# Page objects in GitLab QA
> 原文:[https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/testing_guide/end_to_end/page_objects.html](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/testing_guide/end_to_end/page_objects.html)
* [Why do we need that?](#why-do-we-need-that)
* [What problems did we have in the past?](#what-problems-did-we-have-in-the-past)
* [How did we solve fragile tests problem?](#how-did-we-solve-fragile-tests-problem)
* [How to properly implement a page object?](#how-to-properly-implement-a-page-object)
* [Defining Elements](#defining-elements)
* [Adding Elements to a View](#adding-elements-to-a-view)
* [`data-qa-selector` vs `.qa-selector`](#data-qa-selector-vs-qa-selector)
* [Dynamic element selection](#dynamic-element-selection)
* [Examples](#examples)
* [Exceptions](#exceptions)
* [Define Page concerns](#define-page-concerns)
* [Running the test locally](#running-the-test-locally)
* [Where to ask for help?](#where-to-ask-for-help)
# Page objects in GitLab QA[](#page-objects-in-gitlab-qa "Permalink")
在 GitLab 質量檢查中,我們使用一種稱為*Page Objects*的已知模式.
這意味著我們已經為用于驅動 GitLab 質量檢查方案的 GitLab 中的所有頁面建立了抽象. 每當我們在頁面上執行某項操作(例如填寫表單或單擊按鈕)時,我們僅通過與該 GitLab 區域相關聯的頁面對象來執行此操作.
例如,當 GitLab QA 測試工具登錄到 GitLab 時,它需要填寫用戶登錄名和用戶密碼. 為此,我們有一個名為`Page::Main::Login`和`sign_in_using_credentials`方法的類,這是代碼中僅有的一部分,它具有有關`user_login`和`user_password`字段的知識.
## Why do we need that?[](#why-do-we-need-that "Permalink")
我們需要頁面對象,因為只要有人在 GitLab 的源代碼中更改某些選擇器,我們就需要減少重復并避免出現問題.
想象一下,我們在 GitLab 質量檢查中有 100 個規格,并且在每次聲明之前我們都需要登錄 GitLab. 如果沒有頁面對象,則需要依靠易失性助手或直接調用 Capybara 方法. 想象一下在每個`*_spec.rb`文件/測試示例中調用`fill_in :user_login` .
以后有人在與此頁面關聯的視圖`t.text_field :login`更改為`t.text_field :username` ,它將生成一個不同的字段標識符,這將有效地破壞所有測試.
因為我們到處都在使用`Page::Main::Login.perform(&:sign_in_using_credentials)` ,所以當我們要登錄到 GitLab 時,頁面對象是唯一的事實來源,我們需要將`fill_in :user_login`更新為`fill_in :user_username`只能放在一個位置.
## What problems did we have in the past?[](#what-problems-did-we-have-in-the-past "Permalink")
由于性能原因以及構建軟件包和測試所有內容所花費的時間,我們不會針對每次提交都運行 QA 測試.
這就是為什么當有人在*新的會話*視圖中將`t.text_field :login`更改為`t.text_field :username` ,直到我們的 GitLab QA 夜間管道失敗或有人觸發了他們的`package-and-qa`操作,我們才知道這一更改.合并請求.
顯然,這樣的更改將破壞所有測試. 我們稱這個問題為*脆弱的測試問題* .
為了使 GitLab QA 更加可靠和健壯,我們必須通過在 GitLab CE / EE 視圖與 GitLab QA 之間引入耦合來解決此問題.
## How did we solve fragile tests problem?[](#how-did-we-solve-fragile-tests-problem "Permalink")
當前,當您添加新的`Page::Base`派生類時,還需要定義頁面對象所依賴的所有選擇器.
Whenever you push your code to CE / EE repository, `qa:selectors` sanity test job is going to be run as a part of a CI pipeline.
此測試將驗證我們在`qa/page`目錄中實現的所有頁面對象. 失敗時,將通知您有關丟失的或無效的視圖/選擇器定義的信息.
## How to properly implement a page object?[](#how-to-properly-implement-a-page-object "Permalink")
我們建立了一個 DSL 來定義頁面對象和它實際實現的 GitLab 視圖之間的耦合. 請參閱下面的示例.
```
module Page
module Main
class Login < Page::Base
view 'app/views/devise/passwords/edit.html.haml' do
element :password_field
element :password_confirmation
element :change_password_button
end
view 'app/views/devise/sessions/_new_base.html.haml' do
element :login_field
element :password_field
element :sign_in_button
end
# ...
end
end
end
```
### Defining Elements[](#defining-elements "Permalink")
`view` DSL 方法將對應于渲染元素的 rails View,partial 或 Vue 組件.
`element` DSL 方法依次聲明一個元素,需要將其相應的`data-qa-selector=element_name_snaked`數據屬性添加到視圖文件中.
您還可以定義一個值(字符串或正則表達式)以匹配實際的視圖代碼,但是出于兩個原因, **不**建議使用上述方法,建議使用該值:
* 一致性:只有一種定義元素的方法
* 關注點分離:QA 使用專用的`data-qa-*`屬性,而不是重用其他組件使用的代碼或類(例如`js-*`類等)
```
view 'app/views/my/view.html.haml' do
### Good ###
# Implicitly require the CSS selector `[data-qa-selector="logout_button"]` to be present in the view
element :logout_button
### Bad ###
## This is deprecated and forbidden by the `QA/ElementWithPattern` RuboCop cop.
# Require `f.submit "Sign in"` to be present in `my/view.html.haml
element :my_button, 'f.submit "Sign in"' # rubocop:disable QA/ElementWithPattern
## This is deprecated and forbidden by the `QA/ElementWithPattern` RuboCop cop.
# Match every line in `my/view.html.haml` against
# `/link_to .* "My Profile"/` regexp.
element :profile_link, /link_to .* "My Profile"/ # rubocop:disable QA/ElementWithPattern
end
```
### Adding Elements to a View[](#adding-elements-to-a-view "Permalink")
鑒于以下要素...
```
view 'app/views/my/view.html.haml' do
element :login_field
element :password_field
element :sign_in_button
end
```
要將這些元素添加到視圖,必須通過為定義的每個元素添加`data-qa-selector`屬性來更改 rails View,Partial 或 Vue 組件.
在我們的示例中, `data-qa-selector="login_field"` , `data-qa-selector="password_field"`和`data-qa-selector="sign_in_button"`
**app/views/my/view.html.haml**
```
= f.text_field :login, class: "form-control top", autofocus: "autofocus", autocapitalize: "off", autocorrect: "off", required: true, title: "This field is required.", data: { qa_selector: 'login_field' }
= f.password_field :password, class: "form-control bottom", required: true, title: "This field is required.", data: { qa_selector: 'password_field' }
= f.submit "Sign in", class: "btn btn-success", data: { qa_selector: 'sign_in_button' }
```
注意事項:
* 元素的名稱和`qa_selector`必須匹配并使用 snake_cased
* 如果該元素無條件顯示在頁面上,請向該元素添加`required: true` . 請參閱[動態元素驗證](dynamic_element_validation.html)
* 您可能會在現有的頁面對象中看到`.qa-selector`類. 我們應該使用[`data-qa-selector`](#data-qa-selector-vs-qa-selector)定義方法,而不是`.qa-selector` CSS 類.
### `data-qa-selector` vs `.qa-selector`[](#data-qa-selector-vs-qa-selector "Permalink")
在 GitLab 12.1 中引入
在視圖中定義元素有兩種支持的方法.
1. `data-qa-selector` attribute
2. `.qa-selector` class
任何現有的`.qa-selector`類都應視為已棄用,我們應該更喜歡`data-qa-selector`定義方法.
### Dynamic element selection[](#dynamic-element-selection "Permalink")
在 GitLab 12.5 中引入
自動化測試中常見的一種情況是選擇一個"多對多"元素. 在幾個項目的列表中,如何區分選擇的內容? 最常見的解決方法是通過文本匹配. 相反,更好的做法是通過唯一標識符而不是文本來匹配該特定元素.
我們通過添加`data-qa-*`可擴展選擇機制來解決此問題.
#### Examples[](#examples "Permalink")
**例子 1**
給出以下 Rails 視圖(以 GitLab Issues 為例):
```
%ul.issues-list
- @issues.each do |issue|
%li.issue{data: { qa_selector: 'issue', qa_issue_title: issue.title } }= link_to issue
```
我們可以通過在 Rails 模型上進行匹配來選擇特定的問題.
```
class Page::Project::Issues::Index < Page::Base
def has_issue?(issue)
has_element? :issue, issue_title: issue
end
end
```
在我們的測試中,我們可以驗證此特定問題的存在.
```
describe 'Issue' do
it 'has an issue titled "hello"' do
Page::Project::Issues::Index.perform do |index|
expect(index).to have_issue('hello')
end
end
end
```
**例子 2**
*通過索引…*
```
%ol
- @some_model.each_with_index do |model, idx|
%li.model{ data: { qa_selector: 'model', qa_index: idx } }
```
```
expect(the_page).to have_element(:model, index: 1) #=> select on the first model that appears in the list
```
### Exceptions[](#exceptions "Permalink")
在某些情況下,可能無法或不值得添加選擇器.
一些 UI 組件使用外部庫,包括一些第三方維護的庫. 即使 GitLab 維護了一個庫,選擇器的健全性測試也只能在 GitLab 項目中的代碼上運行,因此無法為庫中的代碼指定視圖的路徑.
在這種罕見的情況下,在頁面對象方法中使用 CSS 選擇器是合理的,并帶有注釋說明為什么不能添加`element`原因.
### Define Page concerns[](#define-page-concerns "Permalink")
某些頁面具有共同的行為,并且/或者在特定于 EE 的模塊之前添加了特定于 EE 的方法.
These modules must:
1. 從`QA::Page::PageConcern`模塊`extend QA::Page::PageConcern` ,并`extend QA::Page::PageConcern` .
2. 重寫`self.prepended`方法,如果他們需要`include` / `prepend`其他模塊本身,和/或定義`view`或`elements` .
3. 將`super`稱為`self.prepended`的第一件事.
4. 包含/添加其他模塊,并在`base.class_eval`塊中定義其`view` / `elements` ,以確保在添加模塊的類中定義了它們.
這些步驟確保健全性選擇器檢查將正確檢測到問題.
例如, `qa/qa/ee/page/merge_request/show.rb`將 EE 特定方法添加到`qa/qa/page/merge_request/show.rb` (帶有`QA::Page::MergeRequest::Show.prepend_if_ee('QA::EE::Page::MergeRequest::Show')` ),其實現方式如下(僅顯示相關部分,并使用內嵌注釋引用上述 4 個步驟):
```
module QA
module EE
module Page
module MergeRequest
module Show
extend QA::Page::PageConcern # 1.
def self.prepended(base) # 2.
super # 3.
base.class_eval do # 4.
prepend Page::Component::LicenseManagement
view 'app/assets/javascripts/vue_merge_request_widget/components/states/sha_mismatch.vue' do
element :head_mismatch, "The source branch HEAD has recently changed."
end
[...]
end
end
end
end
end
end
end
```
## Running the test locally[](#running-the-test-locally "Permalink")
在開發過程中,您可以運行以下命令來運行`qa:selectors`測試
```
bin/qa Test::Sanity::Selectors
```
從`qa`目錄中.
## Where to ask for help?[](#where-to-ask-for-help "Permalink")
如果您需要更多信息,請在 Slack 上的`#quality`頻道(僅限內部,GitLab 團隊)上尋求幫助.
如果你不是一個團隊成員,你仍然需要幫助的貢獻,請打開 GitLab CE 問題追蹤的一個問題`~QA`標簽.
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