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                ## Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表達式和流) ### Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用優于 λ 表達式) The primary advantage of lambdas over anonymous classes is that they are more succinct. Java provides a way to generate function objects even more succinct than lambdas: method references. Here is a code snippet from a program that maintains a map from arbitrary keys to Integer values. If the value is interpreted as a count of the number of instances of the key, then the program is a multiset implementation. The function of the code snippet is to associate the number 1 with the key if it is not in the map and to increment the associated value if the key is already present: lambda 表達式與匿名類相比,主要優勢是更簡潔。Java 提供了一種方法來生成比 lambda 表達式更簡潔的函數對象:方法引用。下面是一個程序的代碼片段,該程序維護從任意鍵到 Integer 類型值的映射。如果該值被解釋為鍵實例數的計數,那么該程序就是一個多集實現。該代碼段的功能是,如果數字 1 不在映射中,則將其與鍵關聯,如果鍵已經存在,則將關聯值遞增: ``` map.merge(key, 1, (count, incr) -> count + incr); ``` Note that this code uses the merge method, which was added to the Map interface in Java 8. If no mapping is present for the given key, the method simply inserts the given value; if a mapping is already present, merge applies the given function to the current value and the given value and overwrites the current value with the result. This code represents a typical use case for the merge method. 注意,這段代碼使用了 merge 方法,它是在 Java 8 中添加到 Map 接口的。如果給定鍵沒有映射,則該方法只插入給定的值;如果已經存在映射,則 merge 將給定的函數應用于當前值和給定值,并用結果覆蓋當前值。這段代碼代表了 merge 方法的一個典型用例。 The code reads nicely, but there’s still some boilerplate. The parameters count and incr don’t add much value, and they take up a fair amount of space. Really, all the lambda tells you is that the function returns the sum of its two arguments. As of Java 8, Integer (and all the other boxed numerical primitive types) provides a static method sum that does exactly the same thing. We can simply pass a reference to this method and get the same result with less visual clutter: 代碼讀起來不錯,但是仍然有一些刻板。參數計數和 incr 不會增加太多的價值,而且它們會占用相當大的空間。實際上,lambda 表達式告訴你的是函數返回兩個參數的和。在 Java 8 中,Integer(和所有其他基本類型的包裝類)提供了一個靜態方法 sum,它的作用完全相同。我們可以簡單地傳遞一個引用到這個方法,并得到相同的結果,同時減少視覺混亂: ``` map.merge(key, 1, Integer::sum); ``` The more parameters a method has, the more boilerplate you can eliminate with a method reference. In some lambdas, however, the parameter names you choose provide useful documentation, making the lambda more readable and maintainable than a method reference, even if the lambda is longer. 一個方法的參數越多,就可以通過一個方法引用消除越多的刻板模式。然而,在某些 lambda 表達式中,您選擇的參數名提供了有用的文檔,使得 lambda 表達式比方法引用更易于閱讀和維護,即使 lambda 表達式更長。 There’s nothing you can do with a method reference that you can’t also do with a lambda (with one obscure exception—see JLS, 9.9-2 if you’re curious). That said, method references usually result in shorter, clearer code. They also give you an out if a lambda gets too long or complex: You can extract the code from the lambda into a new method and replace the lambda with a reference to that method. You can give the method a good name and document it to your heart’s content. 對于方法引用,沒有什么是你不能對 lambda 表達式做的(只有一個模糊的例外,如果你好奇的話可參見 [JLS, 9.9-2])。也就是說,方法引用通常會產生更短、更清晰的代碼。如果 lambda 表達式太長或太復雜,它們還會給出一個輸出:可以將代碼從 lambda 表達式提取到一個新方法中,并以對該方法的引用替換 lambda 表達式。可以為該方法起一個好名字,并將其文檔化以滿足需要。 If you’re programming with an IDE, it will offer to replace a lambda with a method reference wherever it can. You should usually, but not always, take the IDE up on the offer. Occasionally, a lambda will be more succinct than a method reference. This happens most often when the method is in the same class as the lambda. For example, consider this snippet, which is presumed to occur in a class named GoshThisClassNameIsHumongous: 如果你使用 IDE 編程,它將在任何可能的地方建議用方法引用替換 lambda 表達式。通常應該(但不總是)接受 IDE 的建議。有時候,lambda 表達式會比方法引用更簡潔。當方法與 lambda 表達式在同一個類中時,這種情況最常見。例如,考慮這段代碼片段,它假定發生在一個名為 GoshThisClassNameIsHumongous 的類中: ``` service.execute(GoshThisClassNameIsHumongous::action); ``` The lambda equivalent looks like this: 使用 lambda 表達式是這樣的: ``` service.execute(() -> action()); ``` The snippet using the method reference is neither shorter nor clearer than the snippet using the lambda, so prefer the latter. Along similar lines, the Function interface provides a generic static factory method to return the identity function, Function.identity(). It’s typically shorter and cleaner not to use this method but to code the equivalent lambda inline: x -> x. 使用方法引用的代碼片段并不比使用 lambda 表達式的代碼片段短,也不清楚,所以選擇后者。類似地,函數接口提供了一個通用靜態工廠方法來返回標識函數 `Function.identity()`。不使用這個方法,而是一行中編寫等價的 lambda 表達式:`x -> x`,通常更短,也更簡潔。 Many method references refer to static methods, but there are four kinds that do not. Two of them are bound and unbound instance method references. In bound references, the receiving object is specified in the method reference. Bound references are similar in nature to static references: the function object takes the same arguments as the referenced method. In unbound references, the receiving object is specified when the function object is applied, via an additional parameter before the method’s declared parameters. Unbound references are often used as mapping and filter functions in stream pipelines (Item 45). Finally, there are two kinds of constructor references, for classes and arrays. Constructor references serve as factory objects. All five kinds of method references are summarized in the table below: 許多方法引用引用靜態方法,但是有四種方法不引用靜態方法。其中兩個是綁定和非綁定實例方法引用。在綁定引用中,接收對象在方法引用中指定。綁定引用在本質上與靜態引用相似:函數對象接受與引用方法相同的參數。在未綁定引用中,在應用函數對象時通過方法聲明參數之前的附加參數指定接收對象。在流管道中,未綁定引用通常用作映射和篩選函數([Item-45](/Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-45-Use-streams-judiciously.md))。最后,對于類和數組,有兩種構造函數引用。構造函數引用用作工廠對象。五種方法參考文獻匯總如下表: | Method Ref Type | Example | Lambda Equivalent | |:-------:|:-------:|:-------:| | Static | `Integer::parseInt` | `str ->` | | Bound | `Instant.now()::isAfter` | `Instant then =Instant.now(); t ->then.isAfter(t)` | | Unbound | `String::toLowerCase` | `str ->str.toLowerCase()` | | Class Constructor | `TreeMap<K,V>::new` | `() -> new TreeMap<K,V>` | | Array Constructor | `int[]::new` | `len -> new int[len]` | In summary, method references often provide a more succinct alternative to lambdas. **Where method references are shorter and clearer, use them; where they aren’t, stick with lambdas.** 總之,方法引用通常為 lambda 表達式提供了一種更簡潔的選擇。**如果方法引用更短、更清晰,則使用它們;如果沒有,仍然使用 lambda 表達式。** --- **[Back to contents of the chapter(返回章節目錄)](/Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Introduction.md)** - **Previous Item(上一條目):[Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表達式優于匿名類)](/Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-42-Prefer-lambdas-to-anonymous-classes.md)** - **Next Item(下一條目):[Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(優先使用標準函數式接口)](/Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-44-Favor-the-use-of-standard-functional-interfaces.md)**
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