# 22.術語表 This terminology is used in [my](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Piotr_Wozniak) articles on [education](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Problem_of_Schooling), [sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Science_of_sleep), and [creatvity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle) \(some of this terminology is my own\): 這個術語集是[我](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Piotr_Wozniak)在關于[教育](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Problem_of_Schooling)、[睡眠](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Science_of_sleep)和[創造力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle)的文章中使用過的（其中一些術語是我自己定義的）： * [Abstractness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Abstractness) - dissociation from detail that increases [applicability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Applicability) of knowledge * [抽象性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Abstractness)——提高知識[通用性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Applicability)的，從細節中的分離 * [Acquisition rate](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Acquisition_rate) - speed of learning * [習得速率](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Acquisition_rate)——學習的速度 * [Active recall](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Active_recall) - bringing knowledge back up from memory \(e.g. as opposed to passive reading\) * [主動回憶](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Active_recall)——從記憶中尋找知識（舉例，與被動閱讀相反） * [Applicability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Applicability) - range of usability of knowledge * [通用性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Applicability)——知識可用的范圍 * [Behavioral space](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Behavioral_space) - set of behaviors that result in no penalty * [行為空間](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Behavioral_space)——不會受到懲罰的一系列行為 * [Behavioral system](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Behavioral_system) - set of behaviors that develop in a set social context * [行為系統](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Behavioral_system)——在一定的社會背景下發展起來的一系列行為 * [Biphasic sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Biphasic_sleep) - sleep in two blocks: night and siesta * [雙相睡眠](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Biphasic_sleep)——分兩個時間段的睡眠：夜間睡眠和午睡 * [Circadian cycle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_cycle) - ~24h cycle of changes in the state of body and mind * [晝夜周期](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_cycle)——身心狀態變化的 24 小時周期 * [Circadian phase](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_phase) - the time of day measured in hours since natural waking * [晝夜相位](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_phase)——一天中自然醒來后，以小時為單位測量的時間 * [Circadian sleep propensity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_sleep_propensity) - sleepiness determined by the body clock * [晝夜睡眠傾向](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_sleep_propensity)——由生物鐘決定的睡意 * [Childhood amnesia](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Childhood_amnesia) - natural long-term memory deficit in children * [童年健忘癥](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Childhood_amnesia)——兒童的自然長期記憶缺陷 * [Chronic stress](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Chronic_stress) - harmful stress that does not go away * [慢性壓力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Chronic_stress)——持續的有害壓力 * [Cloze deletion](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Cloze_deletion) - question in the form of a sentence in which a keyword is replaced with 3 dots * [完形填空](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Cloze_deletion)——以句子的形式出現的問題，其中每個關鍵詞被替換成\[...\] * [Coherence](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coherence) - degree of meaningful connectedness of knowledge that makes remembering easy * [連貫性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coherence)——使記憶變得容易的有意義的知識關聯性的程度 * [Consistency](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Consistency) - degree in which knowledge is free of contradictory information * [一致性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Consistency)——知識沒有矛盾信息的程度 * [Consolidation](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_consolidation) - increase in [memory stability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_stability) as a result of [review](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Review) or in sleep * [鞏固](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_consolidation)——[復習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Review)或睡眠導致的[記憶穩定性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_stability)增加 * [Democratic school](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Democratic_school) - school run by kids with minimum adult supervision * [民主學校](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Democratic_school)——在最少的成人監督下的，由兒童管理的學校 * [Deschooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Deschooling) - [free education](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning) without compulsory schooling * [非學校教育](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Deschooling)——不受義務學校教育壓迫的[自由學習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning) * [Factory model of education](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Factory_model_of_education) - education based on mass production philosophy * [工廠教育模式](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Factory_model_of_education)——基于大規模生產理念的教育 * [Forgetting curve](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_curve) - curve showing loss of knowledge over time * [遺忘曲線](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_curve)——顯示知識隨時間遺忘的曲線 * [Free learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning) - [self-directed learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-directed_learning) without constraints and [coercion](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercion) * [自由學習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning)——不受限制和[強迫](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercion)的[自主學習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-directed_learning) * [Free running sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_running_sleep) - sleep that is not artificially regulated \(e.g. with alarm clocks, medication, etc.\) * [自由運轉睡眠](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_running_sleep)——不受人為調節的睡眠（如鬧鐘、藥物等） * [Fundamental law of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Fundamental_law_of_learning) - law stating that efficient learning is always pleasurable * [學習的基本規律](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Fundamental_law_of_learning)——規律表明有效的學習總是令人愉快的 * [Generalization](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Generalization) - process in which details are forgotten for the big picture to emerge * [泛化](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Generalization)——為了讓整體圖景浮現而忘記細節的過程。 * [Homeostatic sleep propensity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homeostatic_sleep_propensity) - fatigue caused by _tiredness of waking_ * [穩態睡眠傾向](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homeostatic_sleep_propensity)——因_醒著的時候的疲勞_而引起的睡意 * [Homeschooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homeschooling) - home-based education * [在家上學](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homeschooling)——以家庭為基礎的教育 * [Idiocracy problem](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Idiocracy_problem) - problem of smart people having few or late children * [蠢蛋進化論問題](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Idiocracy_problem)——聰明的人少生或晚生孩子的問題 * [Increading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Increading) - reading [incrementally](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading) * [漸進的閱讀](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Increading)——在漸進閱讀工具集幫助下的閱讀 * [Incremental learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning) - method for mastering knowledge from the web \(fast and durable\) * [漸進學習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning)——從網絡上掌握知識的方法（快速且持久） * [Incremental reading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading) - method of converting books and articles into durable knowledge in student's mind * [漸進閱讀](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading)——將書籍和文章轉化為學生頭腦中持久的知識的方法 * [Incremental video](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_video) - method of massive learning and review of lectures \(e.g. from YouTube\) * [漸進視頻](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_video)——大規模學習和復習講座的方法（例如來自 YouTube ） * [Interference](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Interference) - forgetting induced by new learning * [干擾](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Interference)——學習新知識導致的遺忘 * [Learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) - natural curiosity that drives learning * [學習內驅力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive)——推動學習的天生好奇心 * [Learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness) - loss of drives in conditions of loss of control * [習得性無助](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness)——在失控情況下失去內驅力 * [Learntropy](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learntropy) - measure of attractiveness of a lecture, book, etc. * [學習熵](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learntropy)——演講、書籍等學習材料的吸引力的度量 * [Knowledge darwinism](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_darwinism) - competition of memories for the best place in the [jigsaw puzzle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle) of memory * [知識進化論](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_darwinism)——記憶在競爭記憶[拼圖](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle)中的最佳位置 * [Knowledge redundancy](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_redundancy) - memorizing same memories in different contexts to boost [recall](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Recall) * [知識冗余](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_redundancy)——在不同的情境中記憶相同的記憶，以促進[回憶](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Recall) * [Knowledge valuation network](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_valuation_network) - any neural subsystem capable of estimating the value of knowledge * [知識評估網絡](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_valuation_network)——任何能夠評估知識價值的神經子系統 * [Memory complexity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_complexity) - complexity of memory that determines how difficult it is to retain it * [記憶復雜度](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_complexity)——記憶的復雜性，決定了要記住這段記憶的困難程度 * [Memory optimization](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_optimization_in_sleep) - process in which memories get better organized in sleep * [記憶優化](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_optimization_in_sleep)——記憶在睡眠中得到更好的組織的過程 * [Minimum information principle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Minimum_information_principle) - claim that simple memories are easy to retain for longer * [最小信息原理](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Minimum_information_principle)——簡單的記憶容易保留更長時間的聲明 * [Natural creativity cycle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle) - undisturbed sleep-wake cycle that maximizes creativity * [自然創造力周期](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle)——不受干擾的最大限度地發揮創造力的睡眠-醒來周期 * [Passive review](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Passive_review) - undemanding processing of knowledge \(e.g. reading as opposed to [active recall](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Active_recall)\) * [被動復習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Passive_review)——對知識的簡單加工（例如閱讀而不是[主動回憶](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Active_recall)） * [Pattern completion](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pattern_completion) - ability of a neural network to recognize incomplete input \(e.g. a blurry picture\) * [模式完成](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pattern_completion)——神經網絡識別不完整輸入（如模糊圖片）的能力 * [Permastore](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Permastore) - everlasting memory * [永久記憶](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Permastore)——永久的記憶 * [Polyphasic sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Polyphasic_sleep) - unhealthy sleep practice in which sleep is dispersed in many small blocks throughout the day * [多相睡眠](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Polyphasic_sleep)——不健康的睡眠實踐，睡眠在一天中分散為許多短時段 * [Problem valuation network](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Problem_valuation_network) - any neural subsystem capable of estimating the expected reward in problem solving * [問題評估網絡](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Problem_valuation_network)——任何能夠評估問題解決過程中預期獎勵的神經子系統。 * [Push zone](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone) - range of external pressure that may improve learning outcomes * [推動區](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone)——可能改善學習效果的外部壓力范圍 * [Priority queue](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Priority_queue) - sequence of pieces of knowledge sorted by priority * [優先級隊列](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Priority_queue)——按優先級排序的知識片段序列 * [Rational procrastination](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Rational_procrastination) - strategic procrastination that affects jobs of lower priority * [理性拖延](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Rational_procrastination)——影響優先級較低的工作的戰略性拖延 * [Redundancy](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Redundancy) - extra load of knowledge that may add to its quality * [冗余](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Redundancy)——可能會增加知識質量的額外知識負載 * [Regress zone](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Regress_zone) - range of external pressure that undermines learning outcomes * [回歸區](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Regress_zone)——逐漸削弱學習效果的外部壓力范圍 * [Retrievability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Retrievability) - probability of recall of a given memory * [可提取性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Retrievability)——對特定記憶的回憶概率 * [Self-directed learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-directed_learning) - self-learning in which materials and goals are determined by the student * [自我導向學習](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-directed_learning)——由學生決定材料和目標的自學 * [Self-learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-learning) - learning on one's own \(without a teacher\) * [自學](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-learning)——自己學習（沒有老師） * [Sleep phase](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Sleep_phase) - positioning of the preferred waking time \(in clock hours\) * [睡眠相位](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Sleep_phase)—— 首選的醒來時間的定位（以時鐘小時計） * [Spaced repetition](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spaced_repetition) - learning technique that ensures long-term retention of knowledge * [間隔重復](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spaced_repetition)——確保知識長期記憶的學習技巧 * [Spacing effect](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spacing_effect) - better memory effect of review delayed in time * [間隔效應](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spacing_effect)——延遲復習的記憶效果更好 * [Spacing effect gain](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spacing_effect_gain) - mathematical definition of the [spacing effect](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spacing_effect) * [間隔效應增益](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spacing_effect_gain)——間隔效應的數學定義 * [Stability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability) - durability of a given memory * [穩定性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability)——特定記憶的持久性 * [Stabilization curve](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization_curve) - the most important curve in the optimization of learning: [stabilization](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization) as a function of [retrievability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Retrievability) * [穩定化曲線](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization_curve)——優化學習中的最重要的曲線：[穩定性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability)是[可提取性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Retrievability)的函數 * [Stabilization decay](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization_decay) - gradual decrease in the potential for [stability increase](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability_increase) in memories with high [stability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability) * [穩定化衰減](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization_decay)——在[穩定性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability)較高的記憶中，其[穩定性增加](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability_increase)的可能性逐漸降低 * [Toxic memory](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Toxic_memory) - persistent memory that leads to anxiety * [毒性記憶](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Toxic_memory)——導致焦慮的頑固記憶 * [Two-component model of long-term memory](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Two-component_model_of_long-term_memory) - model of memory based on [retrievability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Retrievability) and [stability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability) of memories * [長期記憶的雙組分模型](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Two-component_model_of_long-term_memory)——基于記憶[可提取性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Retrievability)和[穩定性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability)的記憶模型 * [Two-process model of sleep regulation](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Two-process_model_of_sleep_regulation) - model that explains why and when we fall asleep * [睡眠調節的雙過程模型](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Two-process_model_of_sleep_regulation)——解釋我們為什么以及何時進入睡眠狀態的模型 * [Unschooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Unschooling) - learning without the pressure of the curriculum * [非學校教育](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Unschooling)——沒有課程壓力的學習 * [Variable reward](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Variable_reward) - intermittent reward that underlies gambling * [可變獎勵](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Variable_reward)——賭博背后的間歇性獎勵 * [War of the networks](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/War_of_the_networks) - contradictory signaling that may lead to the impairment in neural control * [網絡戰爭](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/War_of_the_networks)——可能導致神經控制功能受損的矛盾信號