# 08.教育抵消進化 [TOC=3,5] ## 8 Education counteracts evolution ## 教育抵消進化 ### 8.1 Inefficiency of education ### 教育的低效 > The education system design counters half a billion years of the evolution of the nervous system > > 教育系統的設計違背進化了 5 億年的神經系統 Ever since the Cambrian Period, animals kept improving their ability to explore and learn from the natural environment. Modern education systems largely toss away all that capital. Very few people responsible for modern schooling are aware of the central problem that makes schools ineffective. Most of kids on this planet are let down or even damaged. If you read those words, shake up everyone around. Time to wake up from that lethargy! 自寒武紀時期以來，動物不斷提高其探索和學習自然環境的能力。現代教育系統在很大程度上拋棄了所有老本。負責現代教育的人很少意識到使學校效率低下的核心問題。這個世界上大多數孩子都很失望，甚至受到了傷害。如果你讀到這些話，請搖醒周圍的每個人。是時候從昏睡中醒來了！ If you ask your teacher, headmaster, or even your education minister, chances are pretty high, he or she is unaware of the problem. There is a lot of talk of [reform](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Reform), emphasis on creativity, independence, [freedom](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning), or [problem solving](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/How_to_solve_any_problem%3F). However, the key design flaw puts a spanner in the works even if people involved in running education are preponderantly knowledgeable, and sport good intuition about the ailments of the system. Most educators today score well on knowledge. They score great on their love for children. However, they keep [treading water](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Why_schools_fail%3F). Every year, schools release masses of kids with knowledge and skills that are a fraction of the human natural potential. 如果你問你的老師、校長，甚至你的教育部長，很可能他或她不知道這個問題。有很多關于[改革](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Reform)、強調創造力、獨立性、[自由](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning)或[解決問題](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/How_to_solve_any_problem%3F)的討論。然而，即使參與運轉教育的人員知識淵博，并且對系統的弊病有良好的直覺，關鍵的設計缺陷也給工作帶來了障礙。今天，大多數教育者知識水平很高，他們也很愛孩子。然而，他們仍在[原地踏步](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Why_schools_fail%3F)。每年，學校都會輸出大量的孩子，他們擁有的知識和技能只是人類潛能的一小部分。 ### 8.2 Exploration algorithm ### 探索算法 All effective learning processes in nature are based on exploration. [Exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_problem) has been modelled accurately in artificial intelligence for decades. It permeates nearly all branches of computer science with various mutations of the search algorithm. For a visualization on a non-linear nature of the [A\* search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A*_search_algorithm) see this [short video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-ilgA_XNI0). 自然界中所有有效的學習過程都是基于探索。幾十年來，[探索](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_problem)已在人工智能中準確建模。它通過搜索算法的各種變種滲透到計算機科學的幾乎所有分支中。 對于[A\*搜索算法](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A*_search_algorithm)的非線性特性的可視化，請觀看這個[短視頻](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-ilgA_XNI0)。 However, the [education systems](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Prussian_education_system) are largely impervious to that realization. Modern schooling does not take into account the well known models. While robotics may use information entropy as guidance to exploration, I propose the concept of [learntropy](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learntropy) in reference to human learning. Human brain has evolved mechanisms that make it the best and the most adaptable exploration machine in existence. [Learntropy](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learntropy) helps define the optimization criteria that provide guidance in the learning system. Learntropy and the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) should make it easier to understand effective human learning via exploration. 然而，[教育系統](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Prussian_education_system)在很大程度上不受這種認識的影響。現代學校教育沒有考慮到眾所周知的模式。機器人可以使用信息熵作為探索的指導，同時我提出了關于人類學習的[學習熵](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learntropy)。人類大腦已經發展出機制，使其成為現存最好、最具適應性的探索機器。[學習熵](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learntropy)幫助定義了在學習系統中提供指導的優化標準。學習熵和[學習內驅力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive)使得理解借助探索的有效人類學習更加容易。 Exploration is pretty intuitive for everyone, however, its importance remains unnoticed by those who are less computer literate. It is therefore helpful to see exploration as a traversal of a walkthrough tree that takes place while assembling a jigsaw puzzle of knowledge. My [jigsaw puzzle metaphor](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle_metaphor) explains why the human brain cannot accept knowledge in an arbitrary sequence, e.g. as dished by the [curriculum](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Curriculum), teacher in a classroom, or even a good textbook. Exploration can be seen as the tree of available routes for a mini-robot responsible for assembling the jigsaw puzzle. The robot will explore individual branches of the tree and look for pieces of the jigsaw that might fit the current status of the puzzle. 探索對每個人來說都是非常直觀的，然而，它的重要性仍然被那些不那么懂電腦的人所忽視。因此，將探索視為在組裝知識的拼圖游戲時發生的演練樹的遍歷很有幫助。我的[拼圖游戲類比](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle_metaphor)解釋了為什么人類大腦不能接受任意序列的知識，例如： [課程](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Curriculum)，課堂上的老師，甚至是一本好的教科書。探索可以看作是負責組裝拼圖游戲的迷你機器人的可達路徑樹。機器人將探索樹的各個分支，并尋找可能適合拼圖當前狀態的拼圖片段。 The exploration can then be visualized as a search tree that needs to be traversed to reach a specific point, e.g. an apple on the tree, or the understanding of multiplication. The evolution has designed simple exploratory algorithms, which all look very similar. The explorer tries out individual branches of the tree and backtracks from dead alleys. In addition, the explorer avoids branches that serve penalties and prefers branches that provide reward. In learning, an episode of _Mythbusters_ may be highly rewarding. Similarly, an authoritarian teacher can serve as a harsh penalty independent of the subject matter presented in the classroom. Instead, a few minutes of Facebook under the desk provide a welcome relief with more rewarding branches of the tree to explore. 然后可以將探索可視化為需要遍歷以到達特定點的搜索樹，例如，樹上的蘋果，或對乘法的理解。演化設計了簡單的探索算法，它們看起來非常相似。探險家嘗試樹的各個分支，并從死路回溯。此外，探險家避開提供懲罰的分支并且偏好提供獎勵的分支。在學習中，一集_流言終結者_可能會非常有價值。同樣，專制教師可以作為一種嚴厲的懲罰，與課堂上的主題無關。于此相反，在桌子下面花幾分鐘瀏覽 Facebook 會讓你放松，因為你可以探索更多有價值的分支。 The whole process can be compared to an exploration of a labyrinth in a situation when we do not have access to the birds eye view. Rewards and penalties provide [valuations](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_valuation_network) that [guide](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) the search. Exploration is also known to single celled organisms. It's simplest variant requires no brain. A paramecium uses a few parameters in the environment to seek food. So does a jelly fish. This type of exploration does not need to involve learning. The exploration algorithm itself might be fixed for good and still provide for good survival. 在我們無法進入鳥瞰圖的情況下，可以將整個過程與迷宮的探索進行比較。獎勵和懲罰提供[指導](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive)搜索的[評估](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_valuation_network)。單細胞生物也知道探索。它最簡單的變種不需要大腦。 草履蟲在環境中使用一些參數來尋找食物。水母也是如此。 這種類型的探索不需要涉及學習。探索算法本身可能是固定的，以提供良好的生存。 > Efficient learning is based on exploration. While exploring the labyrinth of life, we look for jigsaw pieces of information that match the puzzle of knowledge. As we keep exploring, we build the jigsaw puzzle. This way a rat may explore an island as depicted [here](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/On_the_superiority_of_a_rat_over_a_schooled_human) > > 有效的學習是基于探索的。 在探索生活的迷宮時，我們會尋找與知識謎團相匹配的拼圖信息。在我們不斷探索的過程中，我們構建了拼圖游戲。 [這里](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/On_the_superiority_of_a_rat_over_a_schooled_human)描繪了老鼠可以探索島嶼的方式 ### 8.3 Evolving imitation ### 進化的模仿 500,000 years ago, on a savannah, early Homo sapiens used exploration to learn about plants, animals, food, dangers, etc. The process was not much different from the one used by a [rat on an island](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/On_the_superiority_of_a_rat_over_a_schooled_human). However, humans developed a strong inclination towards imitation. **Imitation provides a shortcut in the exploration tree**. It makes it possible to jump from one branch to another at little cost. Valid imitation leads to a valid incremental inserts in the [jigsaw puzzle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle) of knowledge. 50 萬年前，在大草原上，早期的智人使用探索來了解植物、動物、食物、危險等。這個過程與[島上的老鼠](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/On_the_superiority_of_a_rat_over_a_schooled_human)使用的過程沒有多大差別。然而，人類對模仿產生了強烈的傾向。**模仿在探索樹中提供了捷徑**。它可以以很低的成本從一個分支跳到另一個分支。有效的模仿引導知識[拼圖游戲](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle)中的有效的增量嵌入。 Imitation is the first step towards perpetuation of knowledge and speeding up the collective exploration algorithm, in which human brains pull together across generations to accumulate mankind's wisdom. If any individual in the group finds a solution to a problem, the others may imitate and traverse the maze without wasting time on exploration of dead branches. This trick is employed by an ant colony too for maximizing the yield in food gathering. However, imitation has reached its acme in the human species. Back in the day, I was good at pulling up on the rod. I was the best in class. Today, in street workout, I feel like an old klutz. All teens are now educated on YouTube. All forms of unthinkable acrobatics become a commonplace. Kids love to imitate in the quest for their goals. 模仿是邁向知識永久化和加速集體探索算法的第一步，在這種算法中，人類的大腦在幾代人之間聚集在一起，以積累人類的智慧。如果群體中的任何一個人找到問題的解決方案，其他人就可以模仿并遍歷迷宮，并且不會浪費時間去探索死路。這種技巧也被蟻群用來最大化食物采集的產量。然而，模仿已經在人類這里達到了極致。以前，我很擅長拉桿。我是班上最好的。今天，在街頭鍛煉時，我覺得自己像個老傻瓜。現在所有青少年都在 YouTube 上接受教育。所有形式的不可思議的雜技都變得司空見慣。 孩子們喜歡模仿他們的目標。 ### 8.4 Imitation vs. novelty seeking ### 模仿與新穎尋求 Imitation is great to speed up learning, however, it also carries a risk of failing to explore the entire search space, or failing to adapt to changes in the environment, or to changes in needs. This is why it is beneficial to occasionally explore unexplored branches even when imitation provides a solution. For a population, it is highly advantageous to have a group of avid explorers who will risk their life to find new lands or planets. Their occasional _"Eureka!"_ may provide a new path for the rest of the group. In the area of imitation, humans have spurted well ahead of the apes. Humans explore less and imitate more. Imitation is the first step to the record of history. However, to survive, we need to retain the quest for novelty. 模仿很有助于加快學習速度，但是，它也存在無法探索整個搜索空間或者無法適應環境變化或需求變化的風險。這就是為什么即使模仿提供解決方案，偶爾探索未探索的分支也是有益的。對于群體而言，擁有一群冒著生命危險尋找新的土地或行星的狂熱探險者是非常有利的。他們偶爾會有「_尤里卡！_」可以為該群體的其他人提供新的路徑。在模仿領域，人類遠遠領先于猿類。人類探索更少，模仿更多。模仿是歷史記錄的第一步。 然而，為了生存，我們需要保持對新奇的追求。 ### 8.5 Language, religions, and war ### 語言、宗教和戰爭 The real breakthrough came with the development of the language and the development of the print. Now we can perpetuate history of discovery and minimize straying. With the fixed record of historic achievement, we need eager explorers even more. We need a bit of collective [forgetting](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting), and a great deal of contrarian exploration. This is where we need [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) kids. Instead of dumbing them down with Ritalin, we should let them explore \(see: [Caging a puppy](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Would_you_have_a_heart_to_cage_a_puppy%3F)\). They risk their lives for the collective benefit. 真正的突破來自于語言的發展和印刷品的發展。現在，我們可以延續發現的歷史，并盡量減少偏離。憑借歷史性成就的固定記錄，我們需要更多的熱切探索者。我們需要一些集體[遺忘](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting)，以及大量的逆向探索。這是我們需要 [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) 孩子的地方。我們應該讓他們探索（參見：[馴養小狗](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Would_you_have_a_heart_to_cage_a_puppy%3F)），而不是用利他林讓他們變笨。為了集體利益，他們冒著生命危險。 With the arrival of well-established religions, and the advent of massive armies, we have been tempted to improve upon imitation by "rational" design. Religions provide a code of conduct that makes sure the followers imitate the prescription from the gods. Military leaders build armies and drill rules of behaviors that deprive the individual of the self to the benefit of the massive movement of the cannon fodder. A Prussian army behaves like a perfectly-programmed robot in which one soldiers receives the program, and others imitate. 隨著成熟宗教的到來，以及大規模軍隊的出現，我們一直試圖通過「理性」設計來改進模仿。宗教提供行為準則，確保追隨者模仿神的旨意。軍事領導人建立軍隊并制定行為規則，剝奪個人的自我利益，以利于炮彈的大規模運動。普魯士軍隊的行為就像一個完美編程的機器人，其中一名士兵接受該程序，其他人則模仿。 ### 8.6 The advent of mass education ### 大眾教育的出現 It is only natural that imitation is used massively in education. The teacher makes the show, and the kids repeat. By mastering calculus, they do not need to retrace the footsteps of Newton. This is fantastically effective. New generations can now focus on solving new problems using previously discovered tools. With the success of early schools, with an increase in literacy, with an increase in numeracy, we could see that education can solve many problems facing humanity. We fell in love with imitation and rushed ahead too far. You can stroke a cat to death, and we nearly did! 在教育中大量使用模仿是很自然的。老師制作演示，孩子們重復。通過掌握微積分，他們不需要追溯牛頓的腳步。這非常有效。新一代現在可以專注于使用以前發現的工具解決新問題。隨著早期學校的成功，隨著識字率的提高，計算能力的提高，我們可以看到教育可以解決人類面臨的許多問題。我們愛上了模仿，并向前沖得太遠。你可以撫摸一只貓到死，我們幾乎做到了！ ### 8.7 Coercive immitation ### 強制的模仿 The next seemingly logical step in improving education is to introduce coercion. If imitation is so effective, why not make it compulsory to the benefit of society? The right to education became universal. Overtime, the right became a duty. The reasoning is similar to the rationale behind vaccination. If we educate most of the citizenry, we can run a new kind of society with a myriad of new rules and new solution that advance the civilization. Importantly, good education serves the individual. If this is good for a citizen and for society, making it compulsory cannot be considered a violation of human rights. In the course of evolution, coercion has also proven efficient and popular. In a shoal of fish, ironically called _"a school"_, not a single one can make a wrong move, or the whole school will turn into a massive freeway pileup. 改善教育的下一個看似合乎邏輯的步驟是引入強制。如果模仿是如此有效，為什么不為了社會利益而強制要求？受教育的權利變得普遍。久而久之，權利成為一種責任。推理類似于疫苗接種背后的理由。 如果我們教育大多數公民，我們就可以通過無數新規則和推進文明的新解決方案來建立一種新型社會。 重要的是，良好的教育服務于個人。如果這對公民和社會都有好處，那么強制它不能被視為侵犯人權。在進化過程中，強制也被證明是有效和受歡迎的。在一群被諷刺地稱為「_學校_」的魚群中，沒有一條魚能走錯一步，否則整個魚群就會變成高速公路上的連環相撞。  > **Figure:** Multi-seat toddler desk is a preschool torture device. [The brain says "keep exploring"](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Education_counteracts_evolution). The authoritarian teacher says "Stop moving! Read my lips!". For more see: [Would you have a heart to cage a puppy?](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Would_you_have_a_heart_to_cage_a_puppy%3F) > > **圖：** 多座位幼兒桌是學齡前的折磨設備。 [大腦說「繼續探索」](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Education_counteracts_evolution)。 專制的老師說「別動！注意聽！」。 欲了解更多信息：[你會忍心把小狗關在籠子里嗎](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Would_you_have_a_heart_to_cage_a_puppy%3F)？ ### 8.8 Resistance to social pressure ### 反抗社會壓力 The problem with the transition from imitation to coercive imitation is that it destroys the exploratory algorithm designed by millions of years of evolution. The evolution delivered the most efficient brain machinery responsible for learning. Sometime during the evolution of birds and mammals, populations developed more advanced forms of social life. [Social intelligence is based on learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Optimal_socialization), which can be accelerated with imitation. However, the purpose of social groups is to co-operate and act in harmony. For social life to evolve efficiently, individuals needed to develop mechanisms that would efficiently interweave coercion in the learning system. 從模仿到強制模仿的過渡問題在于它破壞了數百萬年進化所設計的探索算法。 進化提供了最有效的學習機器。 在鳥類和哺乳動物的進化過程中，人們開發出更先進的社會生活形式。 [社交智能基于學習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Optimal_socialization)，可以通過模仿加速學習。 然而，社會團體的目的是合作和協調行動。 為了使社會生活有效地發展，個人需要發展一種機制，使強制與學習系統有效地交織在一起。 If social coercion worked perfectly, it would be like a perfect imitation. It would lead to inhibited exploration that could backfire in the long run. For that, a degree of **resistance to coercion** need to be injected into the efficient algorithm. Resistance occurs when exploration is curbed by social pressure. Social pressure may add to the penalty system, but is treated differently than other penalties such as pain. Non-social penalties may stop an exploration of a branch. Resistance to social penalties will result in backtracking on the exploration tree. **Resistance results in forgoing fruits of exploration**. Fruits are forgone in the name of independence. This gave the biological origin to Zapata's: _"I'd rather die on my feet, than live on my knees"_ 如果社會強制運作得很好，就像一個完美的模仿。 這將導致抑制探索，從長遠來看可能適得其反。為此，需要對強制算法注入一定程度的**強制反抗**。 當探索受到社會壓力的抑制時，就會出現阻力。社會壓力可能會增加懲罰系統，但與其他懲罰如疼痛的處理方式不同。非社會處罰可能會停止對分支的探索。 抵制社會處罰將導致探索樹的回溯。**反抗導致放棄探索的成果**。這是以獨立的名義放棄的。 這給了 Zapata 的生物學起源：「_我寧愿站著死，也不愿跪著生_」 ### 8.9 Resistance to extrinsic valuation ### 反抗外部評估 In addition to the exploratory value of resistance, the goals of a community and the goals of an individual may often be contradictory. A well-exploring brain cannot accept the situation in which his learning capacity is hijacked to fulfill the goals of another individual: [the bully](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Bullying). The key to social intelligence is an intelligent resistance mechanism that will prevent extrinsic valuations in the goal tree \(see: [Knowledge valuation network](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_valuation_network)\). The teacher is powerless. She cannot motivate kids [extrinsically](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Extrinsic_motivation). Persuasion has its limits. 除了反抗的探索價值之外，社區的目標和個人的目標可能經常是矛盾的。 一個訓練有素的大腦無法接受他的學習能力被劫持以實現另一個人目標的情況：[欺凌](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Bullying)。 社交智能的關鍵是一種智能反抗機制，可以防止目標樹中的外部評估（參見：[知識評估網絡](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_valuation_network)）。老師無能為力。她無法在從[外部](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Extrinsic_motivation)激勵孩子。勸說有其局限性。 ### 8.10 Variations of resistance in a population ### 群體中的反抗變化 For exploratory reasons, and for independence reasons, the resistance is highest for young risk-taking individuals. If a parent tried to force a child to follow a specific exploratory path, she will meet with a degree of resistance. Very often, the child will attempt to do the opposite. This is the evolution's way of saying: "_you guys explored that path, I will gladly risk my life to try something new_". The same resistance algorithm is the key to the failure of schooling. [Coercive learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercive_learning) does not work. 出于探索性原因，并且出于獨立性原因，年輕冒險者的反抗最高。 如果父母試圖強迫孩子遵循特定的探索路徑，她會遇到一定程度的反抗。 很多時候，孩子會嘗試做相反的事情。這就是進化論的說法：「_你們探索了這條道路，我很樂意冒著生命危險嘗試新事物_」。相同的反抗算法是學校教育失敗的關鍵。[強制性學習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercive_learning)不起作用。 As much as it is the case with imitation, it is beneficial to have a group of individuals in a population that will always rebel and look for their own ways. These are the leaders of revolutions. They will often be expelled from a population. They will often die young. They may be [ostracized like president Trump](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Mystery_of_Donald_Trump%27s_brain). However, they provide a vital ingredient in the survival of populations and societies. 與模仿的情況一樣，在群體中總是反叛并尋找自己的方式是有益的。 這些是革命的領導者。他們經常被驅逐出群體。他們經常英年早逝。 他們可能[像特朗普總統一樣被排斥](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Mystery_of_Donald_Trump%27s_brain)。然而，它們是群體和社會生存的重要組成部分。 Via personality traits, genes have an important impact on exploration, imitation, and resistance. If you hug a puppy, one will cuddle, another will wriggle out to run away. The two puppies may even come from the same litter. 通過個性特征，基因對探索，模仿和反抗具有重要影響。如果你擁抱一只小狗，一個可能會抱抱，另一個可能會蠕動逃跑。這兩只小狗甚至可能來自同一窩。 Similarly, children differ by their resistance to coercion and to their sensitivity to peer pressure. Some will always look up to their parents for approval. Each new move they make, they look up. Others will keep exploring without heeding the presence of others. Those unruly kids will react with violent resistance to all forms of imposition. If you tell them, "go right", they will always turn left. This is how they can help the population discover new pathways. 同樣，兒童對強制的抵制和對同儕壓力的敏感性也不同。 有些人總是希望他們的父母批準。 他們所做的每一個新動作都會請示。 其他人將繼續探索，而不會留意他人的存在。 那些不守規矩的孩子會對所有形式的強加做出暴力反抗。 如果你告訴他們，「向右走」，他們將一直向左轉。 這就是他們如何幫助群體發現新的途徑。 ### 8.11 Wieman drafts the future of exploratory learning ### Wieman 起草了探索性學習的未來 Compulsory schooling tramples upon the natural exploratory algorithm based on the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive). Future education will take a full advantage of exploration. [Carl Wieman](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Carl_Wieman) is one of those who could see the problem and who devoted his Nobel Prize winnings to provide a light in the tunnel. His [science simulations](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/PhET_simulations) provide a natural exploratory environment for children and scientists alike. 義務教育踐踏了基于學習內驅力的內在探索算法。未來的教育將充分利用探索。 [Carl Wieman](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Carl_Wieman) 是能夠看到這個問題的人之一，他將諾貝爾獎獎金用于為這個問題提供線索。他的[科學模擬](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/PhET_simulations)為兒童和科學家提供了一個自然的探索環境。 Wieman noticed that imitation via linear presentation often breaks on a single bad label, or a single gap in knowledge. If the branch reward keeps dropping, the urge to explore decreases. Wieman simulations require few concept labels and minimum prior knowledge. Each simulation is an independent capsule of reality. Wieman simulations are like little virtual worlds of science to explore. This is the best way of exploring scientific models in existence \(in addition to the life in real\). Wieman 注意到，通過線性呈現進行模仿經常會打破一個不好的標簽，或者知識中的單一空白。如果分支獎勵不斷下降，探索的欲望就會降低。Wieman 模擬需要很少的概念標簽和最少的先驗知識。每個模擬都是現實的獨立囊。Wieman 模擬就像探索的小科學虛擬世界。這是探索現存科學模型的最佳方式（除了真實的生活）。 ### 8.12 Incremental reading is based on exploration ### 漸進閱讀基于探索 In the domain of written records, the same exploration can be undertaken with [incremental reading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading). 在書面記錄領域，可以通過[漸進閱讀](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading)進行相同的探索。 > SuperMemo insert. [What is SuperMemo?](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/What_is_SuperMemo%3F) > > SuperMemo 插入。 [什么是 SuperMemo？](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/What_is_SuperMemo%3F) > > In [incremental reading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading), a student collects materials for a body of knowledge that serves like a virtual island of knowledge to explore. The exploration then proceeds unhindered with the guidance of the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive). It provides best forms of imitation, and unlimited creative branching. Wieman simulations provide scientific models to explore. [Incremental reading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading) makes it easy to assemble the [jigsaw puzzle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle) of knowledge from pieces made ready for consumption via imitation. Via set of priorities and the appropriate timing, well-managed [incremental reading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading) can maximize the [reward in learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pleasure_of_learning). Boring branches can always be deprioritized. They are simply unproductive at the moment. Unproductive branches can wait their turn in exploration > > 在[漸進閱讀](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading)中，學生收集知識主干的材料，這些材料就像一個虛擬的知識島，可供探索。然后，在[學習內驅力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive)的指導下，探索不受阻礙地進行。 它提供了最好的模仿形式，以及無限的創意分支。Wieman 模擬提供了探索的科學模型。[漸進閱讀](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading)使我們可以很容易地將知識的[拼圖](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle)拼裝起來，而這些知識片段都是通過模仿準備用于消費。通過優先級和適當的時間安排，良好管理的[漸進閱讀](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading)可以最大限度地提高[學習的獎勵](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pleasure_of_learning)。無聊的分支總是可以優先考慮。它們目前只是非生產性的。非生產性的分支可以等待他們的探索 The bigger the [knowledge tree](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_tree) the wider the range of reward options. [Curiosity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) should be cultivated. Comparing pleasurable learning to a dopamine drip is a highly harmful metaphor. If social media provide the best reward, it only comes from the crippling effects of the environment on the other competing branches of knowledge. If school makes one hate mathematics, it may make one love Instagram that much more. [知識樹](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_tree)越大，獎勵選項的范圍越廣。應該培養[好奇心](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive)。把愉快的學習比作多巴胺的滴注是一個非常有害的類比。如果社交媒體提供最好的獎勵，那么它只會來自環境對其他競爭知識分支的嚴重影響。如果學校討厭數學，那么可能會讓人更喜歡 Instagram。 ### 8.13 Two key errors of education systems ### 教育系統中的兩個關鍵錯誤 **Imitation** and **resistance** are vital parts of the **exploratory algorithm** hard-coded in the human brain. The **first error of education** is to provide a linear [curriculum](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Curriculum), which is the supposed straight pathway to wisdom \(as opposed to a **set** of **recommendations**\). Curriculum provides imitation with curbs on exploration. However, this is a misguided imitation as it does not take into account the status of the [jigsaw puzzle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle_metaphor) that is being built. It is too easy to make a bridge to nowhere. All kids are to imitate at the same time, at the same pace, and all mutations in the trajectory, instead of improving upon exploration, will gradually lead to the [collapse of imitation](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_crystallization). Your typical school will not let you leave the first grade by taking a kid chemistry exam. You need to do your alphabet and numbers first. The **second error of education** is to make curriculum compulsory. Compulsory education triggers resistance that interferes with imitation and seed chaos into the process. The imitation trajectory is no longer predictable. Pre-designed imitation makes it fall apart. Triggered resistance makes imitation fall apart faster. At first, kids stop exploring, and then they stop imitating. In the end, they may hate school and learning in equal measure. [War of the networks](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/War_of_the_networks) leads to[ learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness), apathy and depression. By trying too hard, we are building an unhappy society. **模仿**和**反抗**是人類大腦中硬編碼的**探索算法**的重要組成部分。**教育的第一個錯誤**是提供線性[課程](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Curriculum)，這被認為是智慧的直接途徑（與**一系列建議**相對）。課程提供模仿與探索的限制。然而，這是一種被誤導的模仿，因為它沒有考慮正在構建的[拼圖游戲](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle_metaphor)的狀態。建造一座無處可去的橋太容易了。所有的孩子都要以同樣的速度同時模仿，并且軌道中的所有突變，而不是在探索上的改進，將逐漸導致[模仿的崩潰](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_crystallization)。你認知中的典型學校不會讓你通過化學考試后就離開一年級。你需要先學你的字母和數字。**教育的第二個錯誤**是使課程成為必修課。義務教育會引發反抗，干擾模仿，并在過程中制造混亂。模仿軌道不再可預測。預先設計的模仿使它崩潰。觸發反抗使模仿更快地崩潰。一開始，孩子們停止探索，然后他們停止模仿。最后，他們可能會同等地討厭學校和學習。[網絡之戰](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/War_of_the_networks)導致[習得性無助](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness)、冷漠和沮喪。通過過頭的努力，我們正在建設一個不幸的社會。  > **Figure:** Even if children [hate school](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Why_kids_hate_school) they accept their fate via [learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness). This destroys their [natural love of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pleasure_of_learning), suppresses natural creativity, deprives of independence, and may lead to mental disorders later in life \(picture source: Wikipedia\) > > **圖：** 即使兒童[討厭學校](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Why_kids_hate_school)，他們也會通過[習得性無助](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness)來接受自己的命運。這破壞了他們[天生的求知欲](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pleasure_of_learning)，壓制了天生的創造力，剝奪了他們的獨立性，并可能在以后的生活中導致精神障礙（圖片來源：維基百科） ### 8.14 Overoptimization ### 過度優化 The education systems employ the tools that are basically functional. However, in the never ending quest for better performance, we [arrived to the point of absurdity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/PISA). What used to work in the past has now turned into a monster that keeps the kids unhappy and poorly educated. Many educators seem to follow linear reasoning: if a glass of water rejuvenates, drinking a tub might perhaps make someone immortal. This is a maximization based on wrong criteria. Instead, we need to [optimize education](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Optimization_of_education). [Free learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning) is the simplest approach to optimizing education. It costs nothing and comes naturally. All healthy kids are born with a powerful exploratory algorithm hard-coded in their brain. If schools [damage the control systems](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/War_of_the_networks) involved in that algorithm, they harm societies, and lead to a multitude of aberration that torment modern populations. 教育系統采用基本功能的工具。然而，在永無止境的追求更好表現的過程中，我們[達到了荒謬的程度](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/PISA)。過去曾經起作用的東西現在變成了一個怪物，讓孩子們不高興，受到不充分的教育。許多教育工作者似乎都遵循線性推理：如果喝一杯水能恢復活力，那么喝一個浴缸可能會讓某人不朽。這是基于錯誤標準的最大化。相反，我們需要[優化教育](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Optimization_of_education)。[自由學習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning)是優化教育的最簡單方法。它沒有任何成本，而且很自然。所有健康的孩子天生就有一種強大的探索算法，在他們的大腦中進行了硬編碼。如果學校**破壞**了該算法中的[控制系統](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/War_of_the_networks)，它們就會危害社會，并導致折磨現代人的大量精神失常。 > Compulsory schooling triggers mechanisms that block exploratory learning that underlies efficient acquisition of knowledge and skills > > 義務教育觸發了阻礙探索性學習的機制，而探索性學習是有效獲取知識和技能的基礎 ### 8.15 The Grand Education Reform ### 教育大改革 The solutions to the woes of education have been known for decades now. Solutions are cheap and simple. However, the set of entrenched myths of education still keeps the reformers at bay. 數十年來，人們已經知道解決教育困境的方法。 解決方案既便宜又簡單。然而，一系列根深蒂固的錯誤教育觀念仍然讓改革者陷入困境。 Here is my proposition: [Grand Education Reform](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Grand_Education_Reform). 這是我的主張：[教育大改革](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Grand_Education_Reform)。