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                ## Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(創建和銷毀對象) ### Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有構造函數或枚舉類型實施單例屬性) A singleton is simply a class that is instantiated exactly once [Gamma95].Singletons typically represent either a stateless object such as a function (Item24) or a system component that is intrinsically unique. **Making a class a singleton can make it difficult to test its clients** because it’s impossible to substitute a mock implementation for a singleton unless it implements an interface that serves as its type. 單例是一個只實例化一次的類 [Gamma95]。單例通常表示無狀態對象,比如函數([Item-24](/Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-24-Favor-static-member-classes-over-nonstatic.md))或系統組件,它們在本質上是唯一的。**將一個類設計為單例會使它的客戶端測試時變得困難,** 除非它實現了作為其類型的接口,否則無法用模擬實現來代替單例。 There are two common ways to implement singletons. Both are based on keeping the constructor private and exporting a public static member to provide access to the sole instance. In one approach, the member is a final field: 實現單例有兩種常見的方法。兩者都基于保持構造函數私有和導出公共靜態成員以提供對唯一實例的訪問。在第一種方法中,成員是一個 final 字段: ``` // Singleton with public final field public class Elvis { public static final Elvis INSTANCE = new Elvis(); private Elvis() { ... } public void leaveTheBuilding() { ... } } ``` The private constructor is called only once, to initialize the public static final field Elvis.INSTANCE. The lack of a public or protected constructor guarantees a “monoelvistic” universe: exactly one Elvis instance will exist once the Elvis class is initialized—no more, no less. Nothing that a client does can change this, with one caveat: a privileged client can invoke the private constructor reflectively (Item 65) with the aid of the AccessibleObject.setAccessible method. If you need to defend against this attack, modify the constructor to make it throw an exception if it’s asked to create a second instance. 私有構造函數只調用一次,用于初始化 public static final 修飾的 Elvis 類型字段 INSTANCE。不使用 public 或 protected 的構造函數保證了「獨一無二」的空間:一旦初始化了 Elvis 類,就只會存在一個 Elvis 實例,不多也不少。客戶端所做的任何事情都不能改變這一點,但有一點需要注意:擁有特殊權限的客戶端可以借助 AccessibleObject.setAccessible 方法利用反射調用私有構造函數([Item-65](/Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-65-Prefer-interfaces-to-reflection.md))如果需要防范這種攻擊,請修改構造函數,使其在請求創建第二個實例時拋出異常。 **譯注:使用 `AccessibleObject.setAccessible` 方法調用私有構造函數示例:** ``` Constructor<?>[] constructors = Elvis.class.getDeclaredConstructors(); AccessibleObject.setAccessible(constructors, true); Arrays.stream(constructors).forEach(name -> { if (name.toString().contains("Elvis")) { Elvis instance = (Elvis) name.newInstance(); instance.leaveTheBuilding(); } }); ``` In the second approach to implementing singletons, the public member is a static factory method: 在實現單例的第二種方法中,公共成員是一種靜態工廠方法: ``` // Singleton with static factory public class Elvis { private static final Elvis INSTANCE = new Elvis(); private Elvis() { ... } public static Elvis getInstance() { return INSTANCE; } public void leaveTheBuilding() { ... } } ``` All calls to Elvis.getInstance return the same object reference, and no other Elvis instance will ever be created (with the same caveat mentioned earlier). 所有對 `getInstance()` 方法的調用都返回相同的對象引用,并且不會創建其他 Elvis 實例(與前面提到的警告相同)。 **譯注:這里的警告指擁有特殊權限的客戶端可以借助 `AccessibleObject.setAccessible` 方法利用反射調用私有構造函數** The main advantage of the public field approach is that the API makes it clear that the class is a singleton: the public static field is final, so it will always contain the same object reference. The second advantage is that it’s simpler. 公共字段方法的主要優點是 API 明確了類是單例的:public static 修飾的字段是 final 的,因此它總是包含相同的對象引用。第二個優點是更簡單。 One advantage of the static factory approach is that it gives you the flexibility to change your mind about whether the class is a singleton without changing its API. The factory method returns the sole instance, but it could be modified to return, say, a separate instance for each thread that invokes it. A second advantage is that you can write a generic singleton factory if your application requires it (Item 30). A final advantage of using a static factory is that a method reference can be used as a supplier, for example `Elvis::instance` is a `Supplier<Elvis>`. Unless one of these advantages is relevant, the public field approach is preferable. **譯注:static factory approach 等同于 static factory method** 靜態工廠方法的一個優點是,它可以在不更改 API 的情況下決定類是否是單例。工廠方法返回唯一的實例,但是可以對其進行修改,為調用它的每個線程返回一個單獨的實例。第二個優點是,如果應用程序需要的話,可以編寫泛型的單例工廠([Item-30](/Chapter-5/Chapter-5-Item-30-Favor-generic-methods.md))。使用靜態工廠的最后一個優點是方法引用能夠作為一個提供者,例如 `Elvis::getInstance` 是 `Supplier<Elvis>` 的提供者。除非能夠與這些優點沾邊,否則使用 public 字段的方式更可取。 **譯注 1:原文方法引用可能是筆誤,修改為 `Elvis::getInstance`** **譯注 2:方法引用作為提供者的例子:** ``` Supplier<Elvis> sup = Elvis::getInstance; Elvis obj = sup.get(); obj.leaveTheBuilding(); ``` To make a singleton class that uses either of these approaches serializable (Chapter 12), it is not sufficient merely to add implements Serializable to its declaration. To maintain the singleton guarantee, declare all instance fields transient and provide a readResolve method (Item 89). Otherwise, each time a serialized instance is deserialized, a new instance will be created, leading,in the case of our example, to spurious Elvis sightings. To prevent this from happening, add this readResolve method to the Elvis class: 要使單例類使用這兩種方法中的任何一種實現可序列化(Chapter 12),僅僅在其聲明中添加實現 serializable 是不夠的。要維護單例保證,應聲明所有實例字段為 transient,并提供 readResolve 方法([Item-89](/Chapter-12/Chapter-12-Item-89-For-instance-control-prefer-enum-types-to-readResolve.md))。否則,每次反序列化實例時,都會創建一個新實例,在我們的示例中,這會導致出現虛假的 Elvis。為了防止這種情況發生,將這個 readResolve 方法添加到 Elvis 類中: ``` // readResolve method to preserve singleton property private Object readResolve() { // Return the one true Elvis and let the garbage collector // take care of the Elvis impersonator. return INSTANCE; } ``` A third way to implement a singleton is to declare a single-element enum: 實現單例的第三種方法是聲明一個單元素枚舉: ``` // Enum singleton - the preferred approach public enum Elvis { INSTANCE; public void leaveTheBuilding() { ... } } ``` This approach is similar to the public field approach, but it is more concise, provides the serialization machinery for free, and provides an ironclad guarantee against multiple instantiation, even in the face of sophisticated serialization or reflection attacks. This approach may feel a bit unnatural, but **a single-element enum type is often the best way to implement a singleton.** Note that you can’t use this approach if your singleton must extend a superclass other than Enum(though you can declare an enum to implement interfaces). 這種方法類似于 public 字段方法,但是它更簡潔,默認提供了序列化機制,提供了對多個實例化的嚴格保證,即使面對復雜的序列化或反射攻擊也是如此。這種方法可能有點不自然,但是**單元素枚舉類型通常是實現單例的最佳方法。** 注意,如果你的單例必須擴展一個超類而不是 Enum(盡管你可以聲明一個 Enum 來實現接口),你就不能使用這種方法。 --- **[Back to contents of the chapter(返回章節目錄)](/Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Introduction.md)** - **Previous Item(上一條目):[Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面對多個構造函數參數時,請考慮構建器)](/Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-2-Consider-a-builder-when-faced-with-many-constructor-parameters.md)** - **Next Item(下一條目):[Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有構造函數實施不可實例化)](/Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-4-Enforce-noninstantiability-with-a-private-constructor.md)**
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