# What requires downtime?
> 原文:[https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/what_requires_downtime.html](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/what_requires_downtime.html)
* [Dropping Columns](#dropping-columns)
* [Step 1: Ignoring the column (release M)](#step-1-ignoring-the-column-release-m)
* [Step 2: Dropping the column (release M+1)](#step-2-dropping-the-column-release-m1)
* [Step 3: Removing the ignore rule (release M+2)](#step-3-removing-the-ignore-rule-release-m2)
* [Renaming Columns](#renaming-columns)
* [Step 1: Add The Regular Migration](#step-1-add-the-regular-migration)
* [Step 2: Add A Post-Deployment Migration](#step-2-add-a-post-deployment-migration)
* [Changing Column Constraints](#changing-column-constraints)
* [Changing Column Types](#changing-column-types)
* [Step 1: Create A Regular Migration](#step-1-create-a-regular-migration)
* [Step 2: Create A Post Deployment Migration](#step-2-create-a-post-deployment-migration)
* [Casting data to a new type](#casting-data-to-a-new-type)
* [Changing The Schema For Large Tables](#changing-the-schema-for-large-tables)
* [Adding Indexes](#adding-indexes)
* [Dropping Indexes](#dropping-indexes)
* [Adding Tables](#adding-tables)
* [Dropping Tables](#dropping-tables)
* [Renaming Tables](#renaming-tables)
* [Adding Foreign Keys](#adding-foreign-keys)
* [Removing Foreign Keys](#removing-foreign-keys)
* [Data Migrations](#data-migrations)
# What requires downtime?[](#what-requires-downtime "Permalink")
使用數據庫時,可以在不使 GitLab 脫機的情況下執行某些操作,其他操作確實需要停機時間. 本指南介紹了各種操作,其影響以及如何在不停機的情況下執行這些操作.
## Dropping Columns[](#dropping-columns "Permalink")
刪除列很棘手,因為正在運行的 GitLab 進程可能仍在使用這些列. 為了安全地解決此問題,您需要在三個版本中執行三個步驟:
1. 忽略列(版本 M)
2. 刪除列(版本 M + 1)
3. 刪除忽略規則(版本 M + 2)
之所以將其分布在三個發行版中,是因為刪除列是一種破壞性操作,不易回滾.
遵循此過程可幫助我們確保沒有部署到 GitLab.com 并升級將這些步驟集中在一起的自我管理安裝的過程.
### Step 1: Ignoring the column (release M)[](#step-1-ignoring-the-column-release-m "Permalink")
第一步是忽略應用程序代碼中的列. 這是必要的,因為 Rails 緩存列并在各個地方重復使用此緩存. 這可以通過定義要忽略的列來完成. 例如,要忽略用戶模型中的`updated_at` ,請使用以下命令:
```
class User < ApplicationRecord
include IgnorableColumns
ignore_column :updated_at, remove_with: '12.7', remove_after: '2019-12-22'
end
```
多列也可以忽略:
```
ignore_columns %i[updated_at created_at], remove_with: '12.7', remove_after: '2019-12-22'
```
我們要求通過以下方式指示何時可以安全地刪除列忽略:
* `remove_with` :設置為 GitLab 版本,通常在添加列忽略后兩個版本(M + 2).
* `remove_after` :設置為一個日期,在該日期之后,我們認為通常可以在 M + 2 版本的開發周期內刪除列忽略項.
這些信息使我們能夠更好地推理列忽略,并確保對于常規發行版和部署到 GitLab.com 而言,我們都不會過早刪除列忽略. 例如,這避免了我們部署大量更改的情況,其中包括同時忽略列的更改和隨后刪除列忽略的更改(這將導致停機).
在此示例中,忽略列的更改在 12.5 版中進行.
### Step 2: Dropping the column (release M+1)[](#step-2-dropping-the-column-release-m1 "Permalink")
繼續我們的示例,刪除該列將進入版本 12.6 中*的部署后*遷移:
```
remove_column :user, :updated_at
```
### Step 3: Removing the ignore rule (release M+2)[](#step-3-removing-the-ignore-rule-release-m2 "Permalink")
在下一個版本中,在此示例 12.7 中,我們設置了另一個合并請求以刪除忽略規則. 這將刪除`ignore_column`行,并且如果不再需要,還將`IgnoreableColumns` .
只有在`remove_after`日期過去之后,才應將其與`remove_with`指示的發行版合并.
## Renaming Columns[](#renaming-columns "Permalink")
重命名列通常需要停機,因為在數據庫遷移期間/之后,應用程序可能會繼續使用舊的列名稱. 要在不停機的情況下重命名列,我們需要兩個遷移:常規遷移和部署后遷移. 這些遷移都可以在同一版本中進行.
### Step 1: Add The Regular Migration[](#step-1-add-the-regular-migration "Permalink")
首先,我們需要創建常規遷移. 此遷移應當前使用`Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers#rename_column_concurrently`來執行重命名. 例如
```
# A regular migration in db/migrate
class RenameUsersUpdatedAtToUpdatedAtTimestamp < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
include Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers
disable_ddl_transaction!
def up
rename_column_concurrently :users, :updated_at, :updated_at_timestamp
end
def down
undo_rename_column_concurrently :users, :updated_at, :updated_at_timestamp
end
end
```
這將負責重命名列,確保數據保持同步,通過索引和外鍵進行復制等.
**注意:**如果一列包含 1 個或多個不包含原始列名稱的索引,則上述過程將失敗. 在這種情況下,您首先需要重命名這些索引.
### Step 2: Add A Post-Deployment Migration[](#step-2-add-a-post-deployment-migration "Permalink")
重命名過程需要在部署后遷移中進行一些清理. 我們可以使用`Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers#cleanup_concurrent_column_rename`來執行此清理:
```
# A post-deployment migration in db/post_migrate
class CleanupUsersUpdatedAtRename < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
include Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers
disable_ddl_transaction!
def up
cleanup_concurrent_column_rename :users, :updated_at, :updated_at_timestamp
end
def down
undo_cleanup_concurrent_column_rename :users, :updated_at, :updated_at_timestamp
end
end
```
**注意:**如果要重命名[大表](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/rubocop/rubocop-migrations.yml#L3) ,請仔細考慮第一次遷移已運行但第二次清理遷移尚未運行的狀態. 使用[Canary](https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/infrastructure/library/canary/) ,系統可能會在此狀態下運行大量時間.
## Changing Column Constraints[](#changing-column-constraints "Permalink")
通常,無需停機即可添加或刪除`NOT NULL`子句(或其他約束). 但是,這確實需要*首先*部署所有應用程序更改. 因此,在部署后的遷移中應該發生更改列約束的情況.
避免使用`change_column`因為它會產生無效查詢,因為它會重新定義整個列類型.
您可以針對每個特定用例查看以下指南:
* [Adding foreign-key constraints](migration_style_guide.html#adding-foreign-key-constraints)
* [Adding `NOT NULL` constraints](database/not_null_constraints.html)
* [Adding limits to text columns](database/strings_and_the_text_data_type.html)
## Changing Column Types[](#changing-column-types "Permalink")
可以使用`Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers#change_column_type_concurrently`來更改列的類型. 此方法的工作方式與`rename_column_concurrently`類似. 例如,假設我們要將`users.username`的類型從`string`更改為`text` .
### Step 1: Create A Regular Migration[](#step-1-create-a-regular-migration "Permalink")
常規遷移用于創建具有臨時名稱的新列,并設置一些觸發器以使數據保持同步. 這樣的遷移如下所示:
```
# A regular migration in db/migrate
class ChangeUsersUsernameStringToText < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
include Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers
disable_ddl_transaction!
def up
change_column_type_concurrently :users, :username, :text
end
def down
cleanup_concurrent_column_type_change :users, :username
end
end
```
### Step 2: Create A Post Deployment Migration[](#step-2-create-a-post-deployment-migration "Permalink")
接下來,我們需要使用部署后遷移來清理更改:
```
# A post-deployment migration in db/post_migrate
class ChangeUsersUsernameStringToTextCleanup < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
include Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers
disable_ddl_transaction!
def up
cleanup_concurrent_column_type_change :users, :username
end
def down
change_column_type_concurrently :users, :username, :string
end
end
```
就是這樣,我們完成了!
### Casting data to a new type[](#casting-data-to-a-new-type "Permalink")
某些類型更改需要將數據轉換為新類型. 例如,從`text`更改為`jsonb` . 在這種情況下,請使用`type_cast_function`選項. 確保沒有不良數據,并且投射將始終成功. 您還可以提供一個自定義函數來處理轉換錯誤.
遷移示例:
```
def up
change_column_type_concurrently :users, :settings, :jsonb, type_cast_function: 'jsonb'
end
```
## Changing The Schema For Large Tables[](#changing-the-schema-for-large-tables "Permalink")
雖然`change_column_type_concurrently`和`rename_column_concurrently`可以用于在`rename_column_concurrently`機的情況下更改表的架構,但對于大型表來說,效果并不理想. 由于所有工作都是按順序進行的,因此遷移可能需要很長時間才能完成,從而阻止了部署的進行. 由于數據庫按順序快速更新許多行,因此它們也可能給數據庫帶來很大壓力.
為減輕數據庫壓力,在遷移大表中的列時(例如`issues` ),應改用`change_column_type_using_background_migration`或`rename_column_using_background_migration` . 這些方法的工作方式與并發的類似,但是使用后臺遷移將工作/負載分散在更長的時間段內,而不會減慢部署速度.
例如,要使用后臺遷移來更改列類型:
```
class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
include Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers
disable_ddl_transaction!
class Issue < ActiveRecord::Base
self.table_name = 'issues'
include EachBatch
def self.to_migrate
where('closed_at IS NOT NULL')
end
end
def up
change_column_type_using_background_migration(
Issue.to_migrate,
:closed_at,
:datetime_with_timezone
)
end
def down
change_column_type_using_background_migration(
Issue.to_migrate,
:closed_at,
:datetime
)
end
end
```
這將將`issues.closed_at`的類型更改為`timestamp with time zone` .
請記住,傳遞給`change_column_type_using_background_migration`的關系*必須*包含`EachBatch` ,否則將引發`TypeError` .
然后,此遷移需要在單獨的發行版( *而不是*補丁程序發行版)中進行清除遷移,該清除遷移應從隊列中竊取并處理所有剩余的行. 例如:
```
class MigrateRemainingIssuesClosedAt < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
include Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers
DOWNTIME = false
disable_ddl_transaction!
class Issue < ActiveRecord::Base
self.table_name = 'issues'
include EachBatch
end
def up
Gitlab::BackgroundMigration.steal('CopyColumn')
Gitlab::BackgroundMigration.steal('CleanupConcurrentTypeChange')
migrate_remaining_rows if migrate_column_type?
end
def down
# Previous migrations already revert the changes made here.
end
def migrate_remaining_rows
Issue.where('closed_at_for_type_change IS NULL AND closed_at IS NOT NULL').each_batch do |batch|
batch.update_all('closed_at_for_type_change = closed_at')
end
cleanup_concurrent_column_type_change(:issues, :closed_at)
end
def migrate_column_type?
# Some environments may have already executed the previous version of this
# migration, thus we don't need to migrate those environments again.
column_for('issues', 'closed_at').type == :datetime # rubocop:disable Migration/Datetime
end
end
```
這同樣適用于`rename_column_using_background_migration` :
1. 使用幫助程序創建遷移,該遷移將安排后臺遷移以將寫入分散在更長的時間范圍內.
2. 在下一個每月發行版中,創建清理遷移以從 Sidekiq 隊列中竊取,遷移所有丟失的行并清理重命名. 如果該列已被重命名,則此遷移應在從 Sidekiq 隊列中竊取后跳過步驟.
有關更多信息,請參閱[有關清理后臺遷移的文檔](background_migrations.html#cleaning-up) .
## Adding Indexes[](#adding-indexes "Permalink")
使用`add_concurrent_index`時,添加索引不需要停機.
另請參閱《 [遷移樣式指南》](migration_style_guide.html#adding-indexes) .
## Dropping Indexes[](#dropping-indexes "Permalink")
刪除索引不需要停機.
## Adding Tables[](#adding-tables "Permalink")
此操作是安全的,因為還沒有使用該表的代碼.
## Dropping Tables[](#dropping-tables "Permalink")
使用部署后遷移可以安全地完成刪除表的操作,但前提是應用程序不再使用該表.
## Renaming Tables[](#renaming-tables "Permalink")
重命名表需要停機,因為在數據庫遷移期間/之后,應用程序可能會繼續使用舊表名.
## Adding Foreign Keys[](#adding-foreign-keys "Permalink")
添加外鍵通常需要 3 個步驟:
1. 開始交易
2. 運行`ALTER TABLE`添加約束
3. 檢查所有現有數據
因為`ALTER TABLE`通常會在事務結束之前獲取獨占鎖,所以這意味著該方法將需要停機.
GitLab allows you to work around this by using `Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers#add_concurrent_foreign_key`. This method ensures that no downtime is needed.
## Removing Foreign Keys[](#removing-foreign-keys "Permalink")
此操作不需要停機.
## Data Migrations[](#data-migrations "Permalink")
數據遷移可能很棘手. 遷移數據的通常方法是采取 3 個步驟:
1. 遷移初始數據
2. 部署應用程序代碼
3. 遷移所有剩余數據
通常這有效,但并非總是如此. 例如,如果要將字段的格式從 JSON 更改為其他格式,我們會遇到一些問題. 如果我們在部署應用程序代碼之前更改現有數據,則很可能會遇到錯誤. 另一方面,如果我們在部署應用程序代碼后進行遷移,則可能會遇到相同的問題.
如果您只需要更正一些無效數據,則部署后遷移通常就足夠了. 如果您需要更改數據格式(例如,從 JSON 更改為其他格式),通常最好為新數據格式添加一個新列,然后讓應用程序使用該列. 在這種情況下,程序將是:
1. 以新格式添加新列
2. 將現有數據復制到此新列
3. 部署應用程序代碼
4. In a post-deployment migration, copy over any remaining data
通常,沒有一個萬能的解決方案,因此最好在合并請求中討論此類遷移,以確保以最佳方式實現它們.
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