# SQL Query Guidelines
> 原文:[https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/sql.html](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/sql.html)
* [Using LIKE Statements](#using-like-statements)
* [LIKE & Indexes](#like--indexes)
* [Reliably referencing database columns](#reliably-referencing-database-columns)
* [Good (prefer)](#good-prefer)
* [Bad (avoid)](#bad-avoid)
* [Plucking IDs](#plucking-ids)
* [Inherit from ApplicationRecord](#inherit-from-applicationrecord)
* [Use UNIONs](#use-unions)
* [Ordering by Creation Date](#ordering-by-creation-date)
* [Use WHERE EXISTS instead of WHERE IN](#use-where-exists-instead-of-where-in)
* [`.find_or_create_by` is not atomic](#find_or_create_by-is-not-atomic)
# SQL Query Guidelines[](#sql-query-guidelines "Permalink")
本文檔介紹了使用 ActiveRecord / Arel 或原始 SQL 查詢編寫 SQL 查詢時要遵循的各種準則.
## Using LIKE Statements[](#using-like-statements "Permalink")
搜索數據的最常見方法是使用`LIKE`語句. 例如,要獲取標題以" WIP:"開頭的所有問題,您可以編寫以下查詢:
```
SELECT *
FROM issues
WHERE title LIKE 'WIP:%';
```
在 PostgreSQL 上, `LIKE`語句區分大小寫. 要執行不區分大小寫的`LIKE` ,必須改為使用`ILIKE` .
要自動處理此問題,您應該使用 Arel 而不是原始 SQL 片段使用`LIKE`查詢,因為 Arel 在 PostgreSQL 上自動使用`ILIKE` .
```
Issue.where('title LIKE ?', 'WIP:%')
```
您可以這樣寫:
```
Issue.where(Issue.arel_table[:title].matches('WIP:%'))
```
根據所使用的數據庫,此處的`matches`生成正確的`LIKE` / `ILIKE`語句.
如果您需要鏈接多個`OR`條件,也可以使用 Arel 進行此操作:
```
table = Issue.arel_table
Issue.where(table[:title].matches('WIP:%').or(table[:foo].matches('WIP:%')))
```
在 PostgreSQL 上,這將產生:
```
SELECT *
FROM issues
WHERE (title ILIKE 'WIP:%' OR foo ILIKE 'WIP:%')
```
## LIKE & Indexes[](#like--indexes "Permalink")
在一開始使用帶有通配符的`LIKE` / `ILIKE`時,PostgreSQL 將不使用任何索引. 例如,這將不使用任何索引:
```
SELECT *
FROM issues
WHERE title ILIKE '%WIP:%';
```
因為`ILIKE`的值以通配符開頭,所以數據庫無法使用索引,因為它不知道從何處開始掃描索引.
幸運的是,PostgreSQL *確實*提供了一種解決方案:trigram GIN 索引. 可以如下創建這些索引:
```
CREATE INDEX [CONCURRENTLY] index_name_here
ON table_name
USING GIN(column_name gin_trgm_ops);
```
這里的關鍵是`GIN(column_name gin_trgm_ops)`部分. 這將創建一個[GIN 索引](https://s0www0postgresql0org.icopy.site/docs/current/gin.html) ,并將操作符類設置為`gin_trgm_ops` . 這些索引*可*通過使用`ILIKE` / `LIKE` ,并可能導致大大改進的性能. 這些索引的缺點之一是它們很容易變大(取決于索引的數據量).
為了使這些索引的命名保持一致,請使用以下命名模式:
```
index_TABLE_on_COLUMN_trigram
```
例如,一個`issues.title`的 GIN / `issues.title`索引將稱為`index_issues_on_title_trigram` .
Due to these indexes taking quite some time to be built they should be built concurrently. This can be done by using `CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY` instead of just `CREATE INDEX`. Concurrent indexes can *not* be created inside a transaction. Transactions for migrations can be disabled using the following pattern:
```
class MigrationName < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
disable_ddl_transaction!
end
```
例如:
```
class AddUsersLowerUsernameEmailIndexes < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
disable_ddl_transaction!
def up
execute 'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_on_users_lower_username ON users (LOWER(username));'
execute 'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_on_users_lower_email ON users (LOWER(email));'
end
def down
remove_index :users, :index_on_users_lower_username
remove_index :users, :index_on_users_lower_email
end
end
```
## Reliably referencing database columns[](#reliably-referencing-database-columns "Permalink")
默認情況下,ActiveRecord 返回查詢的數據庫表中的所有列. 在某些情況下,可能需要自定義返回的行,例如:
* 僅指定幾列以減少從數據庫返回的數據量.
* 包括`JOIN`關系中的列.
* 執行計算( `SUM` , `COUNT` ).
在此示例中,我們指定列,但不指定其表:
* `projects`表的`path`
* `merge_requests`表中的`user_id`
查詢:
```
# bad, avoid
Project.select("path, user_id").joins(:merge_requests) # SELECT path, user_id FROM "projects" ...
```
稍后,一項新功能將一個額外的列添加到`projects`表: `user_id` . 在部署期間,可能會在很短的時間范圍內執行數據庫遷移,但是尚未部署新版本的應用程序代碼. 當上述查詢在此期間執行時,查詢將失敗,并顯示以下錯誤消息: `PG::AmbiguousColumn: ERROR: column reference "user_id" is ambiguous`
問題是由從數據庫中選擇屬性的方式引起的. 的`user_id`列存在于兩個`users`和`merge_requests`表. 查詢計劃者無法確定在查找`user_id`列時要使用哪個表.
在編寫自定義的`SELECT`語句時,最好**使用表名明確指定列** .
### Good (prefer)[](#good-prefer "Permalink")
```
Project.select(:path, 'merge_requests.user_id').joins(:merge_requests)
# SELECT "projects"."path", merge_requests.user_id as user_id FROM "projects" ...
```
```
Project.select(:path, :'merge_requests.user_id').joins(:merge_requests)
# SELECT "projects"."path", "merge_requests"."id" as user_id FROM "projects" ...
```
使用 Arel( `arel_table` )的示例:
```
Project.select(:path, MergeRequest.arel_table[:user_id]).joins(:merge_requests)
# SELECT "projects"."path", "merge_requests"."user_id" FROM "projects" ...
```
編寫原始 SQL 查詢時:
```
SELECT projects.path, merge_requests.user_id FROM "projects"...
```
When the raw SQL query is parameterized (needs escaping):
```
include ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Quoting
"""
SELECT #{quote_table_name('projects')}.#{quote_column_name('path')}, #{quote_table_name('merge_requests')}.#{quote_column_name('user_id')} FROM ...
"""
```
### Bad (avoid)[](#bad-avoid "Permalink")
```
Project.select('id, path, user_id').joins(:merge_requests).to_sql
# SELECT id, path, user_id FROM "projects" ...
```
```
Project.select("path", "user_id").joins(:merge_requests)
# SELECT "projects"."path", "user_id" FROM "projects" ...
# or
Project.select(:path, :user_id).joins(:merge_requests)
# SELECT "projects"."path", "user_id" FROM "projects" ...
```
給定列列表后,ActiveRecord 嘗試將參數與`projects`表中定義的列進行匹配,并自動在表名前添加前綴. 在這種情況下, `id`列不會有問題,但是`user_id`列可能返回意外數據:
```
Project.select(:id, :user_id).joins(:merge_requests)
# Before deployment (user_id is taken from the merge_requests table):
# SELECT "projects"."id", "user_id" FROM "projects" ...
# After deployment (user_id is taken from the projects table):
# SELECT "projects"."id", "projects"."user_id" FROM "projects" ...
```
## Plucking IDs[](#plucking-ids "Permalink")
這還不夠強調: **永遠不要**使用 ActiveRecord 的`pluck`將一組值插入內存中,而只是將它們用作另一個查詢的參數. 例如,這將使數據庫**非常**悲傷:
```
projects = Project.all.pluck(:id)
MergeRequest.where(source_project_id: projects)
```
相反,您可以只使用性能更好的子查詢:
```
MergeRequest.where(source_project_id: Project.all.select(:id))
```
*唯一*應該使用`pluck`時間是您實際上需要對 Ruby 本身中的值進行操作(例如,將它們寫入文件中)時. 在幾乎所有其他情況下,您都應該問自己"我不僅可以使用子查詢嗎?".
根據我們的`CodeReuse/ActiveRecord`締約方會議,您應僅在模型代碼中使用諸如`pluck(:id)`或`pluck(:user_id)`之類的形式. 在前一種情況下,可以改用`ApplicationRecord` `.pluck_primary_key`幫助器方法. 在后者中,您應該在相關模型中添加一個小的輔助方法.
## Inherit from ApplicationRecord[](#inherit-from-applicationrecord "Permalink")
GitLab 代碼庫中的大多數模型應繼承自`ApplicationRecord` ,而不是`ActiveRecord::Base` . 這樣可以輕松添加輔助方法.
在數據庫遷移中創建的模型存在此規則的例外. 由于這些應與應用程序代碼隔離,因此它們應繼續從`ActiveRecord::Base`繼承子類.
## Use UNIONs[](#use-unions "Permalink")
UNION 在大多數 Rails 應用程序中并不是很常用,但是它們非常強大且有用. 在大多數應用程序中,查詢傾向于使用大量 JOIN 來獲取相關數據或基于特定條件的數據,但是 JOIN 性能會隨著所涉及數據的增長而迅速惡化.
例如,如果要獲取名稱包含值*或*名稱空間名稱包含值的項目列表,大多數人會編寫以下查詢:
```
SELECT *
FROM projects
JOIN namespaces ON namespaces.id = projects.namespace_id
WHERE projects.name ILIKE '%gitlab%'
OR namespaces.name ILIKE '%gitlab%';
```
使用大型數據庫,此查詢可能很容易花費大約 800 毫秒來運行. 使用 UNION,我們改為編寫以下內容:
```
SELECT projects.*
FROM projects
WHERE projects.name ILIKE '%gitlab%'
UNION
SELECT projects.*
FROM projects
JOIN namespaces ON namespaces.id = projects.namespace_id
WHERE namespaces.name ILIKE '%gitlab%';
```
反過來,此查詢只需要 15 毫秒即可完成,同時返回完全相同的記錄.
這并不意味著您應該在所有地方開始使用 UNION,但是在查詢中使用大量 JOIN 并根據聯接的數據過濾掉記錄時要牢記這一點.
GitLab 帶有一個`Gitlab::SQL::Union`類,可用于構建多個`ActiveRecord::Relation`對象的 UNION. 您可以按如下方式使用此類:
```
union = Gitlab::SQL::Union.new([projects, more_projects, ...])
Project.from("(#{union.to_sql}) projects")
```
## Ordering by Creation Date[](#ordering-by-creation-date "Permalink")
根據記錄的創建時間對記錄進行排序時,只需按`id`列進行排序即可,而不必按`created_at`進行排序. 因為 ID 始終是唯一的,并且按照創建行的順序遞增,所以這將產生完全相同的結果. 這也意味著,由于默認情況下已經對`id`進行了索引,因此無需在`created_at`上添加索引以確保一致的性能.
## Use WHERE EXISTS instead of WHERE IN[](#use-where-exists-instead-of-where-in "Permalink")
雖然可以使用`WHERE IN`和`WHERE EXISTS`來生成相同的數據,但建議盡可能使用`WHERE EXISTS` . 盡管在許多情況下 PostgreSQL 可以很好地優化`WHERE IN`但在許多情況下`WHERE EXISTS`會好得多.
在 Rails 中,您必須通過創建 SQL 片段來使用它:
```
Project.where('EXISTS (?)', User.select(1).where('projects.creator_id = users.id AND users.foo = X'))
```
然后,將按照以下內容生成查詢:
```
SELECT *
FROM projects
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM users
WHERE projects.creator_id = users.id
AND users.foo = X
)
```
## `.find_or_create_by` is not atomic[](#find_or_create_by-is-not-atomic "Permalink")
`.find_or_create_by`和`.first_or_create`等方法的固有模式是它們不是原子的. 這意味著,它首先運行`SELECT` ,如果沒有結果,則執行`INSERT` . 考慮到并發過程,因此存在競爭條件,這可能導致嘗試插入兩個相似的記錄. 例如,這可能是不希望的,或者可能由于約束沖突而導致查詢之一失敗.
使用事務不能解決此問題.
為了解決這個問題,我們添加了`ApplicationRecord.safe_find_or_create_by` .
可以像平常的`find_or_create_by`一樣使用此方法,但是它將調用包裝在*新*事務中,如果由于`ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique`錯誤而失敗,則將重試.
為了能夠使用此方法,請確保要在其上使用的模型繼承自`ApplicationRecord` .
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