## Chapter 10. Exceptions(異常)
### Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(盡力保證故障原子性)
After an object throws an exception, it is generally desirable that the object still be in a well-defined, usable state, even if the failure occurred in the midst of performing an operation. This is especially true for checked exceptions, from which the caller is expected to recover. **Generally speaking, a failed method invocation should leave the object in the state that it was in prior to the invocation.** A method with this property is said to be failure-atomic.
在對象拋出異常之后,通常希望對象仍然處于定義良好的可用狀態,即使在執行操作時發生了故障。對于 checked 異常尤其如此,調用者希望從異常中恢復。**一般來說,失敗的方法調用應該使對象處于調用之前的狀態。** 具有此屬性的方法稱為具備故障原子性。
There are several ways to achieve this effect. The simplest is to design immutable objects (Item 17). If an object is immutable, failure atomicity is free. If an operation fails, it may prevent a new object from getting created, but it will never leave an existing object in an inconsistent state, because the state of each object is consistent when it is created and can’t be modified thereafter.
有幾種方式可以達到這種效果。最簡單的方法是設計不可變對象([Item-17](/Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-17-Minimize-mutability.md))。如果對象是不可變的,則故障原子性是必然的。如果一個操作失敗,它可能會阻止創建一個新對象,但是它不會讓一個現有對象處于不一致的狀態,因為每個對象的狀態在創建時是一致的,并且在創建后不能修改。
For methods that operate on mutable objects, the most common way to achieve failure atomicity is to check parameters for validity before performing the operation (Item 49). This causes most exceptions to get thrown before object modification commences. For example, consider the Stack.pop method in Item 7:
對于操作可變對象的方法,實現故障原子性的最常見方法是在執行操作之前檢查參數的有效性([Item-49](/Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-49-Check-parameters-for-validity.md))。這使得大多數異常在對象修改開始之前被拋出。例如,考慮 `Stack.pop` 方法([Item-7](/Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-7-Eliminate-obsolete-object-references.md)):
```
public Object pop() {
if (size == 0)
throw new EmptyStackException();
Object result = elements[--size];
elements[size] = null; // Eliminate obsolete reference
return result;
}
```
If the initial size check were eliminated, the method would still throw an exception when it attempted to pop an element from an empty stack. It would, however, leave the size field in an inconsistent (negative) state, causing any future method invocations on the object to fail. Additionally, the ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException thrown by the pop method would be inappropriate to the abstraction (Item 73).
如果取消了初始大小檢查,當該方法試圖從空堆棧中彈出元素時,仍然會拋出異常。但是,這會使 size 字段處于不一致的(負值)狀態,導致以后該對象的任何方法調用都會失敗。此外,pop 方法拋出的 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException 也不適于高層抽象解釋([Item-73](/Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-73-Throw-exceptions-appropriate-to-the-abstraction.md))。
A closely related approach to achieving failure atomicity is to order the computation so that any part that may fail takes place before any part that modifies the object. This approach is a natural extension of the previous one when arguments cannot be checked without performing a part of the computation. For example, consider the case of TreeMap, whose elements are sorted according to some ordering. In order to add an element to a TreeMap, the element must be of a type that can be compared using the TreeMap’s ordering. Attempting to add an incorrectly typed element will naturally fail with a ClassCastException as a result of searching for the element in the tree, before the tree has been modified in any way.
實現故障原子性的另一種方式是對計算進行排序,以便可能發生故障的部分都先于修改對象的部分發生。當執行某部分計算才能檢查參數時,這種方法是前一種方法的自然擴展。例如,考慮 TreeMap 的情況,它的元素按照一定的順序排序。為了向 TreeMap 中添加元素,元素的類型必須能夠使用 TreeMap 的順序進行比較。在以任何方式修改「樹」之前,由于在「樹」中搜索元素,試圖添加類型不正確的元素自然會失敗,并導致 ClassCastException 異常。
A third approach to achieving failure atomicity is to perform the operation on a temporary copy of the object and to replace the contents of the object with the temporary copy once the operation is complete. This approach occurs naturally when the computation can be performed more quickly once the data has been stored in a temporary data structure. For example, some sorting functions copy their input list into an array prior to sorting to reduce the cost of accessing elements in the inner loop of the sort. This is done for performance, but as an added benefit, it ensures that the input list will be untouched if the sort fails.
實現故障原子性的第三種方法是以對象的臨時副本執行操作,并在操作完成后用臨時副本替換對象的內容。當數據存儲在臨時數據結構中后,計算過程會更加迅速,這種辦法就是很自然的。例如,一些排序函數在排序之前將其輸入 list 復制到數組中,以降低訪問排序內循環中的元素的成本。這樣做是為了提高性能,但是作為一個額外的好處,它確保如果排序失敗,輸入 list 將保持不變。
A last and far less common approach to achieving failure atomicity is to write recovery code that intercepts a failure that occurs in the midst of an operation, and causes the object to roll back its state to the point before the operation began. This approach is used mainly for durable (disk-based) data structures.
實現故障原子性的最后一種不太常見的方法是編寫恢復代碼,攔截在操作過程中發生的故障,并使對象回滾到操作開始之前的狀態。這種方法主要用于持久的(基于磁盤的)數據結構。
While failure atomicity is generally desirable, it is not always achievable. For example, if two threads attempt to modify the same object concurrently without proper synchronization, the object may be left in an inconsistent state. It would therefore be wrong to assume that an object was still usable after catching a ConcurrentModificationException. Errors are unrecoverable, so you need not even attempt to preserve failure atomicity when throwing AssertionError.
雖然故障原子性通常是可取的,但它并不總是可以實現的。例如,如果兩個線程試圖在沒有適當同步的情況下并發地修改同一個對象,那么該對象可能會處于不一致的狀態。因此,如果假定在捕捉到 ConcurrentModificationException 之后對象仍然可用,那就錯了。該錯誤是不可恢復的,所以在拋出 AssertionError 時,你甚至不需要嘗試保存故障原子性。
Even where failure atomicity is possible, it is not always desirable. For some operations, it would significantly increase the cost or complexity. That said, it is often both free and easy to achieve failure atomicity once you’re aware of the issue.
即使在可以實現故障原子性的情況下,也并不總是可取的。對于某些操作,它將顯著增加成本或復雜性。也就是說,一旦意識到這個問題,就可以輕松地實現故障原子性。
In summary, as a rule, any generated exception that is part of a method’s specification should leave the object in the same state it was in prior to the method invocation. Where this rule is violated, the API documentation should clearly indicate what state the object will be left in. Unfortunately, plenty of existing API documentation fails to live up to this ideal.
總之,作為規則,也作為方法規范的一部分,生成的任何異常都應該使對象保持在方法調用之前的狀態。如果違反了這條規則,API 文檔應該清楚地指出對象將處于什么狀態。不幸的是,許多現有的 API 文檔都沒有做到。
---
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- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(創建和銷毀對象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考慮以靜態工廠方法代替構造函數)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面對多個構造函數參數時,請考慮構建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有構造函數或枚舉類型實施單例屬性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有構造函數實施不可實例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依賴注入優于硬連接資源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免創建不必要的對象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除過時的對象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用終結器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 優于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(對象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆蓋 equals 方法時應遵守的約定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(當覆蓋 equals 方法時,總要覆蓋 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始終覆蓋 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆蓋 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考慮實現 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(類和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(盡量減少類和成員的可訪問性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共類中,使用訪問器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(減少可變性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(優先選擇復合而不是繼承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(繼承要設計良好并且具有文檔,否則禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口優于抽象類)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(為后代設計接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定義類型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(類層次結構優于帶標簽的類)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(靜態成員類優于非靜態成員類)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件僅限有單個頂層類)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始類型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 優于數組)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(優先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(優先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的靈活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可變參數)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考慮類型安全的異構容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚舉和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚舉類型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用實例字段替代序數)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替換序數索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模擬可擴展枚舉)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解優于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(堅持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用標記接口定義類型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表達式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表達式優于匿名類)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用優于 λ 表達式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(優先使用標準函數式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用無副作用的函數)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(優先選擇 Collection 而不是流作為返回類型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(謹慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(檢查參數的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要時制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔細設計方法簽名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重載)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可變參數)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或數組,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(為所有公開的 API 元素編寫文檔注釋)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序設計)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(將局部變量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循環優于傳統的 for 循環)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用庫)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精確答案就應避免使用 float 和 double 類型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本數據類型優于包裝類)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他類型更合適時應避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(當心字符串連接引起的性能問題)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通過接口引用對象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口優于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地進行優化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被廣泛認可的命名約定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(異常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(僅在確有異常條件下使用異常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(對可恢復情況使用 checked 異常,對編程錯誤使用運行時異常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 異常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓勵復用標準異常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(拋出能用抽象解釋的異常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(為每個方法記錄會拋出的所有異常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(異常詳細消息中應包含捕獲失敗的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(盡力保證故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略異常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并發)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(對共享可變數據的同步訪問)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免過度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流優于直接使用線程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并發實用工具優于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文檔應包含線程安全屬性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延遲初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依賴線程調度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(優先選擇 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常謹慎地實現 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考慮使用自定義序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地編寫 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(對于實例控制,枚舉類型優于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考慮以序列化代理代替序列化實例)