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                # Bit Manipulation 位操作有按位與、或、非、左移n位和右移n位等操作。 ### XOR - 異或 > 異或:相同為0,不同為1。也可用「不進位加法」來理解。 異或操作的一些特點: ~~~ x ^ 0 = x x ^ 1s = ~x // 1s = ~0 x ^ (~x) = 1s x ^ x = 0 // interesting and important! a ^ b = c => a ^ c = b, b ^ c = a // swap a ^ b ^ c = a ^ (b ^ c) = (a ^ b) ^ c // associative ~~~ ### 移位操作 移位操作可近似為乘以/除以2的冪。`0b0010 * 0b0110`等價于`0b0110 << 2`. 下面是一些常見的移位組合操作。 1. 將`x`最右邊的`n`位清零 - `x & (~0 << n)` 1. 獲取`x`的第`n`位值(0或者1) - `x & (1 << n)` 1. 獲取`x`的第`n`位的冪值 - `(x >> n) & 1` 1. 僅將第`n`位置為`1` - `x | (1 << n)` 1. 僅將第`n`位置為`0` - `x & (~(1 << n))` 1. 將`x`最高位至第`n`位(含)清零 - `x & ((1 << n) - 1)` 1. 將第`n`位至第0位(含)清零 - `x & (~((1 << (n + 1)) - 1))` 1. 僅更新第`n`位,寫入值為`v`; `v`為1則更新為1,否則為0 - `mask = ~(1 << n); x = (x & mask) | (v << i)` ### 實際應用 #### 位圖(Bitmap) 位圖一般用于替代flag array,節約空間。 一個int型的數組用位圖替換后,占用的空間可以縮小到原來的1/321/321/32. 下面代碼定義了一個100萬大小的類圖,setbit和testbit函數 ~~~ #define N 1000000 // 1 million #define WORD_LENGTH sizeof(int) * 8 //sizeof返回字節數,乘以8,為int類型總位數 //bits為數組,i控制具體哪位,即i為0~1000000 void setbit(unsigned int* bits, unsigned int i){ bits[i / WORD_LENGTH] |= 1<<(i % WORD_LENGTH); } int testbit(unsigned int* bits, unsigned int i){ return bits[i/WORD_LENGTH] & (1<<(i % WORD_LENGTH)); } unsigned int bits[N/WORD_LENGTH + 1]; ~~~ ### Reference - [位運算應用技巧(1) ? NoAlGo博客](http://noalgo.info/344.html) - [位運算應用技巧(2) ? NoAlGo博客](http://noalgo.info/353.html) - [位運算簡介及實用技巧(一):基礎篇 | Matrix67: The Aha Moments](http://www.matrix67.com/blog/archives/263) - *cc150* chapter 8.5 and chapter 9.5 - 《編程珠璣2》 - 《Elementary Algorithms》 Larry LIU Xinyu
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