# 04.學習內驅力 [TOC=3,5] ## 4 Learn drive ## 學習內驅力 Learn drive is the neural mechanism by which the brain assembles the [jigsaw puzzle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle) of world knowledge. 學習內驅力是大腦用于組織全世界知識的[拼圖游戲](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle)的神經機制。 ### 4.1 Definition ### 定義 The term **learn drive** is essential for proving the inefficiency of [schooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Problem_of_Schooling). **學習內驅力**這個術語對于證明[學校教育](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Problem_of_Schooling)的低效是必不可少的。 > **The learn drive is a natural tendency of the brain to seek new information**. The learn drive is generated by a guidance system hard-wired in the brain. This guidance system activates the reward centers upon detecting novel patterns in memory storage. > > **學習內驅力是大腦尋求新信息的一種自然傾向**。學習內驅力是由大腦中固定的引導系統產生的。該引導系統根據檢測記憶存儲中的新模式，激活獎勵中樞。 ### 4.2 Terminology ### 術語 I purposefully avoid the term curiosity, which is often used in psychology. Without precise understanding of the mechanisms of the learn drive, my whole reasoning against the present school system would collapse. The need for a simple and precise term will become clearer when I explain why I do not want to employ other established terms that might easily be misconstrued. 我有意避免使用好奇心這個術語，這是心理學經常使用的術語。如果不能準確理解學習內驅力的機制，我反對現行學校制度的整個推理就會站不住腳。當我解釋為什么我不想使用其他容易被誤解的已有術語時，對簡單而精確的術語的需要將變得更加清晰。 Terms such as curiosity, novelty seeking, boredom susceptibility, openness to experience, need of cognition, and intellectual engagement are often used in various contexts to imply the existence of the learn drive. They are either misleading or mean different things. They all carry a baggage that may obscure the picture. This includes decades of disagreements in science, popular use, [inappropriate connotations](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Curiosity_has_bad_connotations), and more. 好奇心（curiosity）、新穎尋求（novelty seeking）、無聊易感性（boredom susceptibility）、經驗開放性（openness to experience）、認知需求（need of cognition）和智力投入（intellectual engagement）等術語經常被用于不同的上下文中，以暗示學習內驅力的存在。它們要么是誤導，要么意味著不同的東西。他們都有一個包袱，可能會使這個概念模糊不清。這包括幾十年來在科學、流行用法、[不恰當內涵](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Curiosity_has_bad_connotations)等方面的分歧。 Conditions needed to delineate the learn drive: * learn drive is innate \(i.e. we are born with it\) * learn drive is trainable \(i.e. it can be enhanced with learning\) * learn drive can be suppressed * learn drive is not spurred by stress * learn drive delivers its own reward * learn drive is not a personality trait \(i.e. we all exhibit the learn drive, at least as children\) 描述學習內驅力所需的條件： * 學習內驅力是與生俱來的（即我們生來就有學習內驅力） * 學習內驅力是可以培養的（即可以通過學習來增強） * 學習內驅力可以被抑制 * 學習內驅力不是由壓力驅動的 * 學習內驅力會帶來回報 * 學習內驅力不是一種性格特征（即我們都表現出學習內驅力，至少在兒童時期） Learn drive is a vital evolutionary adaptation and [employs information entropy](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learntropy) to make judgements about the environment and internal inputs. Most of all, **learn drive is a highly desirable property of the human brain**. 學習內驅力是一種重要的進化適應，[利用信息熵](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learntropy)對環境和內部輸入進行判斷。最重要的是，**學習內驅力是人類大腦非常需要的一種屬性。** In terms of neural networks, the learn drive can be run by very simple mechanisms that may produce a family of similar trajectories for exploring the environment. If you plot the movements of a toddler in a new environment, you may find it hard to distinguish from a graph generated by a cockroach. However, the ultimate memory effect is wildly different. 在神經網絡方面，學習內驅力可以由非常簡單的機制運行，這些機制可能產生一系列類似的軌跡，用于探索環境。如果你把一個蹣跚學步的孩子在一個新環境中的軌跡畫出來，你可能會發現這很難與蟑螂產生的軌跡圖區分。然而，最終的記憶效果卻大不相同。 The term **curiosity** could be used instead of the learn drive. It has a precise scientific definition but it also has negative connotations in popular use. The learn drive is wholly positive. The learn drive is the instinct that makes humans land on the moon. We say "_curiosity killed the cat_". A Polish proverb says "_curiosity is the first step to hell_". I say "_curiosity is the first step to knowledge_". We use terms like "_morbid curiosity_" or associate curiosity with an older lady cranking her neck out of the window to suck in the latest gossip. Curiosity has also been tainted by its association with motivation and reward. Kids may be curious about what time a candy shop will open. This type of curiosity can be induced without the learn drive. Grades in schooling can generate "curiosity" that **will not** propel a child to greatness. The learn drive is information-based and is less likely to lead to a blind alley. The term _curiosity drive\_could serve the role of the learn drive if it was based on a confirmed theory and defined precisely as omnipresent \(rather than generated by uncertainty\). Throughout this article I explain that we need to cherish and foster the learn drive in education. I hear this often: \_curiosity can wait, learning is a priority_. There is no such ambiguity with the term _learn drive_. If I kept saying "_we need to foster curiosity_", nobody would take it seriously! **好奇心**這個術語可以用來代替學習內驅力。它有精確的科學定義，但在通俗使用中也有負面含義。學習內驅力是完全正面的。學習內驅力是使人類登上月球的本能。我們說「_好奇心害死貓_」。波蘭有句諺語說「_好奇心是下地獄的第一步_」。我說「_好奇是知識的第一步_」。我們會用「_病態的好奇心_」這樣的詞，或者把好奇心和一位老太太伸長脖子從窗戶里探出頭來聽最新的八卦聯系起來。好奇心與動機和獎勵的聯系也玷污了它。孩子們可能會好奇糖果店什么時候開門。這種好奇心可以在沒有學習內驅力的情況下產生。學校的成績會產生「好奇心」，而這種「好奇心」**不會**驅使孩子走向成功。學習內驅力是基于信息的，不太可能導向死胡同。如果_好奇心內驅力_這個詞是建立在一個被證實的理論之上，并且被精確地定義為無所不在的（而不是由不確定性產生的），那么它就可以作為學習內驅力。在這篇文章中，我解釋了我們需要珍惜和培養教育中的學習內驅力。我經常聽到這樣的話：_好奇心可以等待，學習才是最優先的_。_學習內驅力_這個詞沒有這樣的歧義。如果我一直說「_我們需要培養好奇心_」，沒有人會認真對待! **Boredom susceptibility** or **boredom intolerance** is very close to the learn drive, however, it implies impatience. It is a repulsive force while the learn drive is based on hunger for new knowledge. Both may be based on the same mechanism, but this article needs to focus on the positive aspect of the learn drive. Substitute learn drive in my texts with boredom susceptibility and you will see a dramatic change in connotations. **無聊易感性**或**無聊不耐受**與學習內驅力非常接近，然而，它強調不耐煩。它是一種排斥力，而學習內驅力是基于對新知識渴求。兩者可能基于相同的機制，但是本文需要關注學習內驅力的積極方面。在我的文章中，以學習內驅力代替無聊易感性，你會看到內涵的戲劇性變化。 **Openness to experience** is a personality trait. It might equally well be defined as the ability to control fears generated by explorations sparked by the learn drive. All people experience the learn drive but some will have it suppressed by situational anxiety. **經驗開放性**是一種性格特質。它也可以被定義為一種控制恐懼的能力，這種恐懼是由學習內驅力引發的探索所產生的。所有人都體會過學習內驅力，但有些人的學習內驅力會被情境的焦慮所抑制。 **Disposition to seek knowledge** is a rare term that has never been properly defined. It is used by experts such as [Dr Lilian Katz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_Katz). The term is pretty fitting, however, it is inconveniently long and _disposition_ is far less accurate than _drive_. _Drive_ is better at expressing the innate nature of the phenomenon. In addition, _knowledge seeking_ is a term often used in the field of information retrieval. **求知傾向**是一個罕見的、從未被定義過的術語。一些專家比如 [Lilian Katz 博士](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_Katz)有用過這個詞。這個詞很合適，但是它太長了，而且傾向遠不如內驅力準確。內驅力更善于表達現象的本質。此外，knowledge seeking 是信息檢索領域經常使用的一個術語。 **Need for cognition** as the name implies is wider than the learn drive. Playing checkers may satisfy one's need for cognition, but it may easily fail to satisfy the learn drive. The term _need for cognition_ overlaps with a subset of curiosity labelled _intellectual curiosity_. Both fail to precisely cover the conditions listed for the learn drive. 正如名字所暗示的那樣，**認知需求**的含義比學習內驅力更寬泛。下棋可以滿足一個人的認知需求，但它無疑地不能滿足學習內驅力。_認知需求_這個術語與好奇心的一個子概念重疊，后者被稱為_智力好奇心_。這兩種方法都不能精確地涵蓋學習內驅力列出的條件。 **Novelty seeking** is a concept widely used in psychology and behavioral science. It is often confused with curiosity. However, its right place is with the trait theory. Novelty seeking correlates with impulsivity and thrill or sensation seeking. It is then seen as a trait that may lead to behavioral problems. In contrast, the learn drive is the purest of human needs that makes us inventors and discoverers. Novelty seeking is part of [Cloninger's model of personality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperament_and_Character_Inventory). In some personality tests it is part of extroversion. It is hereditary, associated with dopamine receptors, and it might send you on a trip to Mt Everest. It might be associated with drug abuse. Mixed reports on correlation with [D4 receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4) gene have been interpreted as lack of consensus between psychologists on what novelty seeking actually is. The learn drive is universal, it is innate, but it is also highly dependent on the status of memory, i.e. it is shaped by experience. **新穎尋求**是心理學和行為科學中廣泛應用的概念。它經常與好奇心混淆。然而，它的正確位置在于特質理論。新穎尋求與沖動、刺激或感覺追求相關。并且它被視為一種可能導致行為問題的特質。與此相反，學習內驅力是人類最純粹的需求，它使我們成為發明家和發現者。新穎尋求是 [Cloninger 人格模型](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperament_and_Character_Inventory)的一部分。在一些性格測試中，它是外向性的一部分。它是遺傳的，與多巴胺受體有關，它可能會把你送上珠穆朗瑪峰。它可能與藥物濫用有關。與 [D4 受體](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4)基因相關的形形色色的報告被解釋為心理學家們對新穎尋求究竟是什么缺乏共識。學習內驅力是普遍的，是與生俱來的，但它也高度依賴于記憶的狀態，即它是由經驗塑造的。 ### 4.3 Novelty and stress ### 新奇和壓力 In a lab, rats can be scared into novelty seeking. When a rat senses the smell of a predator, it will double its efforts to find a novel way out of its environment. This behavior shows a possible confusion between the innate drive and the induced drive. Rats behavior will depend on the balance between novelty seeking and the fear of risk. In other words, it is a balance between the search for the new and the fear of the new. One might wrongly use such rat experiments to conclude that kids might be scared into learning. The opposite is true. [Chronic stress is one of the prime destroyers of the brain](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stress_resilience). It is a prime enemy in development, and prime suppressors of the learn drive. We then have a confusion between novelty seeking \(behavior\) and novelty seeking \(instinct\). Some procedures may increase the behavior without changing the instinct. You may scare an animal into novelty seeking \(increase in behavior\) while actually suppressing the instinct in the long term \(instinct suppression\). The attraction to the new and the fear of the new will always be present. In optimization of education, we need to focus on the attraction part, and eliminate the fear part. The learn drive is part of the attractive force in novelty seeking. 在實驗室里，老鼠會被嚇得去尋找新事物。當老鼠嗅到捕食者的氣味時，它會加倍努力尋找一種新的方法走出自己的環境。這種行為顯示出先天驅動力和誘發驅動力之間可能存在混亂。老鼠的行為取決于對新事物的尋找和對風險的恐懼之間的平衡。換句話說，這是對新事物的探索和對新事物的恐懼之間的平衡。有人可能會錯誤地用這種老鼠實驗來得出結論：孩子們可能會被嚇得去學習。事實正好相反。[長期的壓力是大腦的主要破壞因素之一](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stress_resilience)。它是成長中的主要敵人，也是學習內驅力的主要抑制因素。于是我們就混淆了求新（表現）和求新（本能）。有些過程可以在不改變本能的情況下增強表現。你可能會嚇到動物去追求新奇（表現增強），但從長遠來看卻抑制了本能（本能抑制）。新事物的吸引和新事物的恐懼將永遠存在。在優化教育中，我們需要關注吸引部分，消除恐懼部分。學習內驅力是尋找新事物的吸引力的一部分。 Anxiety may suppress or enhance exploration. If a child fears dark woods, its explorations will depend on whether it is in the woods \(enhanced exploration\), on its edge \(inhibited exploration\), or away from the woods \(uninhibited exploration powered by the learn drive\). **In education, we want to maximize the learn drive and minimize anxiety**. 焦慮可能會抑制或加強探索。如果一個孩子害怕黑森林，他的探索將取決于他是在森林里（強化探索），在邊緣（抑制探索），還是遠離森林（由學習內驅力驅動的不受抑制的探索）。**在教育中，我們希望最大限度地提高學習內驅力，最大限度地減少焦慮。** > The learn drive is a natural instinct to acquire new knowledge. It is present in all healthy students. It is a good force that changes the world. > > 學習內驅力是獲得新知識的一種天生本能。所有健康的學生都有學習內驅力。這是一股改變世界的好力量。 ### 4.4 Suppression of the learn drive ### 學習驅力的抑制因素 **Boredom** can now be redefined as the absence of reward from the learn drive system. A healthy brain will resist boredom, and perceive it as a penalty. Children at school are gradually conditioned to tolerate boredom via the mechanism of [learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness_vs._learn_drive). **無聊**現在可以被重新定義為缺乏學習內驅力系統的獎勵。一個健康的大腦會抵制無聊，并將其視為一種懲罰。在學校里的孩子由于[習得性無助](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness_vs._learn_drive)的機制逐漸習慣于忍受無聊。 I will try to show how we systematically undermine the learn drive by [the way we treat newborns and toddlers](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Baby_management). We continue the process by employing low-quality daycare, and ultimately destroy the learn drive by means of compulsory schooling. By the time of high school graduation, the learn drive will often have already been entirely ravaged and vestigial. This is often wrongly attributed to the process of aging or even natural development. This is a dangerous falsehood. **The learn drive can power a septuagenarian as much as it powers a 7-year-old**. I will explain how. 我將試圖通過[我們對待新生兒和初學走路的孩子的方式](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Baby_management)來展示我們是如何系統性地削弱學習內驅力的。我們繼續采用低質量的日托，最終以義務教育的方式破壞學習內驅力。到了高中畢業的時候，學習內驅力往往已經完全被摧殘而退化了。這往往被錯誤地歸因于衰老過程，甚至被歸咎于自然發展。這是一個危險的謊言。**學習內驅力可以為 70 多歲的老人提供和 7 歲孩子一樣多的動力。**我將解釋學習內驅力是如何做到的。 ### 4.5 Further reading ### 拓展閱讀 For a good discussion of curiosity theories, see: * [Curiosity and the pleasures of learning: Wanting and liking new information](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245823962_Curiosity_and_the_pleasures_of_learning_Wanting_and_liking_new_information) * [Curiosity and Exploration](http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/students/explore.htm) 有關好奇心理論的詳細討論，請參見： * [好奇心和學習的樂趣：想要和喜歡新信息](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245823962_Curiosity_and_the_pleasures_of_learning_Wanting_and_liking_new_information) * [好奇心與探索](http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/students/explore.htm) ### 4.6 Summary: Learn drive ### 摘要：學習內驅力 * learn drive is a natural tendency of the brain to seek new information * 學習內驅力是大腦尋求新信息的一種自然傾向 * learn drive activates the reward centers upon detecting novel patterns in memory storage * 學習內驅力根據檢測記憶存儲中的新模式，激活獎勵中樞 * learn drive is innate but is also trainable * 學習內驅力是天生的，但也是可以訓練的 * learn drive is universal * 學習內驅力是普遍存在的 * learn drive can be suppressed * 學習內驅力可以被抑制 * compulsory schooling is usually a suppressor of the learn drive * 義務教育通常是抑制學習內驅力的因素 * learn drive does not need to decline with age, it can be sustained till the end of a healthy lifespan * 學習內驅力不隨著年齡的增長而衰退，它可以持續到健康的壽命結束 * best enhancer of the learn drive is rich learning * 學習內驅力的最佳增強方法是豐富的學習