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                # 7.9 組織Fortran項目 **NOTE**:*此示例代碼可以在 https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-7/recipe-09 中找到,其中有一個Fortran示例。該示例在CMake 3.5版(或更高版本)中是有效的,并且已經在GNU/Linux、macOS和Windows上進行過測試。* 我們來討論如何構造和組織Fortran項目,原因有二: 1. 現在,仍然有很多Fortran項目,特別是在數字軟件中(有關通用Fortran軟件項目的更全面列表,請參見http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/Libraries )。 2. 對于不使用CMake的項目,Fortran 90(以及更高版本)可能更難構建,因為Fortran模塊強制執行編譯順序。換句話說,對于手工編寫的Makefile,通常需要為Fortran模塊文件編寫依賴掃描程序。 正如我們在本示例中所示,現代CMake允許我們以非常緊湊和模塊化的方式配置和構建項目。作為一個例子,我們將使用前兩個示例中的基本元胞自動機,現在將其移植到Fortran。 ## 準備工作 文件樹結構與前兩個示例非常相似。我們用Fortran源代碼替換了C++,現在就沒有頭文件了: ```shell . ├── CMakeLists.txt ├── external │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── conversion.f90 │ └── README.md ├── src │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── evolution │ │ ├── ancestors.f90 │ │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ │ ├── empty.f90 │ │ └── evolution.f90 │ ├── initial │ │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ │ └── initial.f90 │ ├── io │ │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ │ └── io.f90 │ ├── main.f90 │ └── parser │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ └── parser.f90 └── tests ├── CMakeLists.txt └── test.f90 ``` 主程序在` src/main.f90`中: ```fortran program example use parser, only: get_arg_as_int use conversion, only: binary_representation use initial, only: initial_distribution use io, only: print_row use evolution, only: evolve implicit none integer :: num_steps integer :: length integer :: rule_decimal integer :: rule_binary(8) integer, allocatable :: row(:) integer :: step ! parse arguments num_steps = get_arg_as_int(1) length = get_arg_as_int(2) rule_decimal = get_arg_as_int(3) ! print information about parameters print *, "number of steps: ", num_steps print *, "length: ", length print *, "rule: ", rule_decimal ! obtain binary representation for the rule rule_binary = binary_representation(rule_decimal) ! create initial distribution allocate(row(length)) call initial_distribution(row) ! print initial configuration call print_row(row) ! the system evolves, print each step do step = 1, num_steps call evolve(row, rule_binary) call print_row(row) end do deallocate(row) end program ``` 與前面的示例一樣,我們已經將conversion模塊放入`external/conversion.f90`中: ```fortran module conversion implicit none public binary_representation private contains pure function binary_representation(n_decimal) integer, intent(in) :: n_decimal integer :: binary_representation(8) integer :: pos integer :: n binary_representation = 0 pos = 8 n = n_decimal do while (n > 0) binary_representation(pos) = mod(n, 2) n = (n - binary_representation(pos))/2 pos = pos - 1 end do end function end module ``` evolution庫分成三個文件,大部分在`src/evolution/evolution.f90`中: ```fortran module evolution implicit none public evolve private contains subroutine not_visible() ! no-op call to demonstrate private/public visibility call empty_subroutine_no_interface() end subroutine pure subroutine evolve(row, rule_binary) use ancestors, only: compute_ancestors integer, intent(inout) :: row(:) integer, intent(in) :: rule_binary(8) integer :: i integer :: left, center, right integer :: ancestry integer, allocatable :: new_row(:) allocate(new_row(size(row))) do i = 1, size(row) left = i - 1 center = i right = i + 1 if (left < 1) left = left + size(row) if (right > size(row)) right = right - size(row) ancestry = compute_ancestors(row, left, center, right) new_row(i) = rule_binary(ancestry) end do row = new_row deallocate(new_row) end subroutine end module ``` 祖先計算是在`src/evolution/ancestors.f90 `: ```fortran module ancestors implicit none public compute_ancestors private contains pure integer function compute_ancestors(row, left, center, right) result(i) integer, intent(in) :: row(:) integer, intent(in) :: left, center, right i = 4*row(left) + 2*row(center) + 1*row(right) i = 8 - i end function end module ``` 還有一個“空”模塊在` src/evolution/empty.f90 `中: ```fortran module empty implicit none public empty_subroutine private contains subroutine empty_subroutine() end subroutine end module subroutine empty_subroutine_no_interface() use empty, only: empty_subroutine call empty_subroutine() end subroutine ``` 啟動條件的代碼位于`src/initial/initial.f90`: ```fortran module initial implicit none public initial_distribution private contains pure subroutine initial_distribution(row) integer, intent(out) :: row(:) row = 0 row(size(row)/2) = 1 end subroutine end module ``` ` src/io/io.f90`包含一個打印輸出: ```fortran module io implicit none public print_row private contains subroutine print_row(row) integer, intent(in) :: row(:) character(size(row)) :: line integer :: i do i = 1, size(row) if (row(i) == 1) then line(i:i) = '*' else line(i:i) = ' ' end if end do print *, line end subroutine end module ``` `src/parser/parser.f90`用于解析命令行參數: ```fortran module parser implicit none public get_arg_as_int private contains integer function get_arg_as_int(n) result(i) integer, intent(in) :: n character(len=32) :: arg call get_command_argument(n, arg) read(arg , *) i end function end module ``` 最后,使用`tests/test.f90`對上面的實現進行測試: ```fortran program test use evolution, only: evolve implicit none integer :: row(9) integer :: expected_result(9) integer :: rule_binary(8) integer :: i ! test rule 90 row = (/0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0/) rule_binary = (/0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0/) call evolve(row, rule_binary) expected_result = (/1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1/) do i = 1, 9 if (row(i) /= expected_result(i)) then print *, 'ERROR: test for rule 90 failed' call exit(1) end if end do ! test rule 222 row = (/0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0/) rule_binary = (/1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0/) call evolve(row, rule_binary) expected_result = (/0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0/) do i = 1, 9 if (row(i) /= expected_result(i)) then print *, 'ERROR: test for rule 222 failed' call exit(1) end if end do end program ``` ## 具體實施 1. 主`CMakeLists.txt`類似于第7節,我們只是將CXX換成Fortran,去掉C++11的要求: ```cmake cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5 FATAL_ERROR) project(recipe-09 LANGUAGES Fortran) include(GNUInstallDirs) set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}) set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}) set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}) # defines targets and sources add_subdirectory(src) # contains an "external" library we will link to add_subdirectory(external) # enable testing and define tests enable_testing() add_subdirectory(tests) ``` 2. 目標和源在`src/CMakeLists.txt`中定義(conversion目標除外): ```cmake add_executable(automata main.f90) add_subdirectory(evolution) add_subdirectory(initial) add_subdirectory(io) add_subdirectory(parser) target_link_libraries(automata PRIVATE conversion evolution initial io parser ) ``` 3. conversion庫在`external/CMakeLists.txt`中定義: ```cmake add_library(conversion "") target_sources(conversion PUBLIC ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/conversion.f90 ) ``` 4. `src/CMakeLists.txt`文件添加了更多的子目錄,這些子目錄又包含`CMakeLists.txt`文件。它們在結構上都是相似的,例如:`src/initial/CMakeLists.txt`包含以下內容: ```cmake add_library(initial "") target_sources(initial PUBLIC ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/initial.f90 ) ``` 5. 有個例外的是`src/evolution/CMakeLists.txt`中的evolution庫,我們將其分為三個源文件: ```cmake add_library(evolution "") target_sources(evolution PRIVATE empty.f90 PUBLIC ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/ancestors.f90 ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/evolution.f90 ) ``` 6. 單元測試在`tests/CMakeLists.txt`中注冊: ```cmake add_executable(fortran_test test.f90) target_link_libraries(fortran_test evolution) add_test( NAME test_evolution COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:fortran_test> ) ``` 7. 配置和構建項目,將產生以下輸出: ```shell $ mkdir -p build $ cd build $ cmake .. $ cmake --build . Scanning dependencies of target conversion [ 4%] Building Fortran object external/CMakeFiles/conversion.dir/conversion.f90.o [ 8%] Linking Fortran static library ../lib64/libconversion.a [ 8%] Built target conversion Scanning dependencies of target evolution [ 12%] Building Fortran object src/evolution/CMakeFiles/evolution.dir/ancestors.f90.o [ 16%] Building Fortran object src/evolution/CMakeFiles/evolution.dir/empty.f90.o [ 20%] Building Fortran object src/evolution/CMakeFiles/evolution.dir/evolution.f90.o [ 25%] Linking Fortran static library ../../lib64/libevolution.a [ 25%] Built target evolution Scanning dependencies of target initial [ 29%] Building Fortran object src/initial/CMakeFiles/initial.dir/initial.f90.o [ 33%] Linking Fortran static library ../../lib64/libinitial.a [ 33%] Built target initial Scanning dependencies of target io [ 37%] Building Fortran object src/io/CMakeFiles/io.dir/io.f90.o [ 41%] Linking Fortran static library ../../lib64/libio.a [ 41%] Built target io Scanning dependencies of target parser [ 45%] Building Fortran object src/parser/CMakeFiles/parser.dir/parser.f90.o [ 50%] Linking Fortran static library ../../lib64/libparser.a [ 50%] Built target parser Scanning dependencies of target example [ 54%] Building Fortran object src/CMakeFiles/example.dir/__/external/conversion.f90.o [ 58%] Building Fortran object src/CMakeFiles/example.dir/evolution/ancestors.f90.o [ 62%] Building Fortran object src/CMakeFiles/example.dir/evolution/evolution.f90.o [ 66%] Building Fortran object src/CMakeFiles/example.dir/initial/initial.f90.o [ 70%] Building Fortran object src/CMakeFiles/example.dir/io/io.f90.o [ 75%] Building Fortran object src/CMakeFiles/example.dir/parser/parser.f90.o [ 79%] Building Fortran object src/CMakeFiles/example.dir/main.f90.o [ 83%] Linking Fortran executable ../bin/example [ 83%] Built target example Scanning dependencies of target fortran_test [ 87%] Building Fortran object tests/CMakeFiles/fortran_test.dir/__/src/evolution/ancestors.f90.o [ 91%] Building Fortran object tests/CMakeFiles/fortran_test.dir/__/src/evolution/evolution.f90.o [ 95%] Building Fortran object tests/CMakeFiles/fortran_test.dir/test.f90.o [100%] Linking Fortran executable ``` 8. 最后,運行單元測試: ```shell $ ctest Running tests... Start 1: test_evolution 1/1 Test #1: test_evolution ................... Passed 0.00 sec 100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 1 ``` ## 工作原理 第7節中使用`add_subdirectory`限制范圍,將從下往上討論CMake結構,從定義每個庫的單個`CMakeLists.txt`文件開始,比如`src/evolution/CMakeLists.txt`: ```cmake add_library(evolution "") target_sources(evolution PRIVATE empty.f90 PUBLIC ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/ancestors.f90 ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/evolution.f90 ) ``` 這些獨立的`CMakeLists.txt`文件定義了源文件的庫,遵循與前兩個示例相同的方式:開發或維護人員可以對其中文件分而治之。 首先用`add_library`定義庫名,然后定義它的源和包含目錄,以及它們的目標可見性。這種情況下,因為它們的模塊接口是在庫之外訪問,所以`ancestors.f90`和` evolution.f90`都是`PUBLIC`,而模塊接口` empty.f90 `不能在文件之外訪問,因此將其標記為`PRIVATE`。 向上移動一層,庫在`src/CMakeLists.txt`中封裝: ```cmake add_executable(automata main.f90) add_subdirectory(evolution) add_subdirectory(initial) add_subdirectory(io) add_subdirectory(parser) target_link_libraries(automata PRIVATE conversion evolution initial io parser ) ``` 這個文件在主`CMakeLists.txt`中被引用。這意味著我們使用`CMakeLists.txt`文件(使用`add_subdirectory`添加)構建項目。正如第7節中討論的,使用`add_subdirectory`限制范圍,這種方法可以擴展到更大型的項目,而不需要在多個目錄之間的全局變量中攜帶源文件列表,還可以隔離范圍和名稱空間。 將這個Fortran示例與C++版本(第7節)進行比較,我們可以注意到,在Fortran的情況下,相對的CMake工作量比較小;我們不需要使用`target_include_directory`,因為沒有頭文件,接口是通過生成的Fortran模塊文件進行通信。另外,我們既不需要擔心`target_sources`中列出的源文件的順序,也不需要在庫之間強制執行任何顯式依賴關系。CMake能夠從源文件依賴項推斷Fortran模塊依賴項。使用`target_sources`與`PRIVATE`和`PUBLIC`資源結合使用,以緊湊和健壯的方式表示接口。 ## 更多信息 這個示例中,我們沒有指定應該放置Fortran模塊文件的目錄,并且保持了這個透明。模塊文件的位置可以通過設置`CMAKE_Fortran_MODULE_DIRECTORY`變量來指定。注意,也可以將其設置為`Fortran_MODULE_DIRECTORY`,從而實現更好的控制。詳細可見:https://cmake.org/cmake/help/v3.5/prop_tgt/Fortran_MODULE_DIRECTORY.html
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