## Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(類和接口)
### Item 25: Limit source files to a single top-level class(源文件僅限有單個頂層類)
While the Java compiler lets you define multiple top-level classes in a single source file, there are no benefits associated with doing so, and there are significant risks. The risks stem from the fact that defining multiple top-level classes in a source file makes it possible to provide multiple definitions for a class. Which definition gets used is affected by the order in which the source files are passed to the compiler. To make this concrete, consider this source file, which contains only a Main class that refers to members of two other top-level classes (Utensil and Dessert):
雖然 Java 編譯器允許你在單個源文件中定義多個頂層類,但這樣做沒有任何好處,而且存在重大風險。這種風險源于這樣一個事實:在源文件中定義多個頂層類使得為一個類提供多個定義成為可能。所使用的定義受源文件傳給編譯器的順序的影響。說得更具體些,請考慮這個源文件,它只包含一個主類,該主類引用另外兩個頂層類的成員(Utensil 和 Dessert):
```
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(Utensil.NAME + Dessert.NAME);
}
}
```
Now suppose you define both Utensil and Dessert in a single source file named Utensil.java:
現在假設你在一個名為 `Utensil.java` 的源文件中定義了 Utensil 類和 Dessert 類:
```
// Two classes defined in one file. Don't ever do this!
class Utensil {
static final String NAME = "pan";
}
class Dessert {
static final String NAME = "cake";
}
```
Of course the main program prints pancake. Now suppose you accidentally make another source file named Dessert.java that defines the same two classes:
當然,main 方法應該輸出 pancake。現在假設你意外地制作了另一個名為 Dessert 的源文件。java 定義了相同的兩個類:
```
// Two classes defined in one file. Don't ever do this!
class Utensil {
static final String NAME = "pot";
}
class Dessert {
static final String NAME = "pie";
}
```
If you’re lucky enough to compile the program with the command javac Main.java Dessert.java, the compilation will fail, and the compiler will tell you that you’ve multiply defined the classes Utensil and Dessert. This is so because the compiler will first compile Main.java, and when it sees the reference to Utensil (which precedes the reference to Dessert), it will look in Utensil.java for this class and find both Utensil and Dessert. When the compiler encounters Dessert.java on the command line, it will pull in that file too, causing it to encounter both definitions of Utensil and Dessert.
如果你足夠幸運,使用 `javac Main.java Dessert.java` 命令編譯程序時,編譯將失敗,編譯器將告訴你多重定義了 Utensil 和 Dessert。這是因為編譯器將首先編譯 `Main.java`,當它看到對 Utensil 的引用(在對 Dessert 的引用之前)時,它將在 `Utensil.java` 中查找這個類,并找到餐具和甜點。當編譯器在命令行上遇到 `Dessert.java` 時,(編譯器)也會載入該文件,導致(編譯器)同時遇到 Utensil 和 Dessert 的定義。
If you compile the program with the command javac Main.java or javac Main.java Utensil.java, it will behave as it did before you wrote the Dessert.java file, printing pancake. But if you compile the program with the command javac Dessert.java Main.java, it will print potpie. The behavior of the program is thus affected by the order in which the source files are passed to the compiler, which is clearly unacceptable.
如果你使用命令 `javac Main.java` 或 `javac Main.java Utensil.java` 編譯程序,它的行為將與編寫 `Dessert.java` 文件(打印 pancake)之前一樣。但是如果你使用命令 `javac Dessert.java Main.java` 編譯程序,它將打印 potpie。因此,程序的行為受到源文件傳遞給編譯器的順序的影響,這顯然是不可接受的。
Fixing the problem is as simple as splitting the top-level classes (Utensil and Dessert, in the case of our example) into separate source files. If you are tempted to put multiple top-level classes into a single source file, consider using static member classes (Item 24) as an alternative to splitting the classes into separate source files. If the classes are subservient to another class, making them into static member classes is generally the better alternative because it enhances readability and makes it possible to reduce the accessibility of the classes by declaring them private (Item 15). Here is how our example looks with static member classes:
修復這個問題非常簡單,只需將頂層類(在我們的示例中是 Utensil 和 Dessert)分割為單獨的源文件即可。如果你想將多個頂層類放到一個源文件中,請考慮使用靜態成員類([Item-24](/Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-24-Favor-static-member-classes-over-nonstatic.md))作為將類分割為單獨的源文件的替代方法。如果(多個頂層類)隸屬于另一個類,那么將它們轉換成靜態成員類通常是更好的選擇,因為它增強了可讀性,并通過聲明它們為私有([Item-15](/Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-15-Minimize-the-accessibility-of-classes-and-members.md)),降低了類的可訪問性。下面是我們的靜態成員類示例的樣子:
```
// Static member classes instead of multiple top-level classes
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(Utensil.NAME + Dessert.NAME);
}
private static class Utensil {
static final String NAME = "pan";
}
private static class Dessert {
static final String NAME = "cake";
}
}
```
The lesson is clear: Never put multiple top-level classes or interfaces in a single source file. Following this rule guarantees that you can’t have multiple definitions for a single class at compile time. This in turn guarantees that the class files generated by compilation, and the behavior of the resulting program, are independent of the order in which the source files are passed to the compiler.
教訓很清楚:永遠不要將多個頂層類或接口放在一個源文件中。遵循此規則可以確保在編譯時單個類不會擁有多個定義。這反過來保證了編譯所生成的類文件,以及程序的行為,與源代碼文件傳遞給編譯器的順序無關。
---
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- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(創建和銷毀對象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考慮以靜態工廠方法代替構造函數)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面對多個構造函數參數時,請考慮構建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有構造函數或枚舉類型實施單例屬性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有構造函數實施不可實例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依賴注入優于硬連接資源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免創建不必要的對象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除過時的對象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用終結器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 優于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(對象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆蓋 equals 方法時應遵守的約定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(當覆蓋 equals 方法時,總要覆蓋 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始終覆蓋 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆蓋 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考慮實現 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(類和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(盡量減少類和成員的可訪問性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共類中,使用訪問器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(減少可變性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(優先選擇復合而不是繼承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(繼承要設計良好并且具有文檔,否則禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口優于抽象類)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(為后代設計接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定義類型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(類層次結構優于帶標簽的類)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(靜態成員類優于非靜態成員類)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件僅限有單個頂層類)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始類型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 優于數組)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(優先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(優先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的靈活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可變參數)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考慮類型安全的異構容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚舉和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚舉類型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用實例字段替代序數)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替換序數索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模擬可擴展枚舉)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解優于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(堅持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用標記接口定義類型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表達式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表達式優于匿名類)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用優于 λ 表達式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(優先使用標準函數式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用無副作用的函數)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(優先選擇 Collection 而不是流作為返回類型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(謹慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(檢查參數的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要時制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔細設計方法簽名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重載)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可變參數)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或數組,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(為所有公開的 API 元素編寫文檔注釋)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序設計)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(將局部變量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循環優于傳統的 for 循環)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用庫)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精確答案就應避免使用 float 和 double 類型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本數據類型優于包裝類)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他類型更合適時應避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(當心字符串連接引起的性能問題)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通過接口引用對象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口優于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地進行優化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被廣泛認可的命名約定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(異常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(僅在確有異常條件下使用異常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(對可恢復情況使用 checked 異常,對編程錯誤使用運行時異常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 異常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓勵復用標準異常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(拋出能用抽象解釋的異常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(為每個方法記錄會拋出的所有異常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(異常詳細消息中應包含捕獲失敗的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(盡力保證故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略異常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并發)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(對共享可變數據的同步訪問)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免過度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流優于直接使用線程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并發實用工具優于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文檔應包含線程安全屬性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延遲初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依賴線程調度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(優先選擇 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常謹慎地實現 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考慮使用自定義序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地編寫 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(對于實例控制,枚舉類型優于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考慮以序列化代理代替序列化實例)