## Chapter 10. Exceptions(異常)
### Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(為每個方法記錄會拋出的所有異常)
A description of the exceptions thrown by a method is an important part of the documentation required to use the method properly. Therefore, it is critically important that you take the time to carefully document all of the exceptions thrown by each method (Item 56).
描述方法拋出的異常,是該方法文檔的重要部分。因此,花時間仔細記錄每個方法拋出的所有異常是非常重要的([Item-56](/Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-56-Write-doc-comments-for-all-exposed-API-elements.md))。
**Always declare checked exceptions individually, and document precisely the conditions under which each one is thrown** using the Javadoc @throws tag. Don’t take the shortcut of declaring that a method throws some superclass of multiple exception classes that it can throw. As an extreme example, don’t declare that a public method throws Exception or, worse, throws Throwable. In addition to denying any guidance to the method’s user concerning the exceptions it is capable of throwing, such a declaration greatly hinders the use of the method because it effectively obscures any other exception that may be thrown in the same context. One exception to this advice is the main method, which can safely be declared to throw Exception because it is called only by VM.
**始終單獨聲明 checked 異常,并使用 Javadoc 的 `@throw` 標記精確記錄每次拋出異常的條件**。如果一個方法拋出多個異常,不要使用快捷方式聲明這些異常的超類。作為一個極端的例子,即不要在公共方法聲明 `throws Exception`,或者更糟,甚至 `throws Throwable`。除了不能向方法的用戶提供會拋出哪些異常的任何消息之外,這樣的聲明還極大地阻礙了方法的使用,因為它掩蓋了在相同上下文中可能拋出的任何其他異常。這個建議的一個特例是 main 方法,它可以安全地聲明 `throw Exception`,因為它只被 VM 調用。
While the language does not require programmers to declare the unchecked exceptions that a method is capable of throwing, it is wise to document them as carefully as the checked exceptions. Unchecked exceptions generally represent programming errors (Item 70), and familiarizing programmers with all of the errors they can make helps them avoid making these errors. A well-documented list of the unchecked exceptions that a method can throw effectively describes the preconditions for its successful execution. It is essential that every public method’s documentation describe its preconditions (Item 56), and documenting its unchecked exceptions is the best way to satisfy this requirement.
雖然 Java 不要求程序員為方法聲明會拋出的 unchecked 異常,但明智的做法是,應該像 checked 異常一樣仔細地記錄它們。unchecked 異常通常表示編程錯誤([Item-70](/Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-70-Use-checked-exceptions-for-recoverable-conditions-and-runtime-exceptions-for-programming-errors.md)),讓程序員熟悉他們可能犯的所有錯誤可以幫助他們避免犯這些錯誤。將方法可以拋出的 unchecked 異常形成良好文檔,可以有效描述方法成功執行的先決條件。每個公共方法的文檔都必須描述它的先決條件([Item-56](/Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-56-Write-doc-comments-for-all-exposed-API-elements.md)),記錄它的 unchecked 異常是滿足這個需求的最佳方法。
It is particularly important that methods in interfaces document the unchecked exceptions they may throw. This documentation forms a part of the interface’s general contract and enables common behavior among multiple implementations of the interface.
特別重要的是,接口中的方法要記錄它們可能拋出的 unchecked 異常。此文檔構成接口通用約定的一部分,并指明接口的多個實現之間應該遵守的公共行為。
**Use the Javadoc @throws tag to document each exception that a method can throw, but do not use the throws keyword on unchecked exceptions.** It is important that programmers using your API are aware of which exceptions are checked and which are unchecked because the programmers’ responsibilities differ in these two cases. The documentation generated by the Javadoc @throws tag without a corresponding throws clause in the method declaration provides a strong visual cue to the programmer that an exception is unchecked.
**使用 Javadoc 的 `@throw` 標記記錄方法會拋出的每個異常,但是不要對 unchecked 異常使用 throws 關鍵字。** 讓使用你的 API 的程序員知道哪些異常是 checked 異常,哪些是 unchecked 異常是很重要的,因為程序員在這兩種情況下的職責是不同的。Javadoc 的 `@throw` 標記生成的文檔在方法聲明中沒有對應的 throws 子句,這向程序員提供了一個強烈的視覺提示,這是 unchecked 異常。
It should be noted that documenting all of the unchecked exceptions that each method can throw is an ideal, not always achievable in the real world. When a class undergoes revision, it is not a violation of source or binary compatibility if an exported method is modified to throw additional unchecked exceptions. Suppose a class invokes a method from another, independently written class. The authors of the former class may carefully document all of the unchecked exceptions that each method throws, but if the latter class is revised to throw additional unchecked exceptions, it is quite likely that the former class (which has not undergone revision) will propagate the new unchecked exceptions even though it does not document them.
應該注意的是,記錄每個方法會拋出的所有 unchecked 異常是理想的,但在實際中并不總是可以做到。當類進行修訂時,如果將導出的方法修改,使其拋出額外的 unchecked 異常,這并不違反源代碼或二進制兼容性。假設一個類 A 從另一個獨立的類 B 中調用一個方法。A 類的作者可能會仔細記錄每個方法拋出的 unchecked 異常,如果 B 類被修改了,使其拋出額外的 unchecked 異常,很可能 A 類(未經修改)將傳播新的 unchecked 異常,盡管它沒有在文檔中聲明。
**If an exception is thrown by many methods in a class for the same reason, you can document the exception in the class’s documentation comment** rather than documenting it individually for each method. A common example is NullPointerException. It is fine for a class’s documentation comment to say, “All methods in this class throw a NullPointerException if a null object reference is passed in any parameter,” or words to that effect.
**如果一個類中的許多方法都因為相同的原因拋出異常,你可以在類的文檔注釋中記錄異常,** 而不是為每個方法單獨記錄異常。一個常見的例子是 NullPointerException。類的文檔注釋可以這樣描述:「如果在任何參數中傳遞了 null 對象引用,該類中的所有方法都會拋出 NullPointerException」,或者類似意思的話。
In summary, document every exception that can be thrown by each method that you write. This is true for unchecked as well as checked exceptions, and for abstract as well as concrete methods. This documentation should take the form of @throws tags in doc comments. Declare each checked exception individually in a method’s throws clause, but do not declare unchecked exceptions. If you fail to document the exceptions that your methods can throw, it will be difficult or impossible for others to make effective use of your classes and interfaces.
總之,記錄你所編寫的每個方法可能引發的每個異常。對于 unchecked 異常、checked 異常、抽象方法、實例方法都是如此。應該在文檔注釋中采用 `@throw` 標記的形式。在方法的 throws 子句中分別聲明每個 checked 異常,但不要聲明 unchecked 異常。如果你不記錄方法可能拋出的異常,其他人將很難或不可能有效地使用你的類和接口。
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- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(創建和銷毀對象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考慮以靜態工廠方法代替構造函數)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面對多個構造函數參數時,請考慮構建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有構造函數或枚舉類型實施單例屬性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有構造函數實施不可實例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依賴注入優于硬連接資源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免創建不必要的對象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除過時的對象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用終結器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 優于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(對象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆蓋 equals 方法時應遵守的約定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(當覆蓋 equals 方法時,總要覆蓋 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始終覆蓋 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆蓋 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考慮實現 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(類和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(盡量減少類和成員的可訪問性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共類中,使用訪問器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(減少可變性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(優先選擇復合而不是繼承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(繼承要設計良好并且具有文檔,否則禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口優于抽象類)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(為后代設計接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定義類型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(類層次結構優于帶標簽的類)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(靜態成員類優于非靜態成員類)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件僅限有單個頂層類)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始類型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 優于數組)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(優先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(優先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的靈活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可變參數)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考慮類型安全的異構容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚舉和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚舉類型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用實例字段替代序數)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替換序數索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模擬可擴展枚舉)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解優于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(堅持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用標記接口定義類型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表達式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表達式優于匿名類)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用優于 λ 表達式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(優先使用標準函數式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用無副作用的函數)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(優先選擇 Collection 而不是流作為返回類型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(謹慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(檢查參數的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要時制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔細設計方法簽名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重載)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可變參數)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或數組,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(為所有公開的 API 元素編寫文檔注釋)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序設計)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(將局部變量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循環優于傳統的 for 循環)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用庫)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精確答案就應避免使用 float 和 double 類型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本數據類型優于包裝類)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他類型更合適時應避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(當心字符串連接引起的性能問題)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通過接口引用對象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口優于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地進行優化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被廣泛認可的命名約定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(異常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(僅在確有異常條件下使用異常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(對可恢復情況使用 checked 異常,對編程錯誤使用運行時異常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 異常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓勵復用標準異常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(拋出能用抽象解釋的異常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(為每個方法記錄會拋出的所有異常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(異常詳細消息中應包含捕獲失敗的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(盡力保證故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略異常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并發)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(對共享可變數據的同步訪問)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免過度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流優于直接使用線程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并發實用工具優于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文檔應包含線程安全屬性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延遲初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依賴線程調度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(優先選擇 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常謹慎地實現 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考慮使用自定義序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地編寫 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(對于實例控制,枚舉類型優于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考慮以序列化代理代替序列化實例)