10.為什么學校會失敗 · supermemo.guru 翻譯計劃

# 10.為什么學校會失敗 [TOC=3,5] ## 10 Why schools fail? ## 為什么學校會失敗？ ### 10.1 Summary of failure ### 失敗摘要 > Schools fail because they disrespect and suppress basic learning, creativity, and problem solving mechanisms. For institutions responsible for fostering science, schools are egregiously ignorant of essential principles of how the brain works > > 學校之所以失敗，是因為它們不尊重并抑制了關于學習、創造力和解決問題的基本機制。作為負責培養科學的機構來說，學校對大腦如何運作的基本原理一無所知，這是令人毛骨悚然的。 The degree of disrespect for child's health and well-being qualifies most schools as institutions of [legal child abuse](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Education_as_a_human_right) \(as long as they remain mandatory\). 對兒童健康和福祉的不尊重程度使大多數學校都有資格成為[合法虐待兒童](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Education_as_a_human_right)的機構（只要它們仍然是強制性的）。 ### 10.2 Path from knowledge to discovery ### 從知識到發現的路徑 To understand the failure of schooling in a nutshell, it is helpful to track a golden nugget of knowledge from its source to its impact on a big discovery. This is the ABC of science that few seem to understand: not teachers, not principals, not education departments. There is an army of people who help pushing the grinding machine of youth. Those few voices who understand the process remain silenced or even [ridiculed](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Abandon_early_math_instruction!). 要簡單地理解學校教育的失敗，追蹤高價值知識的來源到其對一項重大發現的影響，是很有幫助的。似乎很少人理解的科學基礎：不是教師，不是校長，不是教育部門。有一大群人在幫助推動年輕人的磨床。那些了解這一進程的少數人仍然保持沉默，甚至受到[嘲笑](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Abandon_early_math_instruction!)。 Here is a short path of a great nugget of knowledge that can change the world: 以下是一條通往可以改變世界的高價值知識的捷徑： * **healthy brain**: the nugget must meet a healthy brain equipped with sufficient prior knowledge. The current design of the education systems damages both health of the brains and the [quality of knowledge](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Crystallization_of_knowledge). Even basic health rules are not obeyed. Kids can be trained to respect authority to the exclusion of their physiological needs. Insufficient attention is paid to their thirst, hunger, toilet needs, overheating, fatigue, [sleepiness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Science_of_sleep), etc. * **健康的大腦**：有價值的知識必須與一個健康的、有充分預備知識的大腦相遇。目前教育系統的設計損害了大腦的健康和[知識的質量](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Crystallization_of_knowledge)。即使是基本的衛生規則也沒有得到遵守。可以訓練孩子尊重權威，而不是排斥他們的生理需求。對他們的口渴、饑餓、想上廁所、過熱、疲勞、[缺少睡眠](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Science_of_sleep)等關注不足。 * **learn drive**: natural curiosity is a guidance system that optimizes the efficient acquisition of knowledge. Schools enforce a [curriculum](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Curriculum), while only the guidance of [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) makes it possible to effectively match knowledge on input with prior knowledge stored in the brain \(see: [Mountain climb metaphor of schooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Mountain_climb_metaphor_of_schooling)\) * **學習內驅力**：天生的好奇心是一種引導系統，它優化了知識的有效獲取。學校強制執行一套[課程](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Curriculum)，然而只有[學習內驅力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive)的指導，才有可能有效地將輸入的知識與儲存在大腦中的預備知識相匹配（見：學校教育的爬山隱喻）。 * **pleasure of learning**: once a great brain with great knowledge guided by the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) meets the nugget of knowledge, a reward signal is registered. The education system suppresses the quest to seek nuggets by [coercing](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercion) [unmatching](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coherence) knowledge into the learning process. The education system is an unhappy system. The meeting with the nugget is a romance at first sight. Schooling often becomes a path through [mental torture](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Why_kids_hate_school%3F), while [free learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning) is one of the most rewarding human activities. Kids are conditioned to lose their love of learning and lose their [creative powers](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Creativity). This is explained in [Pleasure of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pleasure_of_learning) * **學習的樂趣**：在[學習內驅力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive)的引導下，知識淵博的大腦一旦遇到了高價值知識，獎勵信號就會被記錄下來。教育系統通過在學習過程中[強迫輸入](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercion)[不匹配的](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coherence)知識來抑制對高價值知識的追求。教育制度是一個令人不愉快的制度。與高價值知識的會面令人一見鐘情。上學往往成為一種[精神折磨](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Why_kids_hate_school%3F)，而[自由學習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning)是人類最有益的活動之一。孩子們習慣于失去他們對學習的熱愛，失去他們的[創造力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Creativity)。這在[學習的樂趣](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pleasure_of_learning)一章解釋過了。 * **spaced review**: for the nugget to survive in the brain, it needs to be reactivated in specific patterns in time. It must be [reviewed](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Review) before it is forgotten. Those patterns resemble statistical interactions with the natural environment \(see: [On the superiority of a rat over a schooled human](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/On_the_superiority_of_a_rat_over_a_schooled_human)\). The design of memory implies that the lack of reactivation in a certain time will result in [forgetting](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting). Excess reactivation, e.g. in [cramming](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Cramming), will weaken memories through [spacing effect](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spacing_effect). The education system pushes [too much and too fast](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Futility_of_schooling) to give reactivation a chance. [Spaced repetition](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spaced_repetition) is a domain of self-directed student, very often only after they have left school or in a narrow area of interest. It is very rare to see students employ spaced repetition concurrently to their program of study with success. It is still relatively rare to see spaced repetition employed universally for all areas of general knowledge. This comes from the insufficient appreciation of knowledge, which is conditioned via years of schooling * **間隔復習**：為了讓高價值知識在大腦中留存，需要及時以特定的模式重新激活它。必須在它被遺忘之前對其進行[復習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Review)。這些模式類似于與自然環境的統計交互作用（參見：[老鼠對受過學校教育的人類的優越性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/On_the_superiority_of_a_rat_over_a_schooled_human)）。記憶的設計意味著在一定時間內缺乏再激活會導致[遺忘](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting)。過度的重新激活，例如在[填鴨式學習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Cramming)中，會通過[間隔效應](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spacing_effect)削弱記憶。教育系統推動得[太多、太快](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Futility_of_schooling)，以至于不能給予重新激活的機會。[間隔重復](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spaced_repetition)是一個自我指導的學生的領域，往往只有存在與他們離開學校或一個狹窄的興趣領域。很少能看到學生成功地在學習計劃中同時使用間隔重復。在一般知識的所有領域普遍使用間隔重復仍然是比較少見的。這是由于對知識的認識不足，而這種認識源于多年的學校教育。 * **incremental learning**: the nugget gains in associative power if it is set in the right context for rich [coherent](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coherence) knowledge built using a targetting system that requires [self-directed approach](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-directed_learning). The brain has a natural targetting system, the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive), that is constantly being overridden at school. The targetting system is driven by passions and suppressed by [coercion](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercion). See: [Schools suppress the learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Schools_suppress_the_learn_drive). High-quality knowledge is built via [emergence](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Emergence). See: [Crystallization of knowledge](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Crystallization_of_knowledge) * **漸進學習**：如果將其設置在正確的上下文中，使用需要[自我指導](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-directed_learning)的目標系統構建的豐富、[連貫的](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coherence)知識，那么高價值知識會獲得聯想的能量。大腦有一個天生的目標系統，即[學習內驅力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive)，在學校里經常被忽視。目標系統是由激情驅動而被[強迫](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercion)抑制的。參見：[學校抑制學習內驅力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Schools_suppress_the_learn_drive)。高質量的知識是通過[涌現](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Emergence)而建立起來的。參見：[知識的結晶](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Crystallization_of_knowledge) * **creativity cycle**: the nugget gains in power if it increases in [coherence](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coherence) by [generalization](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Generalization), selective [forgetting](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting), creative association, etc. Those processes require peace, creative wandering, thinking, [sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Sleep), and plenty of time. [All those components of mind growth](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle) are suppressed in the chaos of the education system. Even [sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Science_of_sleep), the most essential component in question, is held in disrespect. In addition to those inherent design problems of the [Prussian system](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Prussian_system), there are dozens of other factors that interfere with learning, e.g. [bullying](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Bullying), drugs, authoritarian teachers, etc. For a richer list see: [Problem of schooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Problem_of_schooling) * **創造力周期**：如果高價值知識通過[泛化](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Generalization)、選擇性[遺忘](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting)、創造性聯想等方式增加[連貫性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coherence)，那么它就會獲得能量。這些過程需要和平、創造性的漫游、思考、[睡眠](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Sleep)和充足的時間。在混亂的教育系統中，[所有這些心智成長的組成部分](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle)都被抑制了。甚至對睡眠這一最基本的因素也是不尊重的。除了[普魯士制度](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Prussian_system)固有的設計問題之外，還有許多其他因素干擾學習，如[欺凌](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Bullying)、毒品、威權教師等等。要獲得更豐富的列表，參見：[學校教育問題](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Problem_of_schooling) * **problem solving**: finally, the nugget of knowledge can be employed in the process of problem solving. The education system focuses on consumption, provides little room for [creativity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Creativity), and little room for [genuine problem solving](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/How_to_solve_any_problem%3F) where novel problems are tackled with little external guidance, and without robotic regurgitation of well-known algorithms. **Finding dichotomies and making serial micro-decisions are part of a brain's repertoire of habits that underlie efficient problem solving. The education system suppresses the natural quest for autonomous decision making** * **問題解決**：最后，高價值知識會被投入到解決問題的過程中。教育系統注重消費，幾乎沒有給[創造力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Creativity)提供空間，也沒有什么空間來[解決真正的問題](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/How_to_solve_any_problem%3F)。真實情況下，新的問題的解決，既不依靠外部的指導，又不訴諸于機械地回顧已知的算法。**發現二分法和做出一系列小決策是大腦習慣的一部分，這些習慣是有效解決問題的基礎。教育系統抑制了對自主決策的本能追求。** ### 10.3 Schools abandon exploration ### 學校放棄探索 Efficient adaptation to the environment relies on an **exploration algorithm** developed in the course of evolution. The algorithm reached its acme in the human brain. It took half a billion years to develop. Modern education systems ignore that capital. [Education systems stand in the opposition to the marvelous gains of evolution](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Education_counteracts_evolution). 對環境的有效適應依賴于在進化過程中發展出的一種**探索算法**。這個算法在人腦中達到了極致。它花了 5 億年才發展起來。現代教育系統忽視了這一資本。[教育制度與進化論的驚人成果背道而馳](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Education_counteracts_evolution)。 Efficient learning is based on the same exploration algorithm. To trace the golden nugget of knowledge, we started from the point of the encounter. However, the encounter itself is largely hindered by schooling. Efficient exploration occurs in natural environment, in [simulations](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/PhET_simulations), in [incremental reading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading), or in other forms of [free learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning). Modern schools provide limited freedom and this undermines the exploration algorithm. 有效的學習基于同樣的探索算法。為了追蹤高價值知識，我們從偶遇開始。然而，這種偶遇本身在很大程度上受到學校教育的阻礙。有效的探索發生在自然環境，在[模擬](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/PhET_simulations)，在[漸進閱讀](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading)，或在其他形式的[自由學習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading)。現代學校提供了有限的自由，這逐漸破壞了探索算法。 ### 10.4 Schools hinder discovery ### 學校阻礙發現 Most of mankind's problems are solved only after leaving the confines of schooling. Sometimes, when a great idea hits, a genius mind will drop out from school, and accomplish great things. I wish [Bill Gates never forgot what made him great](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Bill_Gates_is_wrong_about_education). 人類的大多數問題只有在離開學校教育的限制之后才能得到解決。有時，當一個偉大的想法出現時，一個天才的頭腦會從學校輟學，并完成偉大的事業。我希望[比爾·蓋茨永遠不會忘記是什么讓他變得偉大](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Bill_Gates_is_wrong_about_education)。 Instead of following the above path to a breakthrough, we torture kids with early alarms, [relentless drilling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Cramming), [coercive learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercive_learning), [homework](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homework), limits on freedom, and a never-ending nagging of great expectations. 我們不是沿著上述道路取得突破，而是用早起鬧鐘、[無情操練](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Cramming)、[強制學習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercive_learning)、[家庭作業](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homework)、限制自由以及無休止的巨大期望折磨孩子們。 See also: 另見： * [Mountain climb metaphor of schooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Mountain_climb_metaphor_of_schooling) * [學校教育的登山類比](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Mountain_climb_metaphor_of_schooling) * [Soviet economy metaphor of schooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Modern_schooling_is_like_Soviet_economy) * [學校教育的蘇聯經濟類比](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Modern_schooling_is_like_Soviet_economy)