFormatter 中間件會將日志寫入 gin.DefaultWriter // By default gin.DefaultWriter = os.Stdout router.Use(gin.LoggerWithFormatter(func(param gin.LogFormatterParams) string { // 你的自定義格式 return fmt.Sprintf("%s - [%s] \"%s %s %s %d %s \"%s\" %s\"\n", param.ClientIP, param.TimeStamp.Format(time.RFC1123), param.Method, param.Path, param.Request.Proto, param.StatusCode, param.Latency, param.Request.UserAgent(), param.ErrorMessage, ) })) router.Use(gin.Recovery()) router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) { c.String(200, "pong") }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ **輸出示例：** ~~~ ::1 - [Fri, 07 Dec 2018 17:04:38 JST] "GET /ping HTTP/1.1 200 122.767μs "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/71.0.3578.80 Safari/537.36" " ~~~ ## 模型綁定和驗證若要將請求主體綁定到結構體中，請使用模型綁定，目前支持JSON、XML、YAML和標準表單值(foo=bar&boo=baz)的綁定。 Gin使用 [go-playground/validator.v8](https://github.com/go-playground/validator) 驗證參數，[查看完整文檔](https://godoc.org/gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8#hdr-Baked_In_Validators_and_Tags)。需要在綁定的字段上設置tag，比如，綁定格式為json，需要這樣設置 `json:"fieldname"` 。此外，Gin還提供了兩套綁定方法： * Must bind * * Methods - `Bind`, `BindJSON`, `BindXML`, `BindQuery`, `BindYAML` * * Behavior - 這些方法底層使用 `MustBindWith`，如果存在綁定錯誤，請求將被以下指令中止 `c.AbortWithError(400, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind)`，響應狀態代碼會被設置為400，請求頭`Content-Type`被設置為`text/plain; charset=utf-8`。注意，如果你試圖在此之后設置響應代碼，將會發出一個警告 `[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Headers were already written. Wanted to override status code 400 with 422`，如果你希望更好地控制行為，請使用`ShouldBind`相關的方法 * Should bind * * Methods - `ShouldBind`, `ShouldBindJSON`, `ShouldBindXML`, `ShouldBindQuery`, `ShouldBindYAML` * * Behavior - 這些方法底層使用 `ShouldBindWith`，如果存在綁定錯誤，則返回錯誤，開發人員可以正確處理請求和錯誤。當我們使用綁定方法時，Gin會根據Content-Type推斷出使用哪種綁定器，如果你確定你綁定的是什么，你可以使用`MustBindWith`或者`BindingWith`。你還可以給字段指定特定規則的修飾符，如果一個字段用`binding:"required"`修飾，并且在綁定時該字段的值為空，那么將返回一個錯誤。 ~~~ // 綁定為json type Login struct { User string `form:"user" json:"user" xml:"user" binding:"required"` Password string `form:"password" json:"password" xml:"password" binding:"required"` } func main() { router := gin.Default() // Example for binding JSON ({"user": "manu", "password": "123"}) router.POST("/loginJSON", func(c *gin.Context) { var json Login if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&json); err != nil { c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()}) return } if json.User != "manu" || json.Password != "123" { c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"}) return } c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"}) }) // Example for binding XML ( // <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> // <root> // <user>user</user> // <password>123</password> // </root>) router.POST("/loginXML", func(c *gin.Context) { var xml Login if err := c.ShouldBindXML(&xml); err != nil { c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()}) return } if xml.User != "manu" || xml.Password != "123" { c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"}) return } c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"}) }) // Example for binding a HTML form (user=manu&password=123) router.POST("/loginForm", func(c *gin.Context) { var form Login // This will infer what binder to use depending on the content-type header. if err := c.ShouldBind(&form); err != nil { c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()}) return } if form.User != "manu" || form.Password != "123" { c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"}) return } c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"}) }) // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ **請求示例：** ~~~ $ curl -v -X POST \ http://localhost:8080/loginJSON \ -H 'content-type: application/json' \ -d '{ "user": "manu" }' > POST /loginJSON HTTP/1.1 > Host: localhost:8080 > User-Agent: curl/7.51.0 > Accept: */* > content-type: application/json > Content-Length: 18 > * upload completely sent off: 18 out of 18 bytes < HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request < Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8 < Date: Fri, 04 Aug 2017 03:51:31 GMT < Content-Length: 100 < {"error":"Key: 'Login.Password' Error:Field validation for 'Password' failed on the 'required' tag"} ~~~ **跳過驗證：** 當使用上面的curl命令運行上面的示例時，返回錯誤，因為示例中`Password`字段使用了`binding:"required"`，如果我們使用`binding:"-"`，那么它就不會報錯。 ## 自定義驗證器 Gin允許我們自定義參數驗證器，[參考1](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/examples/custom-validation/server.go)，[參考2](https://github.com/go-playground/validator/releases/tag/v8.7)，[參考3](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/tree/master/examples/struct-lvl-validations) ~~~ package main import ( "net/http" "reflect" "time" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding" "gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8" ) // Booking contains binded and validated data. type Booking struct { CheckIn time.Time `form:"check_in" binding:"required,bookabledate" time_format:"2006-01-02"` CheckOut time.Time `form:"check_out" binding:"required,gtfield=CheckIn" time_format:"2006-01-02"` } func bookableDate( v *validator.Validate, topStruct reflect.Value, currentStructOrField reflect.Value, field reflect.Value, fieldType reflect.Type, fieldKind reflect.Kind, param string, ) bool { if date, ok := field.Interface().(time.Time); ok { today := time.Now() if today.Year() > date.Year() || today.YearDay() > date.YearDay() { return false } } return true } func main() { route := gin.Default() if v, ok := binding.Validator.Engine().(*validator.Validate); ok { v.RegisterValidation("bookabledate", bookableDate) } route.GET("/bookable", getBookable) route.Run(":8085") } func getBookable(c *gin.Context) { var b Booking if err := c.ShouldBindWith(&b, binding.Query); err == nil { c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "Booking dates are valid!"}) } else { c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()}) } } ~~~ ~~~ $ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2018-04-16&check_out=2018-04-17" {"message":"Booking dates are valid!"} $ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2018-03-08&check_out=2018-03-09" {"error":"Key: 'Booking.CheckIn' Error:Field validation for 'CheckIn' failed on the 'bookabledate' tag"} ~~~ ## 只綁定Get參數 `ShouldBindQuery` 函數只綁定Get參數，不綁定post數據，[查看詳細信息](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/742#issuecomment-315953017) ~~~ package main import ( "log" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" ) type Person struct { Name string `form:"name"` Address string `form:"address"` } func main() { route := gin.Default() route.Any("/testing", startPage) route.Run(":8085") } func startPage(c *gin.Context) { var person Person if c.ShouldBindQuery(&person) == nil { log.Println("====== Only Bind By Query String ======") log.Println(person.Name) log.Println(person.Address) } c.String(200, "Success") } ~~~ ## 綁定Get參數或者Post參數 [查看詳細信息](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/742#issuecomment-264681292)，這個例子很有用，可以自己實踐一下 ~~~ package main import ( "log" "time" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" ) type Person struct { Name string `form:"name"` Address string `form:"address"` Birthday time.Time `form:"birthday" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1"` } func main() { route := gin.Default() route.GET("/testing", startPage) route.Run(":8085") } func startPage(c *gin.Context) { var person Person // If `GET`, only `Form` binding engine (`query`) used. // 如果是Get，那么接收不到請求中的Post的數據？？ // 如果是Post, 首先判斷 `content-type` 的類型 `JSON` or `XML`, 然后使用對應的綁定器獲取數據. // See more at https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/binding/binding.go#L48 if c.ShouldBind(&person) == nil { log.Println(person.Name) log.Println(person.Address) log.Println(person.Birthday) } c.String(200, "Success") } ~~~ ## 綁定uri [查看詳細信息](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/846) ~~~ package main import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" type Person struct { ID string `uri:"id" binding:"required,uuid"` Name string `uri:"name" binding:"required"` } func main() { route := gin.Default() route.GET("/:name/:id", func(c *gin.Context) { var person Person if err := c.ShouldBindUri(&person); err != nil { c.JSON(400, gin.H{"msg": err}) return } c.JSON(200, gin.H{"name": person.Name, "uuid": person.ID}) }) route.Run(":8088") } ~~~ 測試用例： ~~~ $ curl -v localhost:8088/thinkerou/987fbc97-4bed-5078-9f07-9141ba07c9f3 $ curl -v localhost:8088/thinkerou/not-uuid ~~~ ## 綁定HTML復選框 [查看詳細信息](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/129#issuecomment-124260092) main.go ~~~ ... type myForm struct { Colors []string `form:"colors[]"` } ... func formHandler(c *gin.Context) { var fakeForm myForm c.ShouldBind(&fakeForm) c.JSON(200, gin.H{"color": fakeForm.Colors}) } ... ~~~ form.html ~~~ <form action="/" method="POST"> <p>Check some colors</p> <label for="red">Red</label> <input type="checkbox" name="colors[]" value="red" id="red"> <label for="green">Green</label> <input type="checkbox" name="colors[]" value="green" id="green"> <label for="blue">Blue</label> <input type="checkbox" name="colors[]" value="blue" id="blue"> <input type="submit"> </form> ~~~ result: ~~~ {"color":["red","green","blue"]} ~~~ ## 綁定Post參數 ~~~ package main import ( "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" ) type LoginForm struct { User string `form:"user" binding:"required"` Password string `form:"password" binding:"required"` } func main() { router := gin.Default() router.POST("/login", func(c *gin.Context) { // you can bind multipart form with explicit binding declaration: // c.ShouldBindWith(&form, binding.Form) // or you can simply use autobinding with ShouldBind method: var form LoginForm // in this case proper binding will be automatically selected if c.ShouldBind(&form) == nil { if form.User == "user" && form.Password == "password" { c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"}) } else { c.JSON(401, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"}) } } }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ 測試用例： ~~~ $ curl -v --form user=user --form password=password http://localhost:8080/login ~~~ ## XML、JSON、YAML和ProtoBuf 渲染（輸出格式）即接口返回的數據格式 ~~~ func main() { r := gin.Default() // gin.H is a shortcut for map[string]interface{} r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK}) }) r.GET("/moreJSON", func(c *gin.Context) { // You also can use a struct var msg struct { Name string `json:"user"` Message string Number int } msg.Name = "Lena" msg.Message = "hey" msg.Number = 123 // Note that msg.Name becomes "user" in the JSON // Will output : {"user": "Lena", "Message": "hey", "Number": 123} c.JSON(http.StatusOK, msg) }) r.GET("/someXML", func(c *gin.Context) { c.XML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK}) }) r.GET("/someYAML", func(c *gin.Context) { c.YAML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK}) }) r.GET("/someProtoBuf", func(c *gin.Context) { reps := []int64{int64(1), int64(2)} label := "test" // The specific definition of protobuf is written in the testdata/protoexample file. data := &protoexample.Test{ Label: &label, Reps: reps, } // Note that data becomes binary data in the response // Will output protoexample.Test protobuf serialized data c.ProtoBuf(http.StatusOK, data) }) // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 r.Run(":8080") } ~~~ **SecureJSON** 使用SecureJSON可以防止json劫持，如果返回的數據是數組，則會默認在返回值前加上`"while(1)"` ~~~ func main() { r := gin.Default() // 可以自定義返回的json數據前綴 // r.SecureJsonPrefix(")]}',\n") r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) { names := []string{"lena", "austin", "foo"} // 將會輸出: while(1);["lena","austin","foo"] c.SecureJSON(http.StatusOK, names) }) // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 r.Run(":8080") } ~~~ **JSONP** 使用JSONP可以跨域傳輸，如果參數中存在回調參數，那么返回的參數將是回調函數的形式 ~~~ func main() { r := gin.Default() r.GET("/JSONP", func(c *gin.Context) { data := map[string]interface{}{ "foo": "bar", } // 訪問 http://localhost:8080/JSONP?callback=call // 將會輸出: call({foo:"bar"}) c.JSONP(http.StatusOK, data) }) // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 r.Run(":8080") } ~~~ **AsciiJSON** 使用AsciiJSON將使特殊字符編碼 ~~~ func main() { r := gin.Default() r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) { data := map[string]interface{}{ "lang": "GO語言", "tag": "<br>", } // 將輸出: {"lang":"GO\u8bed\u8a00","tag":"\u003cbr\u003e"} c.AsciiJSON(http.StatusOK, data) }) // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 r.Run(":8080") } ~~~ **PureJSON** 通常情況下，JSON會將特殊的HTML字符替換為對應的unicode字符，比如`<`替換為`\u003c`，如果想原樣輸出html，則使用PureJSON，這個特性在Go 1.6及以下版本中無法使用。 ~~~ func main() { r := gin.Default() // Serves unicode entities r.GET("/json", func(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(200, gin.H{ "html": "<b>Hello, world!</b>", }) }) // Serves literal characters r.GET("/purejson", func(c *gin.Context) { c.PureJSON(200, gin.H{ "html": "<b>Hello, world!</b>", }) }) // listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 r.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ## 設置靜態文件路徑訪問靜態文件需要先設置路徑 ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() router.Static("/assets", "./assets") router.StaticFS("/more_static", http.Dir("my_file_system")) router.StaticFile("/favicon.ico", "./resources/favicon.ico") // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ## 返回第三方獲取的數據 ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() router.GET("/someDataFromReader", func(c *gin.Context) { response, err := http.Get("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gin-gonic/logo/master/color.png") if err != nil || response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK { c.Status(http.StatusServiceUnavailable) return } reader := response.Body contentLength := response.ContentLength contentType := response.Header.Get("Content-Type") extraHeaders := map[string]string{ "Content-Disposition": `attachment; filename="gopher.png"`, } c.DataFromReader(http.StatusOK, contentLength, contentType, reader, extraHeaders) }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ## HTML渲染使用`LoadHTMLGlob()` 或者 `LoadHTMLFiles()` ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() router.LoadHTMLGlob("templates/*") //router.LoadHTMLFiles("templates/template1.html", "templates/template2.html") router.GET("/index", func(c *gin.Context) { c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "index.tmpl", gin.H{ "title": "Main website", }) }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ templates/index.tmpl ~~~ <html> <h1> {{ .title }} </h1> </html> ~~~ 在不同目錄中使用具有相同名稱的模板 ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() router.LoadHTMLGlob("templates/**/*") router.GET("/posts/index", func(c *gin.Context) { c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "posts/index.tmpl", gin.H{ "title": "Posts", }) }) router.GET("/users/index", func(c *gin.Context) { c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "users/index.tmpl", gin.H{ "title": "Users", }) }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ templates/posts/index.tmpl ~~~ {{ define "posts/index.tmpl" }} <html><h1> {{ .title }} </h1> <p>Using posts/index.tmpl</p> </html> {{ end }} ~~~ templates/users/index.tmpl ~~~ {{ define "users/index.tmpl" }} <html><h1> {{ .title }} </h1> <p>Using users/index.tmpl</p> </html> {{ end }} ~~~ **自定義模板渲染器** ~~~ import "html/template" func main() { router := gin.Default() html := template.Must(template.ParseFiles("file1", "file2")) router.SetHTMLTemplate(html) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ **自定義渲染分隔符** ~~~ r := gin.Default() r.Delims("{[{", "}]}") r.LoadHTMLGlob("/path/to/templates") ~~~ **自定義模板函數** [詳細信息](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/examples/template) main.go ~~~ import ( "fmt" "html/template" "net/http" "time" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" ) func formatAsDate(t time.Time) string { year, month, day := t.Date() return fmt.Sprintf("%d%02d/%02d", year, month, day) } func main() { router := gin.Default() router.Delims("{[{", "}]}") router.SetFuncMap(template.FuncMap{ "formatAsDate": formatAsDate, }) router.LoadHTMLFiles("./testdata/template/raw.tmpl") router.GET("/raw", func(c *gin.Context) { c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "raw.tmpl", map[string]interface{}{ "now": time.Date(2017, 07, 01, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), }) }) router.Run(":8080") } ~~~ raw.tmpl 然后就可以在html中直接使用formatAsDate函數了 ~~~ Date: {[{.now | formatAsDate}]} ~~~ Result: ~~~ Date: 2017/07/01 ~~~ ## 多個模板文件 Gin默認情況下只允許使用一個html模板文件（即一次可以加載多個模板文件），點擊[這里](https://github.com/gin-contrib/multitemplate)查看實現案例 ## 重定向發布HTTP重定向很容易，支持內部和外部鏈接 ~~~ r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) { c.Redirect(http.StatusMovedPermanently, "http://www.google.com/") }) ~~~ Gin路由重定向，使用如下的`HandleContext` ~~~ r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) { c.Request.URL.Path = "/test2" r.HandleContext(c) }) r.GET("/test2", func(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(200, gin.H{"hello": "world"}) }) ~~~ ## 自定義中間件 ~~~ func Logger() gin.HandlerFunc { return func(c *gin.Context) { t := time.Now() // Set example variable c.Set("example", "12345") // before request c.Next() // after request latency := time.Since(t) log.Print(latency) // access the status we are sending status := c.Writer.Status() log.Println(status) } } func main() { r := gin.New() r.Use(Logger()) r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) { example := c.MustGet("example").(string) // it would print: "12345" log.Println(example) }) // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 r.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ## 使用BasicAuth()（驗證）中間件 ~~~ // simulate some private data var secrets = gin.H{ "foo": gin.H{"email": "foo@bar.com", "phone": "123433"}, "austin": gin.H{"email": "austin@example.com", "phone": "666"}, "lena": gin.H{"email": "lena@guapa.com", "phone": "523443"}, } func main() { r := gin.Default() // Group using gin.BasicAuth() middleware // gin.Accounts is a shortcut for map[string]string authorized := r.Group("/admin", gin.BasicAuth(gin.Accounts{ "foo": "bar", "austin": "1234", "lena": "hello2", "manu": "4321", })) // /admin/secrets endpoint // hit "localhost:8080/admin/secrets authorized.GET("/secrets", func(c *gin.Context) { // get user, it was set by the BasicAuth middleware user := c.MustGet(gin.AuthUserKey).(string) if secret, ok := secrets[user]; ok { c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"user": user, "secret": secret}) } else { c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"user": user, "secret": "NO SECRET :("}) } }) // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 r.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ## 中間件中使用Goroutines 在中間件或處理程序中啟動新的Goroutines時，你不應該使用其中的原始上下文，你必須使用只讀副本（`c.Copy()`） ~~~ func main() { r := gin.Default() r.GET("/long_async", func(c *gin.Context) { // 創建要在goroutine中使用的副本 cCp := c.Copy() go func() { // simulate a long task with time.Sleep(). 5 seconds time.Sleep(5 * time.Second) // 這里使用你創建的副本 log.Println("Done! in path " + cCp.Request.URL.Path) }() }) r.GET("/long_sync", func(c *gin.Context) { // simulate a long task with time.Sleep(). 5 seconds time.Sleep(5 * time.Second) // 這里沒有使用goroutine，所以不用使用副本 log.Println("Done! in path " + c.Request.URL.Path) }) // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 r.Run(":8080") } ~~~ ## 自定義HTTP配置直接像這樣使用`http.ListenAndServe()` ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() http.ListenAndServe(":8080", router) } ~~~ 或者 ~~~ func main() { router := gin.Default() s := &http.Server{ Addr: ":8080", Handler: router, ReadTimeout: 10 * time.Second, WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second, MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20, } s.ListenAndServe() } ~~~ ## 支持Let's Encrypt證書 1行代碼實現LetsEncrypt HTTPS服務器 ~~~ package main import ( "log" "github.com/gin-gonic/autotls" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" ) func main() { r := gin.Default() // Ping handler r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) { c.String(200, "pong") }) log.Fatal(autotls.Run(r, "example1.com", "example2.com")) } ~~~ 自定義autocert管理器的示例 ~~~ package main import ( "log" "github.com/gin-gonic/autotls" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" "golang.org/x/crypto/acme/autocert" ) func main() { r := gin.Default() // Ping handler r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) { c.String(200, "pong") }) m := autocert.Manager{ Prompt: autocert.AcceptTOS, HostPolicy: autocert.HostWhitelist("example1.com", "example2.com"), Cache: autocert.DirCache("/var/www/.cache"), } log.Fatal(autotls.RunWithManager(r, &m)) } ~~~ ## Gin運行多個服務請參閱[問題](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/346)并嘗試以下示例 ~~~ package main import ( "log" "net/http" "time" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" "golang.org/x/sync/errgroup" ) var ( g errgroup.Group ) func router01() http.Handler { e := gin.New() e.Use(gin.Recovery()) e.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON( http.StatusOK, gin.H{ "code": http.StatusOK, "error": "Welcome server 01", }, ) }) return e } func router02() http.Handler { e := gin.New() e.Use(gin.Recovery()) e.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON( http.StatusOK, gin.H{ "code": http.StatusOK, "error": "Welcome server 02", }, ) }) return e } func main() { server01 := &http.Server{ Addr: ":8080", Handler: router01(), ReadTimeout: 5 * time.Second, WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second, } server02 := &http.Server{ Addr: ":8081", Handler: router02(), ReadTimeout: 5 * time.Second, WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second, } g.Go(func() error { return server01.ListenAndServe() }) g.Go(func() error { return server02.ListenAndServe() }) if err := g.Wait(); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } } ~~~ ## 優雅重啟或停止想要優雅地重啟或停止你的Web服務器，使用下面的方法我們可以使用[fvbock/endless](https://github.com/fvbock/endless)來替換默認的`ListenAndServe`，有關詳細信息，請參閱問題[＃296](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/296) ~~~ router := gin.Default() router.GET("/", handler) // [...] endless.ListenAndServe(":4242", router) ~~~ 一個替換方案 * [manners](https://github.com/braintree/manners)：一個Go HTTP服務器，能優雅的關閉 * [graceful](https://github.com/tylerb/graceful)：Graceful是一個go的包，支持優雅地關閉http.Handler服務器 * [grace](https://github.com/facebookgo/grace)：對Go服務器進行優雅的重啟和零停機部署如果你的Go版本是1.8，你可能不需要使用這個庫，考慮使用http.Server內置的[Shutdown()](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#Server.Shutdown)方法進行優雅關閉，查看[例子](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/tree/master/examples/graceful-shutdown) ~~~ // +build go1.8 package main import ( "context" "log" "net/http" "os" "os/signal" "time" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" ) func main() { router := gin.Default() router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) { time.Sleep(5 * time.Second) c.String(http.StatusOK, "Welcome Gin Server") }) srv := &http.Server{ Addr: ":8080", Handler: router, } go func() { // service connections if err := srv.ListenAndServe(); err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed { log.Fatalf("listen: %s\n", err) } }() // Wait for interrupt signal to gracefully shutdown the server with // a timeout of 5 seconds. quit := make(chan os.Signal) signal.Notify(quit, os.Interrupt) <-quit log.Println("Shutdown Server ...") ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second) defer cancel() if err := srv.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil { log.Fatal("Server Shutdown:", err) } log.Println("Server exiting") } ~~~ ## 構建包含模板的二進制文件你可以使用[go-assets](https://github.com/jessevdk/go-assets)將服務器構建成一個包含模板的二進制文件 ~~~ func main() { r := gin.New() t, err := loadTemplate() if err != nil { panic(err) } r.SetHTMLTemplate(t) r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) { c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "/html/index.tmpl",nil) }) r.Run(":8080") } // loadTemplate loads templates embedded by go-assets-builder func loadTemplate() (*template.Template, error) { t := template.New("") for name, file := range Assets.Files { if file.IsDir() || !strings.HasSuffix(name, ".tmpl") { continue } h, err := ioutil.ReadAll(file) if err != nil { return nil, err } t, err = t.New(name).Parse(string(h)) if err != nil { return nil, err } } return t, nil } ~~~ 請參見`examples/assets-in-binary`目錄中的例子 ## 使用自定義結構綁定表單數據以下示例使用自定義結構 ~~~ type StructA struct { FieldA string `form:"field_a"` } type StructB struct { NestedStruct StructA FieldB string `form:"field_b"` } type StructC struct { NestedStructPointer *StructA FieldC string `form:"field_c"` } type StructD struct { NestedAnonyStruct struct { FieldX string `form:"field_x"` } FieldD string `form:"field_d"` } func GetDataB(c *gin.Context) { var b StructB c.Bind(&b) c.JSON(200, gin.H{ "a": b.NestedStruct, "b": b.FieldB, }) } func GetDataC(c *gin.Context) { var b StructC c.Bind(&b) c.JSON(200, gin.H{ "a": b.NestedStructPointer, "c": b.FieldC, }) } func GetDataD(c *gin.Context) { var b StructD c.Bind(&b) c.JSON(200, gin.H{ "x": b.NestedAnonyStruct, "d": b.FieldD, }) } func main() { r := gin.Default() r.GET("/getb", GetDataB) r.GET("/getc", GetDataC) r.GET("/getd", GetDataD) r.Run() } ~~~ 運行示例： ~~~ $ curl "http://localhost:8080/getb?field_a=hello&field_b=world" {"a":{"FieldA":"hello"},"b":"world"} $ curl "http://localhost:8080/getc?field_a=hello&field_c=world" {"a":{"FieldA":"hello"},"c":"world"} $ curl "http://localhost:8080/getd?field_x=hello&field_d=world" {"d":"world","x":{"FieldX":"hello"}} ~~~ **注意**：不支持以下樣式結構 ~~~ type StructX struct { X struct {} `form:"name_x"` // HERE have form } type StructY struct { Y StructX `form:"name_y"` // HERE have form } type StructZ struct { Z *StructZ `form:"name_z"` // HERE have form } ~~~ 總之，現在只支持現在沒有`form`標簽的自定義結構 ## 將請求體綁定到不同的結構體中綁定請求體的常規方法使用`c.Request.Body`，并且不能多次調用 ~~~ type formA struct { Foo string `json:"foo" xml:"foo" binding:"required"` } type formB struct { Bar string `json:"bar" xml:"bar" binding:"required"` } func SomeHandler(c *gin.Context) { objA := formA{} objB := formB{} // This c.ShouldBind consumes c.Request.Body and it cannot be reused. if errA := c.ShouldBind(&objA); errA == nil { c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formA`) // Always an error is occurred by this because c.Request.Body is EOF now. } else if errB := c.ShouldBind(&objB); errB == nil { c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formB`) } else { ... } } ~~~ 同樣，你能使用`c.ShouldBindBodyWith` ~~~ func SomeHandler(c *gin.Context) { objA := formA{} objB := formB{} // This reads c.Request.Body and stores the result into the context. if errA := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objA, binding.JSON); errA == nil { c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formA`) // At this time, it reuses body stored in the context. } else if errB := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objB, binding.JSON); errB == nil { c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formB JSON`) // And it can accepts other formats } else if errB2 := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objB, binding.XML); errB2 == nil { c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formB XML`) } else { ... } } ~~~ * `c.ShouldBindBodyWith` 在綁定之前將body存儲到上下文中，這對性能有輕微影響，因此如果你要立即調用，則不應使用此方法 * 此功能僅適用于這些格式 -- `JSON`, `XML`, `MsgPack`, `ProtoBuf`。對于其他格式，`Query`, `Form`, `FormPost`, `FormMultipart`, 可以被`c.ShouldBind()`多次調用而不影響性能（參考 [#1341](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1341)） ## HTTP/2 服務器推送 `http.Pusher`只支持Go 1.8或更高版本，有關詳細信息，請參閱[golang博客](https://blog.golang.org/h2push) ~~~ package main import ( "html/template" "log" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" ) var html = template.Must(template.New("https").Parse(` <html> <head> <title>Https Test</title> <script src="/assets/app.js"></script> </head> <body> <h1 style="color:red;">Welcome, Ginner!</h1> </body> </html> `)) func main() { r := gin.Default() r.Static("/assets", "./assets") r.SetHTMLTemplate(html) r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) { if pusher := c.Writer.Pusher(); pusher != nil { // use pusher.Push() to do server push if err := pusher.Push("/assets/app.js", nil); err != nil { log.Printf("Failed to push: %v", err) } } c.HTML(200, "https", gin.H{ "status": "success", }) }) // Listen and Server in https://127.0.0.1:8080 r.RunTLS(":8080", "./testdata/server.pem", "./testdata/server.key") } ~~~ ## 自定義路由日志的格式默認的路由日志是這樣的： ~~~ [GIN-debug] POST /foo --> main.main.func1 (3 handlers) [GIN-debug] GET /bar --> main.main.func2 (3 handlers) [GIN-debug] GET /status --> main.main.func3 (3 handlers) ~~~ 如果你想以給定的格式記錄這些信息（例如 JSON，鍵值對或其他格式），你可以使用`gin.DebugPrintRouteFunc`來定義格式，在下面的示例中，我們使用標準日志包記錄路由日志，你可以使用其他適合你需求的日志工具 ~~~ import ( "log" "net/http" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" ) func main() { r := gin.Default() gin.DebugPrintRouteFunc = func(httpMethod, absolutePath, handlerName string, nuHandlers int) { log.Printf("endpoint %v %v %v %v\n", httpMethod, absolutePath, handlerName, nuHandlers) } r.POST("/foo", func(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(http.StatusOK, "foo") }) r.GET("/bar", func(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(http.StatusOK, "bar") }) r.GET("/status", func(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(http.StatusOK, "ok") }) // Listen and Server in http://0.0.0.0:8080 r.Run() } ~~~ ## 設置并獲取cookie ~~~ import ( "fmt" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" ) func main() { router := gin.Default() router.GET("/cookie", func(c *gin.Context) { cookie, err := c.Cookie("gin_cookie") if err != nil { cookie = "NotSet" c.SetCookie("gin_cookie", "test", 3600, "/", "localhost", false, true) } fmt.Printf("Cookie value: %s \n", cookie) }) router.Run() } ~~~ ## 測試 `net/http/httptest`包是http測試的首選方式 ~~~ package main func setupRouter() *gin.Engine { r := gin.Default() r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) { c.String(200, "pong") }) return r } func main() { r := setupRouter() r.Run(":8080") } ~~~ 測試上面的示例代碼 ~~~ package main import ( "net/http" "net/http/httptest" "testing" "github.com/stretchr/testify/assert" ) func TestPingRoute(t *testing.T) { router := setupRouter() w := httptest.NewRecorder() req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/ping", nil) router.ServeHTTP(w, req) assert.Equal(t, 200, w.Code) assert.Equal(t, "pong", w.Body.String()) } ~~~