# 25.摘要 [TOC=3,5] ## 25 Summary ## 摘要 ### 25.1 Learning ### 學習 #### 25.1.1 Learn drive #### 學習內驅力 * [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) is a natural tendency of the brain to seek new information * 學習內驅力是大腦尋求新信息的一種自然傾向 * learn drive activates the reward centers upon detecting novel patterns in memory storage * 學習內驅力根據檢測記憶存儲中的新模式，激活獎勵中樞 * healthy [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) is the basis of good learning * 健康的學習內驅力基于好的學習 * self-directed learning grounds its efficiency in the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) * 自我導向學習的效率建立在學習內驅力上 * learn drive innate but is trainable * 學習內驅力是與生俱來的但是也是可以培養的 * learn drive is universal * 學習內驅力是普遍的 * learn drive does not need to decline with age, it can be sustained till the end of a healthy lifespan * 學習內驅力不隨著年齡的增長而衰退，它可以持續到健康的壽命結束 * learn drive can be suppressed * 學習內驅力可以被抑制的 * established knowledge undermines the learn drive * 已掌握的知識會降低學習內驅力 * compulsory schooling is usually a suppressor of the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) * 強制的學校教育常常是學習內驅力的抑制者 * providing children with answers to their own questions can also be suppressive for the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) * 回答孩子他們自己提出的問題的答案也可能抑制[學習內驅力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) * low [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) makes schooling an unpleasant experience for most kids * 低學習內驅力使學校教育成為大多數孩子的不愉快經歷 * one of the main goals of any modern education system should be to help [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) flourish * 任何現代教育體系的主要目標之一都應該是幫助[學習內驅力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive)蓬勃發展 * best enhancer of the learn drive is rich learning * 學習內驅力的最佳增強方法是飽滿的學習 * [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) corrections within the optimum [push zone](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone) can improve learning and its direction * 在最佳[推動區](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone)內的學習內驅力修正可以改善學習及其方向 * there is a positive feedback loop: learning feeds interest, interest feeds learning \(see: [Learning history](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_history:_school_vs._self-directed_learning)\) * 這是一個積極的反饋循環：學習產生興趣，興趣產生學習（參見：學習歷史） #### 25.1.2 Self-directed learning #### 自我導向學習 * self-directed learning is efficient due to amplifying the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive), operating within the [push zone](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone), knowledge generalization, knowledge matching, etc. * 自我導向學習是一種有效的學習方式，這歸因于在增強學習內驅力、在推動區內操作、知識概括、知識匹配等 * self-directed learning is best achieved in conditions of freedom \(e.g. in [democratic schools](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Democratic_school), in [homeschooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homeschooling), or in [unschooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Unschooling)\) * 自我導向學習在自由的條件下得到最好的實現（例如在[民主學校](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Democratic_school)、[在家教育](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homeschooling)或[非學校教育](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Unschooling)中）。 * self-directed learning leads to faster learning and to richer knowledge * 自我導向學習使學習更快，使知識更豐富 * at societal level, self-learning does not lead to communication breakdown due to convergence of knowledge * 在社會層面上，自學不會因為知識的趨同而導致溝通中斷 #### 25.1.3 Learning reward #### 學習獎勵 * pleasure of learning is a highly reliable indicator of the efficiency of learning \(as measured by the total of well-structured long-term memories established\) * 學習的樂趣是衡量學習效率的一個高度可靠的指標（通過建立結構良好的長期記憶的總量來衡量） * displeasure of boredom is part of the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) targeted at maximized learning * 厭倦的不快是以最大化學習為目標的學習內驅力的一部分。 * instilling passions in a class of students is [rarely effective](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_history:_school_vs._self-directed_learning) * 在課堂上灌輸激情很少有效果 ### 25.2 Creativity ### 創造力 * [Natural creativity cycle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle) can be used to boost creativity and improve problem solving * 自然創造力周期可以用來激發創造力和提高解決問題的能力。 * natural creativity cycle helps promote positive thinking and optimistic frame of mind * 自然創造力周期有助于促進積極思考和樂觀心態。 * natural creativity cycle is disrupted by schooling, which severely affects learning * 學校教育擾亂了自然創造力周期，嚴重影響了學習。 * creativity and focus stand in opposition. Both are desirable and vital \(see: [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD)\) * 創造力和注意力是對立的。兩者都是值得擁有的和至關重要的（參見：ADHD） * classroom focus is maximized by suppression of creativity via [learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness_vs._learn_drive) * 最大化課堂注意力是以通過習得性無助抑制創造力為代價 * [for most kids, creative processes are largely blocked by teaching, homework, structured activities, and home chores](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Creativity:_abundant_but_suppressed!) * 對于大多數孩子來說，創造性過程在很大程度上被教學、作業、有組織的活動和家務所阻礙 * homogeneous education based on a curriculum is a stumbling block on the way towards future creative breakthroughs * 基于課程的同質教育是未來創新突破的絆腳石。 * high creativity can easily produce behaviors that can be confused with symptoms of [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) * 高創造力很容易產生與多動癥癥狀相混淆的行為 * [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) may correlate with giftedness * 多動癥可能與天賦有關 * pranks, rebellions, and disobedience at school are an expression of freedom and may foster better learning * 在學校里，惡作劇、反叛和不服從是自由的表現，可以促進更好的學習。 ### 25.3 Sleep ### 睡眠 For a detailed summary see: [Sleep science summary](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Good_sleep,_good_learning,_good_life:_Summary) 有關詳細總結，請參見：睡眠科學摘要 * all efficient human operation requires strict adherence to the demands of the [circadian cycle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_cycle) * 所有有效的人工操作都需要嚴格遵守晝夜周期的要求 * efficient learning and creativity requires strict adherence to the demands of the circadian cycle * 有效的學習和創造性要求嚴格遵守晝夜周期的要求 * in a healthy circadian cycle, [best learning and creativity occur after sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle), i.e. in the morning or after a [siesta](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Siesta) * 在健康的生理周期中，最好的學習和創造力發生在睡眠之后，也就是早晨或午睡之后。 * [sleep deprivation](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Sleep_deprivation) is one of the main reasons schooling is ineffective * 睡眠不足是學校教育效率低下的主要原因之一 * early school start is one of the main reasons [kids dislike school](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Why_students_hate_school%3F) * 早早開始上學是孩子們不喜歡學校的主要原因之一 * circadian system and sleep patterns develop slowly over the first year of life \(see: [Baby sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Baby_sleep)\) * 在生命的第一年，晝夜節律和睡眠模式發展緩慢（參見：嬰兒睡眠） * [co-sleeping](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Baby_sleep) is a natural way of sleeping and breastfeeding * 共眠是一種自然的睡眠和哺乳方式。 * waking kids in the morning can have consequences that may last a lifetime * 在早上叫醒孩子可能會有一輩子的后果 * kids should sleep when they are sleepy, not when we think they should sleep * 孩子們應該在他們想睡覺的時候睡覺，而不是在我們認為他們應該睡覺的時候。 * [free running sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_running_sleep) is the best form of sleep for children and adults * 自由運轉睡眠是兒童和成人最好的睡眠形式 * sleepiness is a defense against [sleep deprivation](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Sleep_deprivation) * 嗜睡是防止睡眠不足的一種防御措施 * Sleep is not food. You cannot get more in advance and store it for later * 睡眠不是食物。你不能提前獲得更多，然后再儲存起來備用 * alarm clock is an invention that is bad for health * 鬧鐘是一種有害健康的發明 ### 25.4 Stress ### 壓力 * stress is one of chief reasons why schooling is ineffective * 壓力是學校教育失效的主要原因之一 * expanding student freedoms is the best way towards reducing stress at school * 擴大學生的自由是減輕來自學校的壓力的最好方法 * bullying is one of the main sources of stress at school and may have highly destructive long-term impact on young minds * 欺凌是學校壓力的主要來源之一，可能對青少年的思想產生極具破壞性的長期影響 * teacher attitudes have a tremendous impact on stress levels at school * 教師的態度對來自學校的壓力的水平有很大的影響 * pushing the brain to the limits does not benefit the [evolution of the brain](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain) * 把大腦推向極限對大腦的進化沒有好處 ### 25.5 School ### 學校 #### 25.5.1 Learning #### 學習 * loss of freedom and excess work are a frequent reason for school hate * 失去自由和過度工作是厭惡學校的常見原因 * self-directed learning outperforms schooling by an order of magnitude in the efficiency of gaining coherent long-term knowledge \(see: [Learning history: school vs. self-directed learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_history:_school_vs._self-directed_learning)\) * 在獲得連貫的長期知識的效率方面，自我導向學習的效果比學校教育要好一個數量級（參見：學習歷史：學校vs.自我導向學習）。 * there is an optimum volume of reading in a learning session that maximized long-term learning outcomes. Teachers who pile up too much, do actual harm to learning itself and, more importantly, to the [love of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) in the end * 在學習過程中，有一個最佳的閱讀量可以最大化長期學習成果。教師填塞過多，對學習本身造成了實實在在的傷害，更重要的是，最終傷害了對學習的熱愛 * excess volume and excess speed of learning result in a [leaky vessel approach](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/On_the_superiority_of_a_rat_over_a_schooled_human): new knowledge easily displaces old knowledge via [interference](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Interference) * 過多的學習容量和過快的學習速度導致了一種漏洞百出的方法：新知識很容易通過干擾取代舊知識 * rigors of schooling may reveal creative personalities as [most disruptive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Creativity:_Asset_or_Burden%3F) * 嚴格的學校教育可能透露出創造性人格是最具破壞性的 * school schedule design stands in mortal conflict with lifestyle conducive for [learning and creativity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle) * 學校的課程表設計與有利于學習和創造力的生活方式存在著嚴重的沖突 * compulsory schooling suppress the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) in kids * 強制學校教育抑制了孩子的學習內驅力 * schools can easily produce an illusion of good learning and an illusion of long-term memory * 學校很容易產生一種良好學習的錯覺和一種長期記憶的錯覺。 * most kids adapt to the [coercion in schooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercion_in_learning) via [learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness_vs._learn_drive) * 大多數孩子通過習得性無助來適應學校教育的強迫。 * learned helplessness may lead to problems such as depression, obesity, addictions, risk-taking, aggression, bullying, cruelty, etc. * 習得性無助可能導致抑郁、肥胖、上癮、冒險、攻擊、欺凌、冷酷等問題 * as experience shapes the brain, inaction in the wake of learned helplessness is bound to stunt cognitive abilities of children * 經驗塑造大腦，習得性無助后的不作為，必然會阻礙兒童的認知能力 * most often mentioned reasons for linking school are: friends, physical education, good grades, and very rarely, actual progress in learning * 最常提到的與學校關聯的原因是：朋友、體育課、好成績，而很少有真正的學習進步。 #### 25.5.2 Homework #### 作業 * morning hours are best for homework, yet most kids do homework late in the evening * 早晨的時間最適合做作業，而大多數孩子在晚上做作業都很晚 * self-directed learning is superior to homework * 自我導向學習優于家庭作業 * trading school hours for homework will increase the efficiency of learning in a large subset of students * 把在學校的時間換成作業將提高一大部分學生的學習效率 * homework amplifies the inefficiency of schooling by re-conditioning of the dislike of learning * 作業通過重新調節對學習的厭惡而放大了學校教育的低效 * self-directed learning with a correction within a [push zone](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone) is the best form of "homework" * 在推動區內的修正的幫助下的自我導向學習是「作業」的最好形式 #### 25.5.3 Cramming #### 死記硬背 * schooling schedules inevitably lead to cramming * 學校的課程規劃不可避免地會導致死記硬背 * cramming is bad for memory, mood, and long-term learning outcomes * 死記硬背不利于記憶、情緒和長期的學習成果 * schooling conditions the brain to underestimate the value of lasting knowledge and the cost of quality learning * 學校教育使大腦低估了持久知識的價值和高質量學習的成本。 * cramming techniques inspired [incremental reading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading), which has nothing to do with cramming * 死記硬背技術啟發了漸進式閱讀，而這與死記硬背毫無關系。 #### 25.5.4Dropping out #### 輟學 * great people can be found among college graduates and among high [school dropouts](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/School_dropouts) * 大學畢業生和高中輟學者中都有偉人 * genius is incompatible with schooling. This is why there are many high achieving [school dropouts](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/School_dropouts) * 天才與學校教育是不相容的。這就是為什么有許多成績優異的輟學者。 * school inherently [suppress creativity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Schools_violate_the_Genius_Checklist) * 學校內在抑制創造力 #### 25.5.5 Unschooling #### 非學校教育 * unschooling provides most freedom to develop powerful [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive), and paradoxically, produce best learning outcomes * 非學校教育為培養強大的學習內驅力提供了最多的自由，而反常的是，它產生了最好的學習成果 * homeschooling, unschooling and democratic schooling resolve nearly all causes of school hate * 在家教育、非學校教育和民主學校教育幾乎解決了所有引起討厭學校的原因 * ubiquity of information and convergence of knowledge imply that we have fewer reasons to worry about unschooling and/or [free education](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/On_freedom_of_education_and_freedom_of_information) * 信息的普及和知識的匯集意味著我們沒有多少理由擔心非學校教育或自由教育 * unrestrained development of personality may take three decades. Accelerating that process limits human cognitive powers * 不受限制的個性的發展可能需要三十年的時間。加速這一過程限制了人類的認知能力 * education system invest heavily into teaching things people can easily learn on their own \(and with [pleasure](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pleasure_of_learning)\) * 教育系統投入大量資金，教授人們可以輕松（且愉快）地自學東西 #### 25.5.6 Reform #### 改革 * **freedom** in many platforms is the key to effective educational reform * 可**自由**地在多種平臺中選擇是有效教育改革的關鍵 * freedom in education should affect children, students, teachers, educators, parents, innovators, organizers, and more * 教育自由應該影響到兒童、學生、教師、教育工作者、家長、創新者、組織者等 * adult-centric point of view is one of the driving forces behind the failure of modern education * 以成人為中心的觀點是現代教育失敗的驅動力之一 * changes in brain function from early childhood to adulthood make it virtually impossible for adults to understand child's brain without the help from science \(i.e. mostly learning neuroscience\) * 從幼兒期到成年期，大腦功能的變化使成人在沒有科學（主要是關于學習的神經科學）的幫助下幾乎不可能理解兒童的大腦 * mass production of great teachers is no easier than mass production of genius * 大規模培養優秀教師并不比大規模培養天才容易 * grants for students to get to college are as good as grants for students to skip college. All support for the youth is welcome * 給學生上大學的助學金和給學生跳過大學的助學金一樣好。對所有青年的支持是受歡迎的 ### 25.6 Childhood ### 童年 #### 25.6.1 Learning in childhood #### 童年的學習 * children have a [very bad long-term memory](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Childhood_amnesia) * 兒童的長期記憶力很差 * bad long-term memory in children results from fast growth, and [re-structuring of the brain](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Infantile_amnesia_caused_by_neurogenesis) * 兒童的長期記憶不好是由于快速發育和大腦結構調整所致 * poor declarative memories in children imply that formal instruction should best be delayed until the age of 7-9 * 兒童陳述性記憶差意味著正式教育最好推遲到 7 - 9 歲 * children learn best via self-directed play * 兒童通過自我導向游戲學得最好 * children [rarely recall](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Childhood_amnesia) memories from before the age of 2-3 * 兒童幾乎回憶不起 2 - 3 歲以前的記憶 * children form episodic and declarative memories from birth. The term "[childhood amnesia](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Childhood_amnesia)" refers to rapid memory turnover in childhood * 兒童從出生起就形成斷斷續續的陳述性記憶。「童年健忘癥」一詞指的是兒童時期的快速記憶轉換 * lifetime survival of early memories depends on \(1\) memory formation, \(2\) forgetting, \(3\) interference, \(4\) re-wiring, \(5\) exposure to memorable events, and \(6\) post exposure review * 早期記憶的終生保留取決于\(1\)記憶的形成，\(2\)遺忘，\(3\)干擾，\(4\)重新連接，\(5\)接觸難忘的事件，和\(6\)接觸后的回顧 * earliest memories are often unpleasant \(e.g. related to [daycare](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_misery)\) * 最早的記憶往往令人不愉快（例如與幼兒園有關） * [stress tends to improve learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stress_reduces_neurogenesis), and undermine brain growth * 壓力會促進學習，但危害大腦發育 * maternal separation [improves memories via stress hormones](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_acceleration_via_stress) * 母嬰分離通過應激激素改善記憶 * the myth of children as perfect learning machines comes from their ability to generalize with the use of short-term memory * 兒童是完美的學習機器的錯誤觀念來自他們利用短期記憶進行概括的能力 * children store a lot of information in short-term memory because they spend all their days learning new things * 兒童在短期記憶中儲存了大量的信息，因為他們整天都在學習新事物 * children can use words and phrases in the long term because they keep relearning things they use often * 兒童可以長期使用單詞和短語，因為他們不斷地重新學習他們經常使用的東西 * [early academic teaching may slow down brain development](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Early_Academic_Training_Retards_Intellectual_Development) and begin a lifelong [hate of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Why_kids_hate_school%3F) * 早期的學業教育可能會減緩大腦的發育，并開始產生終生的厭學情緒 * kids should **never** be made to learn if they show no interest or refuse \(see: [Pleasure of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pleasure_of_learning), [Learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive), and [Push zone](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone)\) * 如果孩子沒有興趣或拒絕，就不應該讓他們學習（參見：學習的樂趣、學習內驅力和推動區） * early acceleration in development does not need to translate to success in adulthood * 早期加速發展不需要在成年后轉化為成功 * child prodigies often experience burnout at adolescence or early adulthood. This may be an expression of the early peak in development * 神童往往在青春期或成年初期感到精疲力竭。這可能是在早期發展到高峰的一種表現 * overstimulation can best be prevented by letting kids decide their own exposure to stimuli * 防止過度刺激的最好辦法是讓孩子自己決定是否接受刺激 * slow brain development may result in better long term outcomes \(see: [Infantile amnesia caused by neurogenesis](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Infantile_amnesia_caused_by_neurogenesis)\) * 大腦發育緩慢可能導致更好的長期結果（參見：由神經形成引起的嬰兒健忘癥） * math and physics geniuses often come from slow or troubled childhood * 數學和物理天才往往在童年發展緩慢或糟糕 * development acceleration induced by [daycare](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_misery) may turn out to be harmful * 幼兒園所導致的發展加速證明是有害的 #### 25.6.2 Childhood passions #### 童年的激情 * relentless lifelong pursuit of goals born from [childhood passions](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Passion_and_memory) is a solid formula for success * 終身不懈地追求源于童年激情的目標是成功的可靠方法 * minor events in childhood can turn into [lifelong passions](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Passion_and_memory) * 童年的小事可以變成終生的激情 * child passions have a dramatic positive impact on the power of the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) * 兒童的激情對學習內驅力有巨大的積極影響 * child passions should be cherished and protected * 應珍惜和保護兒童的激情 * true passions do not need to be stoked up as they serve an inner need * 真正的激情不需要被激發，因為它們滿足了內心的需要 * childhood passions can easily get lost due to preoccupation with schooling * 由于全神貫注于學校教育，童年的激情很容易消失 * best formula for helping kids get interested in science by [Neil deGrasse Tyson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson) is: "_Get off their back!_" * Neil DeGrasse Tyson 幫助孩子們對科學產生興趣的最佳方法是：「_放開他們的背！_」 #### 25.6.3 Baby care #### 照顧嬰兒 * we should follow [hunter-gatherer prescription](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Hunter-gatherer_childhood) for child care to maximize development and minimize the whole host of behavioral problems * 我們應該遵循獵人-采集者的兒童照料方法，最大化發展，最小化各種行為問題 * [weaning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaning) should be natural and may take up to 4 years. In particular, it should not be accelerated for the sake of daycare * 斷奶應該是自然的，可能需要長達 4 年的時間。特別注意，不應該為了幼兒園而加快這一進程 * forceful weaning begins the negative process in which child's brain adapts to the environment via [learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness_vs._learn_drive) * 強行斷奶開始了一個消極的過程，在這個過程中，孩子的大腦通過習得性的無助來適應環境 * all limits on the freedom of movement, slow down baby development * 限制行動自由會減緩嬰兒發展速度 * for brain development, baby wearing is superior to using strollers * 在大腦發育方面，嬰兒穿戴比使用嬰兒車要好 * keeping kids safe with proofing makes it hard to teach them safety * 通過防護來保證孩子們的安全，很難教會他們什么是安全 * playing Mozart to a womb is more likely to scare the baby than to produce a music genius * 把莫扎特演奏到子宮里更有可能嚇到孩子，而不是創造出一個音樂天才 * large [behavioral spaces](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Behavioral_space) with fewer rules are beneficial in cognitive development * 較大的行為空間和較少的規則有利于認知發展 * rigid regiment of rules enforced by strangers has a powerful impact on the brain via learned helplessness * 陌生人強制執行的嚴格管制規則通過引起嬰兒的習得性無助對大腦產生強大的影響 #### 25.6.4 Daycare #### 幼兒園 * daycare is an inferior substitute of good parenting * 幼兒園是良好家庭教育的低劣替代品 * healthy childhood of few concerns without the relegation to [daycare](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_misery) is the root of future greatness * 沒有被送到幼兒園的顧慮的健康的童年是未來偉大的根源 * in western societies, there is a social pressure to send kids to daycare * 在西方社會，社會壓力促使人們送孩子去幼兒園 * to a large extent, social pressure originates in self-exculpatory mindset of young career-oriented parents * 在很大程度上，社會壓力源自以職業為導向的年輕父母的自我開脫心態 * peer pressure in favor of daycare is based on a series of myths about the biology of child development * 支持幼兒園的同儕壓力是基于關于兒童發育生物學的一系列錯誤觀念 * daycare acceleration is often a short-term phenomenon with poorer long-term outcomes * 幼兒園加速孩子發展往往是一種短期現象，長期效果較差 * daycare acceleration works only for kids from families characterized by low resources \(incl. time\), neglect, pathology, and/or poor education * 幼兒園加速孩子發展只適合來自以缺乏資源（包括時間）、怠慢、病態或低教育程度為特征的家庭的孩子 * daycare boost to immunity is a myth * 幼兒園能提高免疫力是錯誤觀念 * daycare socialization is often [negative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization#Negative_socialization) * 幼兒園中的社會化經常是負面的 * daycare results in an increase in aggression and other behavioral problems * 幼兒園導致攻擊性和其他行為問題增加 * for many kids, daycare begins too early and necessitates forceful waking * 對許多兒童來說，幼兒園的日程開始得太早，必須強迫醒來 * for most kids, daycare violates [natural creativity cycle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle) * 對大多數孩子來說，幼兒園妨礙了自然的創造力周期 * for most kids, esp. young kids, or early in the process, daycare involves significant stress * 對大多數孩子來說，尤其是，年幼的孩子，或者在這個過程的初期，幼兒園就帶來很大的壓力 * for small kids, maternal separation is bad for the brain * 對于小孩子來說，母嬰分離對大腦不好 * kids suffering from chronic daycare stress are likely to experience inferior long-term brain development * 患有慢性幼兒園壓力的兒童可能會長期大腦發育低下 * [learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness) of daycare increases the likelihood of depression in adulthood * 幼兒園的習得性無助增加了成年后抑郁的可能性 * daycare often produces a positive feedback loop: slower development, lower immunity, infections, antibiotics, missed days, more stress, more sleep deprivation, etc. * 幼兒園通常會產生一個正反饋循環：發育緩慢、免疫力低下、感染、抗生素、缺勤、壓力增大、睡眠不足等等 * potty-training is a waste of time, and can involve unnecessary stress * 上廁所訓練是浪費時間，可能會帶來不必要的壓力 * all forms of physiological and developmental acceleration make sense only if they are child-driven, i.e. natural * 所有形式的生理和發展加速只有在兒童自愿（即自然）的情況下才有意義 ### 25.7 Socialization ### 社會化 * socialization can be modelled and optimized * 社會化可以被建模和優化 * for biological reasons, optimization of socialization is achieved best with minimum intervention * 出于生物學原因，社會化的優化是在最少干預的情況下實現的 * individualistic socializations serves the good of society along principles similar to market economics * 個人主義社會化按照類似于市場經濟的原則為社會服務 * optimum socialization can be achieved in abstraction of value and in different value systems * 在價值抽象和不同的價值體系中可以實現最佳的社會化 * individual personality and values may determine the optimum level/degree of socialization * 個人個性和價值觀可能決定社會化的最佳水平/程度 * socialization is a lifelong learning process * 社會化是一個終身學習的過程 * early socialization should focus on establishing a lifelong learning platform * 早期社會化應以建立終身學習平臺為重點 * coercive socialization may backfire and result in asociality or anti-social behaviors * 強制社會化可能適得其反，導致不合群或反社會行為 * [critical periods](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Critical_period) in development make it important to opt against early socialization in [daycare](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_misery) * 在發展的關鍵時期，反對在幼兒園中過早的社會化很重要 * social intelligence might have had a significant contribution to the increase in the size of the human brain * 社會智力可能對人類大腦體積的增加有很大的貢獻 * social intelligence is essential for further progress of mankind on the social platform and well beyond * 社會智力對于人類在社會平臺上進一步發展是必不可少的 ### 25.8 Health ### 健康 * modern [baby management](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Baby_management) results in harmful restrictions in the exposure to healthy natural stimuli * 現代嬰兒管理導致對健康自然刺激的有害限制 * all forms of medical intervention during pregnancy and birth may have negative impact on health * 懷孕和分娩期間所有形式的醫療干預都可能對健康產生負面影響 * moderate exposure to pathogens and allergens is vital for the health of the immune system * 適當接觸病原體和過敏原對免疫系統的健康至關重要 * exposure to changes in temperature ensures efficient thermoregulation * 暴露在溫度變化中可確保有效的溫度調節 * thermogenesis is one of the most powerful body defenses \(e.g. against infections\) * 發燒是人體最強大的防御系統之一（例如防止感染） * [benefits of daycare for immunity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_infections) are questionable * 幼兒園對免疫力的益處值得懷疑 * exposure to pathogens is good, sickness is not * 接觸病原體是好事，生病則不然 * [daycare infections](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_infections) often produce consequences that last a lifetime * 幼兒園時的感染往往會造成終生的后果 * [daycare infections](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_infections) often affect entire households * 幼兒園時的感染往往影響到整個家庭 * daycare shifts the burden of disease to younger ages which may have negative impact on long-term cognitive development * 幼兒園將疾病負擔轉移到較小的年齡，這可能對長期認知發展產生負面影響 * kids in home care are often overprotected, which weakens their immune system * 在家照料的兒童往往受到過度保護，這削弱了他們的免疫系 * we tend to underestimate the power of newborns and toddlers to combat infections on their own * 我們往往低估了新生兒和蹣跚學步的兒童獨自與感染作斗爭的能力 * we tend to underestimate the power of innate immunity in combating colds and influenza * 我們往往低估先天免疫在對抗感冒和流感方面的作用 * media headlines which claim that home care weakens the immune system are misleading and dangerous * 媒體頭條新聞聲稱在家照料削弱了免疫系統，這是誤導和危險的 * in most cases, the best care for young kids is provided by their biological mom with support of members of her family * 在大多數情況下，對幼兒的最好照料是由其親生母親在其家庭成員的支持下提供的 * handling infections one at a time seems to be a safe strategy * 每次處理一個感染似乎是一個安全的策略 * Graham Rook's "old friend" hypothesis implies that we should expose kids to pathogens from natural environments * Graham Rook 的「老朋友」猜想暗示我們應該讓孩子接觸來自自然環境的病原體 * daycare provides excessive exposure to particularly dangerous pathogens in conditions of weakened immune system * 在免疫系統低下的情況下，幼兒園提供過量的特別危險的病原體接觸 * respiratory infections are one of the chief destroyers of productivity * 呼吸道感染是破壞生產力的主要因素之一 * it is possible to avoid infections for decades in otherwise vulnerable individuals * 在其他易受感染的個體中，幾十年內避免感染是可能的 * [good sleep](http://super-memory.com/articles/sleep.htm) is essential for immunity * 良好的睡眠對免疫系統至關重要 * alarm clocks destroy the quality of sleep * 鬧鐘會破壞睡眠質量 * winter swimming can be helpful in preventing respiratory infections * 冬泳有助于預防呼吸道感染 * moderate exercise helps prevent infections * 適度運動有助于預防感染 * [stress management](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stress_resilience) is essential for immunity * 壓力管理對免疫至關重要 * rehydration helps combat infections * 補水有助于對抗感染 * healthy diet and lifestyle help combat infections * 健康的飲食和生活方式有助于防治感染 * it is important to avoid heavy exposure to viruses during epidemics * 在流行病常發生期間避免大量接觸病毒，這一點很重要 #### 25.8.1 Alzheimer's #### 老年癡呆癥 * the root neuronal cause of Alzheimer's is excitotoxicity, which comes from excessive cognitive loads on networks with insufficient processing power * 老年癡呆癥的根本神經原因是興奮性毒性，這是由于處理能力不足的網絡上的認知負荷過大所致 * good learning is preventive, while bad learning may contribute to Alzheimer's * 良好的學習可以預防老年癡呆癥，而不良的學習可能會導致老年癡呆癥 * the best reassurance for the positive impact of learning on prevention of Alzheimer's is the adherence to the [Fundamental law of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Fundamental_law_of_learning) * 學習對預防老年癡呆癥的積極影響的最好保證是遵守學習的基本規律 * schooling inherently violates the [Fundamental law of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Fundamental_law_of_learning) through its coercive nature * 學校教育本質上違反了學習的基本規律，因為它具有強制性 * for many kids, schooling leads to neural injury, which may be instantly apparent, e.g. in developing depression * 對許多孩子來說，上學會導致神經損傷，這一點可能馬上就會顯現出來，例如發展成抑郁癥 * despite all calls for reforms, mainstream schooling in the western world still keeps evolving in the wrong direction: more haste, more stress, greater loads, less coherence, and more neural injury * 盡管各方都在呼吁改革，但西方世界的主流學校教育仍在朝著錯誤的方向發展：更加匆忙、壓力更大、負擔更重、連貫性更低、神經損傷更嚴重 * main factors of schooling that lead to excitotoxic injury are: overload, low coherence, high interference, low retention, low [stability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability), sleep deprivation, [circadian violations](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle), [stress](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stress_resilience), and [toxic memories](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Toxic_memory) * 導致興奮性毒性損傷的學校教育的主要因素是：超負荷、低連貫性、高干擾、低記憶保留、低穩定性、睡眠剝奪、晝夜節律失調、壓力和毒性記憶 * even though literacy is preventive, bad learning and bad habits taken from school may contribute to Alzheimer's pathology later in life * 盡管識字是一種預防措施，但不良學習和從學校學到的不良習慣可能會導致晚年老年癡呆癥的病理變化 #### 25.8.2 ADHD #### 注意缺陷多動障礙 * a creative and lively child may easily be branded [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) by parents, teachers, or "well-wishing" strangers * 一個有創造力、活潑的孩子很容易被父母、老師或「善意」的陌生人打上 ADHD 的污名 * what a teacher recognizes as [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) may actually be a sign of giftedness * 被老師當成 ADHD，實際上可能是天賦的表現 * schooling provides an ideal breeding ground for ADHD-like problems and symptoms in otherwise healthy kids * 學校教育為健康兒童出現類似 ADHD 的問題和癥狀提供了理想的溫床 * diagnostic criteria for [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) in DSM-5 \(2013\) have been relaxed, which may lead to further overdiagnosis * DSM-5\(2013年\)對ADHD的診斷標準已經放寬，這可能導致進一步的過度診斷 * ADHD may be managed better by understanding the circadian and homeostatic aspects of mental activity * 通過了解心理活動的晝夜節律和穩態方面，可以更好地控制 ADHD * circadian disruption may amplify symptoms of ADHD, or lead to a wrong diagnosis * 晝夜節律紊亂可能會加強 ADHD 的癥狀，或導致錯誤的診斷 * free running sleep is vital for managing ADHD * 自由運轉睡眠對控制 ADHD 至關重要 * before administering medication, e.g. Ritalin, children should be evaluated in free running condition, i.e. away from pressures of schooling \(see: [prescription](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD)\) * 在使用藥物（如利他林）之前，應在自由活動的情況下對兒童進行評估，即在遠離學校壓力的情況下（參見：處方） * psychiatric drugs target receptors and neurotransmitters, not specific brain structures. As such they are bound to have [side effects](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Indiscriminate_action_of_psychiatric_drugs) * 精神藥物針對的是受體和神經遞質，而不是特定的大腦結構。因此，它們必然會產生副作用 * schedule designed around the circadian cycle may mitigate all negative aspects of [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) * 圍繞生理周期設計的時間表可以減輕 ADHD 的所有負面影響 ### 25.9 Domain-specific conclusions ### 特定領域的結論 #### 25.9.1 Learning English #### 學習英語 For details see: [Schools are useless in teaching English!](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Schools_are_useless_in_teaching_English!) 詳情參見：學校在英語教學中毫無用處！ * English is now a global means of communication * 英語現在是一種全球化的交流手段 * all citizens of the globe should know English * 全球所有公民都應懂英語 * most kids in Europe learn English * 歐洲的大多數孩子都學英語 * learning a language is costly * 學習一門語言代價高昂 * kids who learn English only at school can hardly ever speak English * 只在學校學習英語的孩子幾乎從來不會說英語 * \(formal\) language learning in children is largely futile * 兒童的（正式）語言學習在很大程度上是徒勞的 * a month with [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) can bring as much vocabulary as 13 year of schooling \(see: [Learning English](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_English)\) * 使用 SuperMemo 一個月所帶來的詞匯量相當于 13 年的學校教育所帶來的（參見：學習英語） * in the course of 6 years, I learned no English at school * 在 6 年的時間里，我在學校里沒有學到英語 * [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) helped me learn English and pass TOEFL at 99 percentile * SuperMemo 幫助我學習英語，并以 99 分的成績通過托福考試 * my need to know English sparked the development of [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) * 我對英語的需求激發了 SuperMemo 的發展 #### 25.9.2 Learning history #### 學習歷史 For details see: [Learning history: school vs. self-directed learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_history:_school_vs._self-directed_learning) 詳情參見：學習歷史：學校與自我導向學習 * average high school graduate knows little history * 普通高中畢業生對歷史知之甚少 * most kids gain just about one [item](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo_item) of history knowledge per week * 大多數孩子每周只學一個歷史知識點 * self-learning based on [incremental learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning) proved to be the fastest way to learn history * 基于漸進學習的自學被證明是學習歷史的最快方法 * national curricula often feed nationalist sentiments that harm global communication and cooperation * 國家制定的課程往往助長損害全球交流與合作的民族主義情緒 ### 25.10 SuperMemo ### SuperMemo * long-term memories established by [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) keep interests alive and feed lifelong learning * SuperMemo 建立的長期記憶使興趣生機勃勃，并促進終身學習 * a month with [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) can bring as much vocabulary as 13 year of schooling \(see: [Learning English](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_English)\) * 使用 SuperMemo 一個月所帶來的詞匯量相當于 13 年的學校教育所帶來的（參見：學習英語） * poor employment of [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) can undermine the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) \(the mechanisms is similar to schooling\) * 不正確的使用 SuperMemo 會削弱學習內驅力（其機制類似于學校教育） * self-learning based on [incremental learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning) is the fastest way of long-term learning * 基于漸進學習的自學是最快的長期學習方式 * [incremental learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning) is the most powerful tool for developing a strong [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) * 漸進學習是培養強大學習內驅力的最有力工具 * [\(internal\) interruption](http://super-memory.com/help/il.htm#The_value_of_interruption_in_learning) of [incremental learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning) improves focus, creativity and long-term memory * 漸進學習（內部）中斷可提高注意力、創造力和長期記憶 * some techniques of [incremental learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning) have been inspired by [mindless cramming](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Serendipitous_impact_of_mindless_cramming) * 一些漸進學習的技巧受到了盲目填鴨式學習的啟發 ### 25.11 My own experience ### 我自己的經歷 * catching a cold was a joyous moment in my young life: I did not have to go to school! * 感冒是我年輕時一個快樂的時刻：我不必去上學！ * at high school, I would learn 16 times faster on my own during summer vacation than during the school year \(see: [Learning history](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_history:_school_vs._self-directed_learning)\) * 在高中，暑假期間我獨自學習的速度是在學校的 16 倍（參見：學習歷史） * schools have been extremely efficient in destroying my enthusiasm for schooling \(at all levels of education\) * 學校極有效率地破壞了我在學校學習的熱情（在各教育的各個階段） * in the course of 12 years, I learned [no history at school](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_history:_school_vs._self-directed_learning) * 在 12 年的時間里，我在學校里沒有學到任何歷史 * in the course of 8 years, I learned [very little English](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Schools_are_useless_in_teaching_English!) at school * 在 8 年的時間里，我在學校里學的英語很少 * [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) accelerated my learning in 1987 * 在 1987 年，SuperMemo 加速了我的學習 * [incremental reading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading) accelerated my learning in 2000 * 漸進閱讀加速了我在 2000 年的學習