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                # Update Bits ### Source - CTCI: [(179) Update Bits](http://www.lintcode.com/en/problem/update-bits/) ~~~ Given two 32-bit numbers, N and M, and two bit positions, i and j. Write a method to set all bits between i and j in N equal to M (e g , M becomes a substring of N located at i and starting at j) Example Given N=(10000000000)2, M=(10101)2, i=2, j=6 return N=(10001010100)2 Note In the function, the numbers N and M will given in decimal, you should also return a decimal number. Challenge Minimum number of operations? Clarification You can assume that the bits j through i have enough space to fit all of M. That is, if M=10011, you can assume that there are at least 5 bits between j and i. You would not, for example, have j=3 and i=2, because M could not fully fit between bit 3 and bit 2. ~~~ ### 題解 Cracking The Coding Interview 上的題,題意簡單來講就是使用 M 代替 N 中的第`i`位到第`j`位。很顯然,我們需要借用掩碼操作。大致步驟如下: 1. 得到第`i`位到第`j`位的比特位為0,而其他位均為1的掩碼`mask`。 1. 使用`mask`與 N 進行按位與,清零 N 的第`i`位到第`j`位。 1. 對 M 右移`i`位,將 M 放到 N 中指定的位置。 1. 返回 N | M 按位或的結果。 獲得掩碼`mask`的過程可參考 CTCI 書中的方法,先獲得掩碼(1111...000...111)的左邊部分,然后獲得掩碼的右半部分,最后左右按位或即為最終結果。 ### C++ ~~~ class Solution { public: /** *@param n, m: Two integer *@param i, j: Two bit positions *return: An integer */ int updateBits(int n, int m, int i, int j) { int ones = ~0; int left = ones << (j + 1); int right = ((1 << i) - 1); int mask = left | right; return (n & mask) | (m << i); } }; ~~~ ### 源碼分析 在給定測試數據`[-521,0,31,31]`時出現了 WA, 也就意味著目前這段程序是存在 bug 的,此時`m = 0, i = 31, j = 31`,仔細瞅瞅到底是哪幾行代碼有問題?本地調試后發現問題出在`left`那一行,`left`移位后仍然為`ones`, 這是為什么呢?在`j`為31時`j + 1`為32,也就是說此時對`left`位移的操作已經超出了此時`int`的最大位寬! ### C++ ~~~ class Solution { public: /** *@param n, m: Two integer *@param i, j: Two bit positions *return: An integer */ int updateBits(int n, int m, int i, int j) { int ones = ~0; int mask = 0; if (j < 31) { int left = ones << (j + 1); int right = ((1 << i) - 1); mask = left | right; } else { mask = (1 << i) - 1; } return (n & mask) | (m << i); } }; ~~~ ### 源碼分析 使用`~0`獲得全1比特位,在`j == 31`時做特殊處理,即不必求`left`。求掩碼的右側1時使用了`(1 << i) - 1`, 題中有保證第`i`位到第`j`位足以容納 M, 故不必做溢出處理。 ### 復雜度分析 時間復雜度和空間復雜度均為 O(1)O(1)O(1). ### C++ ~~~ class Solution { public: /** *@param n, m: Two integer *@param i, j: Two bit positions *return: An integer */ int updateBits(int n, int m, int i, int j) { // get the bit width of input integer int bitwidth = 8 * sizeof(n); int ones = ~0; // use unsigned for logical shift unsigned int mask = ones << (bitwidth - (j - i + 1)); mask = mask >> (bitwidth - 1 - j); return (n & (~mask)) | (m << i); } }; ~~~ ### 源碼分析 之前的實現需要使用`if`判斷,但實際上還有更好的做法,即先獲得`mask`的反碼,最后取反即可。但這種方法需要提防有符號數,因為 C/C++ 中對有符號數的移位操作為算術移位,也就是說對負數右移時會在前面補零。解決辦法可以使用無符號數定義`mask`. 按題意 int 的位數為32,但考慮到通用性,可以使用`sizeof`獲得其真實位寬。 ### 復雜度分析 時間復雜度和空間復雜度均為 O(1)O(1)O(1). ### Reference - [c++ - logical shift right on signed data - Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13221369/logical-shift-right-on-signed-data) - [Update Bits | 九章算法](http://www.jiuzhang.com/solutions/update-bits/) - *CTCI 5th Chapter 9.5 中文版* p163
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