http · PHP/Python/前端/Linux 等等學習筆記

[TOC] ## 語法 ### const <details> <summary>狀態碼</summary> ``` const ( StatusContinue = 100 // RFC 7231, 6.2.1 StatusSwitchingProtocols = 101 // RFC 7231, 6.2.2 StatusProcessing = 102 // RFC 2518, 10.1 StatusEarlyHints = 103 // RFC 8297 StatusOK = 200 // RFC 7231, 6.3.1 StatusCreated = 201 // RFC 7231, 6.3.2 StatusAccepted = 202 // RFC 7231, 6.3.3 StatusNonAuthoritativeInfo = 203 // RFC 7231, 6.3.4 StatusNoContent = 204 // RFC 7231, 6.3.5 StatusResetContent = 205 // RFC 7231, 6.3.6 StatusPartialContent = 206 // RFC 7233, 4.1 StatusMultiStatus = 207 // RFC 4918, 11.1 StatusAlreadyReported = 208 // RFC 5842, 7.1 StatusIMUsed = 226 // RFC 3229, 10.4.1 StatusMultipleChoices = 300 // RFC 7231, 6.4.1 StatusMovedPermanently = 301 // RFC 7231, 6.4.2 StatusFound = 302 // RFC 7231, 6.4.3 StatusSeeOther = 303 // RFC 7231, 6.4.4 StatusNotModified = 304 // RFC 7232, 4.1 StatusUseProxy = 305 // RFC 7231, 6.4.5 _ = 306 // RFC 7231, 6.4.6 (Unused) StatusTemporaryRedirect = 307 // RFC 7231, 6.4.7 StatusPermanentRedirect = 308 // RFC 7538, 3 StatusBadRequest = 400 // RFC 7231, 6.5.1 StatusUnauthorized = 401 // RFC 7235, 3.1 StatusPaymentRequired = 402 // RFC 7231, 6.5.2 StatusForbidden = 403 // RFC 7231, 6.5.3 StatusNotFound = 404 // RFC 7231, 6.5.4 StatusMethodNotAllowed = 405 // RFC 7231, 6.5.5 StatusNotAcceptable = 406 // RFC 7231, 6.5.6 StatusProxyAuthRequired = 407 // RFC 7235, 3.2 StatusRequestTimeout = 408 // RFC 7231, 6.5.7 StatusConflict = 409 // RFC 7231, 6.5.8 StatusGone = 410 // RFC 7231, 6.5.9 StatusLengthRequired = 411 // RFC 7231, 6.5.10 StatusPreconditionFailed = 412 // RFC 7232, 4.2 StatusRequestEntityTooLarge = 413 // RFC 7231, 6.5.11 StatusRequestURITooLong = 414 // RFC 7231, 6.5.12 StatusUnsupportedMediaType = 415 // RFC 7231, 6.5.13 StatusRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable = 416 // RFC 7233, 4.4 StatusExpectationFailed = 417 // RFC 7231, 6.5.14 StatusTeapot = 418 // RFC 7168, 2.3.3 StatusMisdirectedRequest = 421 // RFC 7540, 9.1.2 StatusUnprocessableEntity = 422 // RFC 4918, 11.2 StatusLocked = 423 // RFC 4918, 11.3 StatusFailedDependency = 424 // RFC 4918, 11.4 StatusTooEarly = 425 // RFC 8470, 5.2. StatusUpgradeRequired = 426 // RFC 7231, 6.5.15 StatusPreconditionRequired = 428 // RFC 6585, 3 StatusTooManyRequests = 429 // RFC 6585, 4 StatusRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge = 431 // RFC 6585, 5 StatusUnavailableForLegalReasons = 451 // RFC 7725, 3 StatusInternalServerError = 500 // RFC 7231, 6.6.1 StatusNotImplemented = 501 // RFC 7231, 6.6.2 StatusBadGateway = 502 // RFC 7231, 6.6.3 StatusServiceUnavailable = 503 // RFC 7231, 6.6.4 StatusGatewayTimeout = 504 // RFC 7231, 6.6.5 StatusHTTPVersionNotSupported = 505 // RFC 7231, 6.6.6 StatusVariantAlsoNegotiates = 506 // RFC 2295, 8.1 StatusInsufficientStorage = 507 // RFC 4918, 11.5 StatusLoopDetected = 508 // RFC 5842, 7.2 StatusNotExtended = 510 // RFC 2774, 7 StatusNetworkAuthenticationRequired = 511 // RFC 6585, 6 ) ``` </details> <br /> ### func ``` // 修改header 如: "accept-encoding" -> "Accept-Encoding" func CanonicalHeaderKey(s string) string // 根據cotnent判斷內容如 data=`<HTML></HTML>` -> text/html; charset=utf-8 func DetectContentType(data []byte) string func Error(w ResponseWriter, error string, code int) func Handle(pattern string, handler Handler) func HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request)) func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error func ListenAndServeTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile string, handler Handler) error func MaxBytesReader(w ResponseWriter, r io.ReadCloser, n int64) io.ReadCloser func NotFound(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) func NotFoundHandler() // 如 "HTTP/1.0" -> (1, 0, true) func ParseHTTPVersion(vers string) (major, minor int, ok bool) // 如 "Mon, 04 Jan 2021 03:16:34 GMT" 解析為 time.Time func ParseTime(text string) (t time.Time, err error) // 通過代理訪問 func ProxyFromEnvironment(req *Request) (*url.URL, error) func ProxyURL(fixedURL *url.URL) func(*Request) (*url.URL, error) // 跳轉如 " http.Redirect(w,r,"/file/upload/suc",http.StatusFound) " func Redirect(w ResponseWriter, r *Request, url string, code int) func Serve(l net.Listener, handler Handler) error func ServeTLS(l net.Listener, handler Handler, certFile, keyFile string) error func ServeContent(w ResponseWriter, req *Request, name string, modtime time.Time, ...) // 根據name 文件類型,展示文件內容,或下載 func ServeFile(w ResponseWriter, r *Request, name string) func SetCookie(w ResponseWriter, cookie *Cookie) func StatusText(code int) string func FileServer(root FileSystem) Handler func NotFoundHandler() Handler func RedirectHandler(url string, code int) Handler func StripPrefix(prefix string, h Handler) Handler func TimeoutHandler(h Handler, dt time.Duration, msg string) Handler ``` ### Type ``` type Client func (c *Client) CloseIdleConnections() func (c *Client) Do(req *Request) (*Response, error) func (c *Client) Get(url string) (resp *Response, err error) func (c *Client) Head(url string) (resp *Response, err error) func (c *Client) Post(url, contentType string, body io.Reader) (resp *Response, err error) func (c *Client) PostForm(url string, data url.Values) (resp *Response, err error) . type HandlerFunc func (f HandlerFunc) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) type Header func (h Header) Add(key, value string) func (h Header) Clone() Header func (h Header) Del(key string) func (h Header) Get(key string) string func (h Header) Set(key, value string) func (h Header) Values(key string) []string func (h Header) Write(w io.Writer) error func (h Header) WriteSubset(w io.Writer, exclude map[string]bool) error type Request func NewRequest(method, url string, body io.Reader) (*Request, error) func NewRequestWithContext(ctx context.Context, method, url string, body io.Reader) (*Request, error) func ReadRequest(b *bufio.Reader) (*Request, error) func (r *Request) AddCookie(c *Cookie) func (r *Request) BasicAuth() (username, password string, ok bool) func (r *Request) Clone(ctx context.Context) *Request func (r *Request) Context() context.Context func (r *Request) Cookie(name string) (*Cookie, error) func (r *Request) Cookies() []*Cookie func (r *Request) FormFile(key string) (multipart.File, *multipart.FileHeader, error) func (r *Request) FormValue(key string) string func (r *Request) MultipartReader() (*multipart.Reader, error) func (r *Request) ParseForm() error func (r *Request) ParseMultipartForm(maxMemory int64) error func (r *Request) PostFormValue(key string) string func (r *Request) ProtoAtLeast(major, minor int) bool func (r *Request) Referer() string func (r *Request) SetBasicAuth(username, password string) func (r *Request) UserAgent() string func (r *Request) WithContext(ctx context.Context) *Request func (r *Request) Write(w io.Writer) error func (r *Request) WriteProxy(w io.Writer) error type Response func Get(url string) (resp *Response, err error) func Head(url string) (resp *Response, err error) func Post(url, contentType string, body io.Reader) (resp *Response, err error) func PostForm(url string, data url.Values) (resp *Response, err error) func ReadResponse(r *bufio.Reader, req *Request) (*Response, error) func (r *Response) Cookies() []*Cookie func (r *Response) Location() (*url.URL, error) func (r *Response) ProtoAtLeast(major, minor int) bool func (r *Response) Write(w io.Writer) error type ServeMux func NewServeMux() *ServeMux func (mux *ServeMux) Handle(pattern string, handler Handler) func (mux *ServeMux) HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request)) func (mux *ServeMux) Handler(r *Request) (h Handler, pattern string) func (mux *ServeMux) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) type Server func (srv *Server) Close() error func (srv *Server) ListenAndServe() error func (srv *Server) ListenAndServeTLS(certFile, keyFile string) error func (srv *Server) RegisterOnShutdown(f func()) func (srv *Server) Serve(l net.Listener) error func (srv *Server) ServeTLS(l net.Listener, certFile, keyFile string) error func (srv *Server) SetKeepAlivesEnabled(v bool) func (srv *Server) Shutdown(ctx context.Context) error type Transport func (t *Transport) CancelRequest(req *Request) func (t *Transport) Clone() *Transport func (t *Transport) CloseIdleConnections() func (t *Transport) RegisterProtocol(scheme string, rt RoundTripper) func (t *Transport) RoundTrip(req *Request) (*Response, error) ``` ## 實例 ### hijack http劫持劫持 http 后續自己完全處理connection,一般用于基于HTTP協議的rpc算一個，從HTTP升級到WebSocket ``` func handle1(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { hj, _ := w.(http.Hijacker) conn, buf, _ := hj.Hijack() defer conn.Close() buf.WriteString("hello world") buf.Flush() } func handle2(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello world") } ``` 訪問 ``` > curl -i http://localhost:9090/handle1 hello world > curl -i http://localhost:9090/handle2 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Thu, 14 Jun 2018 07:51:31 GMT Content-Length: 11 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 hello world ``` #### FormFile 單文件上傳 ``` http.HandleFunc("/upload/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { //配置信息 formFile := "file" //form 表單中文件上傳的名字 fileType := []string{".mp3", ".mp4"} //允許上傳的文件類型 fileTypeStatus := false maxFileSize := int64(50 * 1024 * 1024) //最大文件上傳 maxMemory := int64(50 << 20) //50*1024*1024 //最大內存上傳的文件存儲在maxMemory大小的內存里面，如果文件大小超過了maxMemory，那么剩下的部分將存儲在系統的臨時文件中 filePath := "./video/"//文件路徑 if r.Method != http.MethodPost { w.Write([]byte("method is error")) return } r.Body = http.MaxBytesReader(w, r.Body, maxFileSize) e := r.ParseMultipartForm(maxMemory) if e != nil { w.Write([]byte(e.Error())) return } file, header, e := r.FormFile(formFile) if e != nil { w.Write([]byte(e.Error())) return } defer file.Close() //文件類型檢查 for _, v := range fileType { if strings.HasSuffix(header.Filename, v) { fileTypeStatus = true //存在允許的類型 } } if !fileTypeStatus { w.Write([]byte("type is error")) return } //文件類型檢查 end unix := strconv.Itoa(int(time.Now().Unix())) filepath := filePath + unix + "_" + header.Filename f, e := os.OpenFile(filepath, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE, 0666) if e != nil { w.Write([]byte(e.Error())) return } defer f.Close() io.Copy(f, file) w.Write([]byte("success")) }) ``` #### http.NewRequest 設置 http請求 ``` request, _ := http.NewRequest("get", "http://www.bilibili.com", nil) respone, _ := http.DefaultClient.Do(request) all, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(respone.Body) fmt.Printf("%+v\n", string(all)) ``` #### http.Transport 設置http 代理 <details> <summary>main.go</summary> ``` checkErr := func(err error) { if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } } parse, err := url.Parse("http://127.0.0.1:1082") checkErr(err) t := &http.Transport{ Proxy: http.ProxyURL(parse), TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: true}, } c := &http.Client{ Transport: t, Timeout: 10 * time.Second, } // 設置 request head 信息 request, err := http.NewRequest("get", "http://www.google.com/", nil) request.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/56.0.2924.87 Safari/537.36") request.Header.Set("Connection", "keep-alive") res, err := c.Do(request) checkErr(err) // simple ,無法設置head 頭 //res, err := c.Get("http://www.google.com") //checkErr(err) //defer res.Body.Close() all, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body) checkErr(err) fmt.Printf("%+v\n", string(all)) ``` </details> <br /> #### http.DefaultTransport 從環境獲取代理 ``` req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://www.facebook.com/", nil) respone, err := http.DefaultTransport.RoundTrip(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } ``` ### 設置 handle 的方式 #### handleFunc ``` http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { io.WriteString(w, "hello world") }) ``` #### 自定義函數 ``` func newPeopleHandler() http.Handler { return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { fmt.Fprintln(w, "This is the people handler.") }) } mux.Handle("/resources/people/", newPeopleHandler()) ``` ### 結構體實現 Handler 接口 ``` type countHandler struct { mu sync.Mutex // guards n n int } func (h *countHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { h.mu.Lock() defer h.mu.Unlock() h.n++ fmt.Fprintf(w, "count is %d\n", h.n) } func ExampleHandle() { http.Handle("/count", new(countHandler)) log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)) } ``` ### 開啟http 服務的方式 #### ListenAndServe ``` http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { io.WriteString(w, "hello world") }) http.ListenAndServe(":1234", nil) ``` #### http.ListenAndServeTLS ``` http.ListenAndServeTLS(":8443", "cert.pem", "key.pem", nil) ``` #### http.NewServeMux ``` func main() { mux := http.NewServeMux() mux.HandleFunc("/foo", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { fmt.Fprintln(w, "world") }) http.ListenAndServe(":1234", mux) } ``` #### http.Server ``` s := &http.Server{ Addr: ":1234", Handler: nil, ReadTimeout: 10 * time.Second, WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second, MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20, } defer s.Close() s.SetKeepAlivesEnabled(true) idleConnsClosed := make(chan struct{}) go func() { sigint := make(chan os.Signal, 1) signal.Notify(sigint, os.Interrupt) <-sigint err := s.Shutdown(context.Background()) if err != nil { log.Print(err) } close(idleConnsClosed) }() // 退出前觸發,可設置多個 s.RegisterOnShutdown(func() { fmt.Printf("%+v\n", "hello 1") }) s.RegisterOnShutdown(func() { fmt.Printf("%+v\n", "hello 2") }) if err := s.ListenAndServe(); err != nil { log.Println("quit:" + err.Error()) } <-idleConnsClosed ``` #### http.FileServer 開啟文件服務示例1:簡單demo ``` http.ListenAndServe(":1234", http.FileServer(http.Dir("public"))) ``` 示例2:去掉前綴 ``` ├── main.go └── video └── test1.mp4 ``` ``` http.Handle("/video/",http.StripPrefix("/video/",http.FileServer(http.Dir("./video")))) //去掉 /video 前綴 http.ListenAndServe(":8090", nil) ``` 訪問 `http://127.0.0.1:8090/video/test1.mp4` ### 創建帶 timeout 的Requst ``` req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", uri, nil) if err != nil { log.Fatalf("http.NewRequest() failed with '%s'\n", err) } ctx, _ := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Millisecond*100) req = req.WithContext(ctx) ``` ### TimeoutHandler 帶 timeout 的http ``` http.HandleFunc("/", test) timeoutHandler := http.TimeoutHandler(http.DefaultServeMux, 5 * time.Second, "timeout") http.ListenAndServe(":8080", timeoutHandler) ```