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                很多數據結構可能會用到內置列表類型。然而,有時可能需要不同性能代價的實現。 array?模塊提供了一個類似列表的?array()?對象,它僅僅是存儲數據,更為緊湊。以下的示例演示了一個存儲雙字節無符號整數的數組(類型編碼?"H"?)而非存儲 16 字節 Python 整數對象的普通正規列表: ~~~ >>> from array import array >>> a = array('H', [4000, 10, 700, 22222]) >>> sum(a) 26932 >>> a[1:3] array('H', [10, 700]) ~~~ collections?模塊提供了類似列表的?deque()?對象,它從左邊添加(append)和彈出(pop)更快,但是在內部查詢更慢。這些對象更適用于隊列實現和廣度優先的樹搜索: ~~~ >>> from collections import deque >>> d = deque(["task1", "task2", "task3"]) >>> d.append("task4") >>> print("Handling", d.popleft()) Handling task1 unsearched = deque([starting_node]) def breadth_first_search(unsearched): node = unsearched.popleft() for m in gen_moves(node): if is_goal(m): return m unsearched.append(m) ~~~ 除了鏈表的替代實現,該庫還提供了?bisect?這樣的模塊以操作存儲鏈表: ~~~ >>> import bisect >>> scores = [(100, 'perl'), (200, 'tcl'), (400, 'lua'), (500, 'python')] >>> bisect.insort(scores, (300, 'ruby')) >>> scores [(100, 'perl'), (200, 'tcl'), (300, 'ruby'), (400, 'lua'), (500, 'python')] ~~~ heapq?提供了基于正規鏈表的堆實現。最小的值總是保持在 0 點。這在希望循環訪問最小元素但是不想執行完整堆排序的時候非常有用: ~~~ >>> from heapq import heapify, heappop, heappush >>> data = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8, 0] >>> heapify(data) # rearrange the list into heap order >>> heappush(data, -5) # add a new entry >>> [heappop(data) for i in range(3)] # fetch the three smallest entries [-5, 0, 1] ~~~
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