## Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序設計)
### Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通過接口引用對象)
Item 51 says that you should use interfaces rather than classes as parameter types. More generally, you should favor the use of interfaces over classes to refer to objects. **If appropriate interface types exist, then parameters, return values, variables, and fields should all be declared using interface types.** The only time you really need to refer to an object’s class is when you’re creating it with a constructor. To make this concrete, consider the case of LinkedHashSet, which is an implementation of the Set interface. Get in the habit of typing this:
[Item-51](/Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-51-Design-method-signatures-carefully.md) 指出,應該使用接口而不是類作為參數類型。更一般地說,你應該優先使用接口而不是類來引用對象。**如果存在合適的接口類型,那么應該使用接口類型聲明參數、返回值、變量和字段。** 惟一真正需要引用對象的類的時候是使用構造函數創建它的時候。為了具體說明這一點,考慮 LinkedHashSet 的情況,它是 Set 接口的一個實現。聲明時應養成這樣的習慣:
```
// Good - uses interface as type
Set<Son> sonSet = new LinkedHashSet<>();
```
not this:
而不是這樣:
```
// Bad - uses class as type!
LinkedHashSet<Son> sonSet = new LinkedHashSet<>();
```
**If you get into the habit of using interfaces as types, your program will be much more flexible.** If you decide that you want to switch implementations, all you have to do is change the class name in the constructor (or use a different static factory). For example, the first declaration could be changed to read:
**如果你養成了使用接口作為類型的習慣,那么你的程序將更加靈活。** 如果你決定要切換實現,只需在構造函數中更改類名(或使用不同的靜態工廠)。例如,第一個聲明可以改為:
```
Set<Son> sonSet = new HashSet<>();
```
and all of the surrounding code would continue to work. The surrounding code was unaware of the old implementation type, so it would be oblivious to the change.
所有的代碼都會繼續工作。周圍的代碼不知道舊的實現類型,所以它不會在意更改。
There is one caveat: if the original implementation offered some special functionality not required by the general contract of the interface and the code depended on that functionality, then it is critical that the new implementation provide the same functionality. For example, if the code surrounding the first declaration depended on LinkedHashSet’s ordering policy, then it would be incorrect to substitute HashSet for LinkedHashSet in the declaration, because HashSet makes no guarantee concerning iteration order.
有一點值得注意:如果原實現提供了接口的通用約定不需要的一些特殊功能,并且代碼依賴于該功能,那么新實現提供相同的功能就非常重要。例如,如果圍繞第一個聲明的代碼依賴于 LinkedHashSet 的排序策略,那么在聲明中將 HashSet 替換為 LinkedHashSet 將是不正確的,因為 HashSet 不保證迭代順序。
So why would you want to change an implementation type? Because the second implementation offers better performance than the original, or because it offers desirable functionality that the original implementation lacks. For example, suppose a field contains a HashMap instance. Changing it to an EnumMap will provide better performance and iteration order consistent with the natural order of the keys, but you can only use an EnumMap if the key type is an enum type. Changing the HashMap to a LinkedHashMap will provide predictable iteration order with performance comparable to that of HashMap, without making any special demands on the key type.
那么,為什么要更改實現類型呢?因為第二個實現比原來的實現提供了更好的性能,或者因為它提供了原來的實現所缺乏的理想功能。例如,假設一個字段包含一個 HashMap 實例。將其更改為 EnumMap 將為迭代提供更好的性能和與鍵的自然順序,但是你只能在鍵類型為 enum 類型的情況下使用 EnumMap。將 HashMap 更改為 LinkedHashMap 將提供可預測的迭代順序,性能與 HashMap 相當,而不需要對鍵類型作出任何特殊要求。
You might think it’s OK to declare a variable using its implementation type, because you can change the declaration type and the implementation type at the same time, but there is no guarantee that this change will result in a program that compiles. If the client code used methods on the original implementation type that are not also present on its replacement or if the client code passed the instance to a method that requires the original implementation type, then the code will no longer compile after making this change. Declaring the variable with the interface type keeps you honest.
你可能認為使用變量的實現類型聲明變量是可以的,因為你可以同時更改聲明類型和實現類型,但是不能保證這種更改會正確編譯程序。如果客戶端代碼對原實現類型使用了替換時不存在的方法,或者客戶端代碼將實例傳遞給需要原實現類型的方法,那么在進行此更改之后,代碼將不再編譯。使用接口類型聲明變量可以保持一致。
**It is entirely appropriate to refer to an object by a class rather than an interface if no appropriate interface exists.** For example, consider value classes, such as String and BigInteger. Value classes are rarely written with multiple implementations in mind. They are often final and rarely have corresponding interfaces. It is perfectly appropriate to use such a value class as a parameter, variable, field, or return type.
**如果沒有合適的接口存在,那么用類引用對象是完全合適的。** 例如,考慮值類,如 String 和 BigInteger。值類很少在編寫時考慮到多個實現。它們通常是 final 的,很少有相應的接口。使用這樣的值類作為參數、變量、字段或返回類型非常合適。
A second case in which there is no appropriate interface type is that of objects belonging to a framework whose fundamental types are classes rather than interfaces. If an object belongs to such a class-based framework, it is preferable to refer to it by the relevant base class, which is often abstract, rather than by its implementation class. Many java.io classes such as OutputStream fall into this category.
沒有合適接口類型的第二種情況是屬于框架的對象,框架的基本類型是類而不是接口。如果一個對象屬于這樣一個基于類的框架,那么最好使用相關的基類來引用它,這通常是抽象的,而不是使用它的實現類。在 java.io 類中許多諸如 OutputStream 之類的就屬于這種情況。
A final case in which there is no appropriate interface type is that of classes that implement an interface but also provide extra methods not found in the interface—for example, PriorityQueue has a comparator method that is not present on the Queue interface. Such a class should be used to refer to its instances only if the program relies on the extra methods, and this should be very rare.
沒有合適接口類型的最后一種情況是,實現接口但同時提供接口中不存在的額外方法的類,例如,PriorityQueue 有一個在 Queue 接口上不存在的比較器方法。只有當程序依賴于額外的方法時,才應該使用這樣的類來引用它的實例,這種情況應該非常少見。
These three cases are not meant to be exhaustive but merely to convey the flavor of situations where it is appropriate to refer to an object by its class. In practice, it should be apparent whether a given object has an appropriate interface. If it does, your program will be more flexible and stylish if you use the interface to refer to the object. **If there is no appropriate interface, just use the least specific class in the class hierarchy that provides the required functionality.**
這三種情況并不是面面俱到的,而僅僅是為了傳達適合通過類引用對象的情況。在實際應用中,給定對象是否具有適當的接口應該是顯而易見的。如果是這樣,如果使用接口引用對象,程序將更加靈活和流行。**如果沒有合適的接口,就使用類層次結構中提供所需功能的最底層的類**
---
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- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(創建和銷毀對象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考慮以靜態工廠方法代替構造函數)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面對多個構造函數參數時,請考慮構建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有構造函數或枚舉類型實施單例屬性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有構造函數實施不可實例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依賴注入優于硬連接資源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免創建不必要的對象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除過時的對象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用終結器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 優于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(對象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆蓋 equals 方法時應遵守的約定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(當覆蓋 equals 方法時,總要覆蓋 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始終覆蓋 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆蓋 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考慮實現 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(類和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(盡量減少類和成員的可訪問性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共類中,使用訪問器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(減少可變性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(優先選擇復合而不是繼承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(繼承要設計良好并且具有文檔,否則禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口優于抽象類)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(為后代設計接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定義類型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(類層次結構優于帶標簽的類)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(靜態成員類優于非靜態成員類)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件僅限有單個頂層類)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始類型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 優于數組)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(優先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(優先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的靈活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可變參數)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考慮類型安全的異構容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚舉和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚舉類型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用實例字段替代序數)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替換序數索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模擬可擴展枚舉)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解優于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(堅持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用標記接口定義類型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表達式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表達式優于匿名類)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用優于 λ 表達式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(優先使用標準函數式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用無副作用的函數)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(優先選擇 Collection 而不是流作為返回類型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(謹慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(檢查參數的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要時制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔細設計方法簽名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重載)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可變參數)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或數組,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(為所有公開的 API 元素編寫文檔注釋)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序設計)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(將局部變量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循環優于傳統的 for 循環)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用庫)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精確答案就應避免使用 float 和 double 類型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本數據類型優于包裝類)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他類型更合適時應避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(當心字符串連接引起的性能問題)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通過接口引用對象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口優于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地進行優化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被廣泛認可的命名約定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(異常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(僅在確有異常條件下使用異常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(對可恢復情況使用 checked 異常,對編程錯誤使用運行時異常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 異常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓勵復用標準異常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(拋出能用抽象解釋的異常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(為每個方法記錄會拋出的所有異常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(異常詳細消息中應包含捕獲失敗的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(盡力保證故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略異常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并發)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(對共享可變數據的同步訪問)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免過度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流優于直接使用線程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并發實用工具優于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文檔應包含線程安全屬性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延遲初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依賴線程調度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(優先選擇 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常謹慎地實現 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考慮使用自定義序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地編寫 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(對于實例控制,枚舉類型優于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考慮以序列化代理代替序列化實例)