## Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表達式和流)
### Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用優于 λ 表達式)
The primary advantage of lambdas over anonymous classes is that they are more succinct. Java provides a way to generate function objects even more succinct than lambdas: method references. Here is a code snippet from a program that maintains a map from arbitrary keys to Integer values. If the value is interpreted as a count of the number of instances of the key, then the program is a multiset implementation. The function of the code snippet is to associate the number 1 with the key if it is not in the map and to increment the associated value if the key is already present:
lambda 表達式與匿名類相比,主要優勢是更簡潔。Java 提供了一種方法來生成比 lambda 表達式更簡潔的函數對象:方法引用。下面是一個程序的代碼片段,該程序維護從任意鍵到 Integer 類型值的映射。如果該值被解釋為鍵實例數的計數,那么該程序就是一個多集實現。該代碼段的功能是,如果數字 1 不在映射中,則將其與鍵關聯,如果鍵已經存在,則將關聯值遞增:
```
map.merge(key, 1, (count, incr) -> count + incr);
```
Note that this code uses the merge method, which was added to the Map interface in Java 8. If no mapping is present for the given key, the method simply inserts the given value; if a mapping is already present, merge applies the given function to the current value and the given value and overwrites the current value with the result. This code represents a typical use case for the merge method.
注意,這段代碼使用了 merge 方法,它是在 Java 8 中添加到 Map 接口的。如果給定鍵沒有映射,則該方法只插入給定的值;如果已經存在映射,則 merge 將給定的函數應用于當前值和給定值,并用結果覆蓋當前值。這段代碼代表了 merge 方法的一個典型用例。
The code reads nicely, but there’s still some boilerplate. The parameters count and incr don’t add much value, and they take up a fair amount of space. Really, all the lambda tells you is that the function returns the sum of its two arguments. As of Java 8, Integer (and all the other boxed numerical primitive types) provides a static method sum that does exactly the same thing. We can simply pass a reference to this method and get the same result with less visual clutter:
代碼讀起來不錯,但是仍然有一些刻板。參數計數和 incr 不會增加太多的價值,而且它們會占用相當大的空間。實際上,lambda 表達式告訴你的是函數返回兩個參數的和。在 Java 8 中,Integer(和所有其他基本類型的包裝類)提供了一個靜態方法 sum,它的作用完全相同。我們可以簡單地傳遞一個引用到這個方法,并得到相同的結果,同時減少視覺混亂:
```
map.merge(key, 1, Integer::sum);
```
The more parameters a method has, the more boilerplate you can eliminate with a method reference. In some lambdas, however, the parameter names you choose provide useful documentation, making the lambda more readable and maintainable than a method reference, even if the lambda is longer.
一個方法的參數越多,就可以通過一個方法引用消除越多的刻板模式。然而,在某些 lambda 表達式中,您選擇的參數名提供了有用的文檔,使得 lambda 表達式比方法引用更易于閱讀和維護,即使 lambda 表達式更長。
There’s nothing you can do with a method reference that you can’t also do with a lambda (with one obscure exception—see JLS, 9.9-2 if you’re curious). That said, method references usually result in shorter, clearer code. They also give you an out if a lambda gets too long or complex: You can extract the code from the lambda into a new method and replace the lambda with a reference to that method. You can give the method a good name and document it to your heart’s content.
對于方法引用,沒有什么是你不能對 lambda 表達式做的(只有一個模糊的例外,如果你好奇的話可參見 [JLS, 9.9-2])。也就是說,方法引用通常會產生更短、更清晰的代碼。如果 lambda 表達式太長或太復雜,它們還會給出一個輸出:可以將代碼從 lambda 表達式提取到一個新方法中,并以對該方法的引用替換 lambda 表達式。可以為該方法起一個好名字,并將其文檔化以滿足需要。
If you’re programming with an IDE, it will offer to replace a lambda with a method reference wherever it can. You should usually, but not always, take the IDE up on the offer. Occasionally, a lambda will be more succinct than a method reference. This happens most often when the method is in the same class as the lambda. For example, consider this snippet, which is presumed to occur in a class named GoshThisClassNameIsHumongous:
如果你使用 IDE 編程,它將在任何可能的地方建議用方法引用替換 lambda 表達式。通常應該(但不總是)接受 IDE 的建議。有時候,lambda 表達式會比方法引用更簡潔。當方法與 lambda 表達式在同一個類中時,這種情況最常見。例如,考慮這段代碼片段,它假定發生在一個名為 GoshThisClassNameIsHumongous 的類中:
```
service.execute(GoshThisClassNameIsHumongous::action);
```
The lambda equivalent looks like this:
使用 lambda 表達式是這樣的:
```
service.execute(() -> action());
```
The snippet using the method reference is neither shorter nor clearer than the snippet using the lambda, so prefer the latter. Along similar lines, the Function interface provides a generic static factory method to return the identity function, Function.identity(). It’s typically shorter and cleaner not to use this method but to code the equivalent lambda inline: x -> x.
使用方法引用的代碼片段并不比使用 lambda 表達式的代碼片段短,也不清楚,所以選擇后者。類似地,函數接口提供了一個通用靜態工廠方法來返回標識函數 `Function.identity()`。不使用這個方法,而是一行中編寫等價的 lambda 表達式:`x -> x`,通常更短,也更簡潔。
Many method references refer to static methods, but there are four kinds that do not. Two of them are bound and unbound instance method references. In bound references, the receiving object is specified in the method reference. Bound references are similar in nature to static references: the function object takes the same arguments as the referenced method. In unbound references, the receiving object is specified when the function object is applied, via an additional parameter before the method’s declared parameters. Unbound references are often used as mapping and filter functions in stream pipelines (Item 45). Finally, there are two kinds of constructor references, for classes and arrays. Constructor references serve as factory objects. All five kinds of method references are summarized in the table below:
許多方法引用引用靜態方法,但是有四種方法不引用靜態方法。其中兩個是綁定和非綁定實例方法引用。在綁定引用中,接收對象在方法引用中指定。綁定引用在本質上與靜態引用相似:函數對象接受與引用方法相同的參數。在未綁定引用中,在應用函數對象時通過方法聲明參數之前的附加參數指定接收對象。在流管道中,未綁定引用通常用作映射和篩選函數([Item-45](/Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-45-Use-streams-judiciously.md))。最后,對于類和數組,有兩種構造函數引用。構造函數引用用作工廠對象。五種方法參考文獻匯總如下表:
| Method Ref Type | Example | Lambda Equivalent |
|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|
| Static | `Integer::parseInt` | `str ->` |
| Bound | `Instant.now()::isAfter` | `Instant then =Instant.now(); t ->then.isAfter(t)` |
| Unbound | `String::toLowerCase` | `str ->str.toLowerCase()` |
| Class Constructor | `TreeMap<K,V>::new` | `() -> new TreeMap<K,V>` |
| Array Constructor | `int[]::new` | `len -> new int[len]` |
In summary, method references often provide a more succinct alternative to lambdas. **Where method references are shorter and clearer, use them; where they aren’t, stick with lambdas.**
總之,方法引用通常為 lambda 表達式提供了一種更簡潔的選擇。**如果方法引用更短、更清晰,則使用它們;如果沒有,仍然使用 lambda 表達式。**
---
**[Back to contents of the chapter(返回章節目錄)](/Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Introduction.md)**
- **Previous Item(上一條目):[Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表達式優于匿名類)](/Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-42-Prefer-lambdas-to-anonymous-classes.md)**
- **Next Item(下一條目):[Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(優先使用標準函數式接口)](/Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-44-Favor-the-use-of-standard-functional-interfaces.md)**
- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(創建和銷毀對象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考慮以靜態工廠方法代替構造函數)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面對多個構造函數參數時,請考慮構建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有構造函數或枚舉類型實施單例屬性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有構造函數實施不可實例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依賴注入優于硬連接資源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免創建不必要的對象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除過時的對象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用終結器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 優于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(對象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆蓋 equals 方法時應遵守的約定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(當覆蓋 equals 方法時,總要覆蓋 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始終覆蓋 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆蓋 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考慮實現 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(類和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(盡量減少類和成員的可訪問性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共類中,使用訪問器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(減少可變性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(優先選擇復合而不是繼承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(繼承要設計良好并且具有文檔,否則禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口優于抽象類)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(為后代設計接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定義類型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(類層次結構優于帶標簽的類)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(靜態成員類優于非靜態成員類)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件僅限有單個頂層類)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始類型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 優于數組)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(優先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(優先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的靈活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可變參數)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考慮類型安全的異構容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚舉和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚舉類型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用實例字段替代序數)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替換序數索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模擬可擴展枚舉)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解優于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(堅持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用標記接口定義類型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表達式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表達式優于匿名類)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用優于 λ 表達式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(優先使用標準函數式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用無副作用的函數)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(優先選擇 Collection 而不是流作為返回類型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(謹慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(檢查參數的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要時制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔細設計方法簽名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重載)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可變參數)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或數組,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(為所有公開的 API 元素編寫文檔注釋)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序設計)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(將局部變量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循環優于傳統的 for 循環)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用庫)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精確答案就應避免使用 float 和 double 類型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本數據類型優于包裝類)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他類型更合適時應避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(當心字符串連接引起的性能問題)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通過接口引用對象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口優于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地進行優化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被廣泛認可的命名約定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(異常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(僅在確有異常條件下使用異常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(對可恢復情況使用 checked 異常,對編程錯誤使用運行時異常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 異常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓勵復用標準異常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(拋出能用抽象解釋的異常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(為每個方法記錄會拋出的所有異常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(異常詳細消息中應包含捕獲失敗的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(盡力保證故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略異常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并發)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(對共享可變數據的同步訪問)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免過度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流優于直接使用線程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并發實用工具優于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文檔應包含線程安全屬性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延遲初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依賴線程調度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(優先選擇 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常謹慎地實現 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考慮使用自定義序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地編寫 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(對于實例控制,枚舉類型優于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考慮以序列化代理代替序列化實例)