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                合規國際互聯網加速 OSASE為企業客戶提供高速穩定SD-WAN國際加速解決方案。 廣告
                ### 導航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄") - [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") | - [下一頁](stdlib2.xhtml "11. 標準庫簡介 —— 第二部分") | - [上一頁](classes.xhtml "9. 類") | - ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/a721fc7ec672275e257bbbfde49a4d4e_16x16.png) - [Python](https://www.python.org/) ? - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ? - [Python 教程](index.xhtml) ? - $('.inline-search').show(0); | # 10. 標準庫簡介 ## 10.1. 操作系統接口 [`os`](../library/os.xhtml#module-os "os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces.") 模塊提供了許多與操作系統交互的函數: ``` >>> import os >>> os.getcwd() # Return the current working directory 'C:\\Python37' >>> os.chdir('/server/accesslogs') # Change current working directory >>> os.system('mkdir today') # Run the command mkdir in the system shell 0 ``` 一定要使用 `import os` 而不是 `from os import *` 。這將避免內建的 [`open()`](../library/functions.xhtml#open "open") 函數被 [`os.open()`](../library/os.xhtml#os.open "os.open") 隱式替換掉,它們的使用方式大不相同。 內置的 [`dir()`](../library/functions.xhtml#dir "dir") 和 [`help()`](../library/functions.xhtml#help "help") 函數可用作交互式輔助工具,用于處理大型模塊,如 [`os`](../library/os.xhtml#module-os "os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."): ``` >>> import os >>> dir(os) <returns a list of all module functions> >>> help(os) <returns an extensive manual page created from the module's docstrings> ``` 對于日常文件和目錄管理任務, [`shutil`](../library/shutil.xhtml#module-shutil "shutil: High-level file operations, including copying.") 模塊提供了更易于使用的更高級別的接口: ``` >>> import shutil >>> shutil.copyfile('data.db', 'archive.db') 'archive.db' >>> shutil.move('/build/executables', 'installdir') 'installdir' ``` ## 10.2. 文件通配符 [`glob`](../library/glob.xhtml#module-glob "glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion.") 模塊提供了一個在目錄中使用通配符搜索創建文件列表的函數: ``` >>> import glob >>> glob.glob('*.py') ['primes.py', 'random.py', 'quote.py'] ``` ## 10.3. 命令行參數 通用實用程序腳本通常需要處理命令行參數。這些參數作為列表存儲在 [`sys`](../library/sys.xhtml#module-sys "sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions.") 模塊的 *argv* 屬性中。例如,以下輸出來自在命令行運行 `python demo.py one two three` ``` >>> import sys >>> print(sys.argv) ['demo.py', 'one', 'two', 'three'] ``` [`getopt`](../library/getopt.xhtml#module-getopt "getopt: Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names.") 模塊使用Unix [`getopt()`](../library/getopt.xhtml#module-getopt "getopt: Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names.") 函數的約定來處理 *sys.argv* 。 [`argparse`](../library/argparse.xhtml#module-argparse "argparse: Command-line option and argument parsing library.") 模塊提供了更強大,更靈活的命令行參數處理。 ## 10.4. 錯誤輸出重定向和程序終止 [`sys`](../library/sys.xhtml#module-sys "sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions.") 模塊還具有 *stdin* , *stdout* 和 *stderr* 的屬性。后者對于發出警告和錯誤消息非常有用,即使在 *stdout* 被重定向后也可以看到它們: ``` >>> sys.stderr.write('Warning, log file not found starting a new one\n') Warning, log file not found starting a new one ``` 終止腳本的最直接方法是使用 `sys.exit()` 。 ## 10.5. 字符串模式匹配 [`re`](../library/re.xhtml#module-re "re: Regular expression operations.") 模塊為高級字符串處理提供正則表達式工具。對于復雜的匹配和操作,正則表達式提供簡潔,優化的解決方案: ``` >>> import re >>> re.findall(r'\bf[a-z]*', 'which foot or hand fell fastest') ['foot', 'fell', 'fastest'] >>> re.sub(r'(\b[a-z]+) \1', r'\1', 'cat in the the hat') 'cat in the hat' ``` 當只需要簡單的功能時,首選字符串方法因為它們更容易閱讀和調試: ``` >>> 'tea for too'.replace('too', 'two') 'tea for two' ``` ## 10.6. 數學 [`math`](../library/math.xhtml#module-math "math: Mathematical functions (sin() etc.).") 模塊提供對浮點數學的底層C庫函數的訪問: ``` >>> import math >>> math.cos(math.pi / 4) 0.70710678118654757 >>> math.log(1024, 2) 10.0 ``` [`random`](../library/random.xhtml#module-random "random: Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions.") 模塊提供了進行隨機選擇的工具: ``` >>> import random >>> random.choice(['apple', 'pear', 'banana']) 'apple' >>> random.sample(range(100), 10) # sampling without replacement [30, 83, 16, 4, 8, 81, 41, 50, 18, 33] >>> random.random() # random float 0.17970987693706186 >>> random.randrange(6) # random integer chosen from range(6) 4 ``` [`statistics`](../library/statistics.xhtml#module-statistics "statistics: mathematical statistics functions") 模塊計算數值數據的基本統計屬性(均值,中位數,方差等): ``` >>> import statistics >>> data = [2.75, 1.75, 1.25, 0.25, 0.5, 1.25, 3.5] >>> statistics.mean(data) 1.6071428571428572 >>> statistics.median(data) 1.25 >>> statistics.variance(data) 1.3720238095238095 ``` SciPy項目 <<https://scipy.org>> 有許多其他模塊用于數值計算。 ## 10.7. 互聯網訪問 有許多模塊可用于訪問互聯網和處理互聯網協議。其中兩個最簡單的 [`urllib.request`](../library/urllib.request.xhtml#module-urllib.request "urllib.request: Extensible library for opening URLs.") 用于從URL檢索數據,以及 [`smtplib`](../library/smtplib.xhtml#module-smtplib "smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets).") 用于發送郵件: ``` >>> from urllib.request import urlopen >>> with urlopen('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl') as response: ... for line in response: ... line = line.decode('utf-8') # Decoding the binary data to text. ... if 'EST' in line or 'EDT' in line: # look for Eastern Time ... print(line) <BR>Nov. 25, 09:43:32 PM EST >>> import smtplib >>> server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost') >>> server.sendmail('soothsayer@example.org', 'jcaesar@example.org', ... """To: jcaesar@example.org ... From: soothsayer@example.org ... ... Beware the Ides of March. ... """) >>> server.quit() ``` (請注意,第二個示例需要在localhost上運行的郵件服務器。) ## 10.8. 日期和時間 [`datetime`](../library/datetime.xhtml#module-datetime "datetime: Basic date and time types.") 模塊提供了以簡單和復雜的方式操作日期和時間的類。雖然支持日期和時間算法,但實現的重點是有效的成員提取以進行輸出格式化和操作。該模塊還支持可感知時區的對象。 ``` >>> # dates are easily constructed and formatted >>> from datetime import date >>> now = date.today() >>> now datetime.date(2003, 12, 2) >>> now.strftime("%m-%d-%y. %d %b %Y is a %A on the %d day of %B.") '12-02-03. 02 Dec 2003 is a Tuesday on the 02 day of December.' >>> # dates support calendar arithmetic >>> birthday = date(1964, 7, 31) >>> age = now - birthday >>> age.days 14368 ``` ## 10.9. 數據壓縮 常見的數據存檔和壓縮格式由模塊直接支持,包括:[`zlib`](../library/zlib.xhtml#module-zlib "zlib: Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip."), [`gzip`](../library/gzip.xhtml#module-gzip "gzip: Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects."), [`bz2`](../library/bz2.xhtml#module-bz2 "bz2: Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression."), [`lzma`](../library/lzma.xhtml#module-lzma "lzma: A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library."), [`zipfile`](../library/zipfile.xhtml#module-zipfile "zipfile: Read and write ZIP-format archive files.") 和 [`tarfile`](../library/tarfile.xhtml#module-tarfile "tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files.")。: ``` >>> import zlib >>> s = b'witch which has which witches wrist watch' >>> len(s) 41 >>> t = zlib.compress(s) >>> len(t) 37 >>> zlib.decompress(t) b'witch which has which witches wrist watch' >>> zlib.crc32(s) 226805979 ``` ## 10.10. 性能測量 一些Python用戶對了解同一問題的不同方法的相對性能產生了濃厚的興趣。 Python提供了一種可以立即回答這些問題的測量工具。 例如,元組封包和拆包功能相比傳統的交換參數可能更具吸引力。[`timeit`](../library/timeit.xhtml#module-timeit "timeit: Measure the execution time of small code snippets.") 模塊可以快速演示在運行效率方面一定的優勢: ``` >>> from timeit import Timer >>> Timer('t=a; a=b; b=t', 'a=1; b=2').timeit() 0.57535828626024577 >>> Timer('a,b = b,a', 'a=1; b=2').timeit() 0.54962537085770791 ``` 與 [`timeit`](../library/timeit.xhtml#module-timeit "timeit: Measure the execution time of small code snippets.") 的精細粒度級別相反, [`profile`](../library/profile.xhtml#module-profile "profile: Python source profiler.") 和 [`pstats`](../library/profile.xhtml#module-pstats "pstats: Statistics object for use with the profiler.") 模塊提供了用于在較大的代碼塊中識別時間關鍵部分的工具。 ## 10.11. 質量控制 開發高質量軟件的一種方法是在開發過程中為每個函數編寫測試,并在開發過程中經常運行這些測試。 [`doctest`](../library/doctest.xhtml#module-doctest "doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings.") 模塊提供了一個工具,用于掃描模塊并驗證程序文檔字符串中嵌入的測試。測試構造就像將典型調用及其結果剪切并粘貼到文檔字符串一樣簡單。這通過向用戶提供示例來改進文檔,并且它允許doctest模塊確保代碼保持對文檔的真實: ``` def average(values): """Computes the arithmetic mean of a list of numbers. >>> print(average([20, 30, 70])) 40.0 """ return sum(values) / len(values) import doctest doctest.testmod() # automatically validate the embedded tests ``` [`unittest`](../library/unittest.xhtml#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") 模塊不像 [`doctest`](../library/doctest.xhtml#module-doctest "doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings.") 模塊那樣易于使用,但它允許在一個單獨的文件中維護更全面的測試集: ``` import unittest class TestStatisticalFunctions(unittest.TestCase): def test_average(self): self.assertEqual(average([20, 30, 70]), 40.0) self.assertEqual(round(average([1, 5, 7]), 1), 4.3) with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError): average([]) with self.assertRaises(TypeError): average(20, 30, 70) unittest.main() # Calling from the command line invokes all tests ``` ## 10.12. 自帶電池 Python有“自帶電池”的理念。通過其包的復雜和強大功能可以最好地看到這一點。例如: - [`xmlrpc.client`](../library/xmlrpc.client.xhtml#module-xmlrpc.client "xmlrpc.client: XML-RPC client access.") 和 [`xmlrpc.server`](../library/xmlrpc.server.xhtml#module-xmlrpc.server "xmlrpc.server: Basic XML-RPC server implementations.") 模塊使遠程過程調用實現了幾乎無關緊要的任務。盡管有模塊名稱,但不需要直接了解或處理XML。 - [`email`](../library/email.xhtml#module-email "email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages.") 包是一個用于管理電子郵件的庫,包括MIME和其他:基于 [**RFC 2822**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html\] 的郵件文檔。與 [`smtplib`](../library/smtplib.xhtml#module-smtplib "smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets).") 和 [`poplib`](../library/poplib.xhtml#module-poplib "poplib: POP3 protocol client (requires sockets).") 實際上發送和接收消息不同,電子郵件包具有完整的工具集,用于構建或解碼復雜的消息結構(包括附件)以及實現互聯網編碼和標頭協議。 - [`json`](../library/json.xhtml#module-json "json: Encode and decode the JSON format.") 包為解析這種流行的數據交換格式提供了強大的支持。 [`csv`](../library/csv.xhtml#module-csv "csv: Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files.") 模塊支持以逗號分隔值格式直接讀取和寫入文件,這些格式通常由數據庫和電子表格支持。 XML處理由 [`xml.etree.ElementTree`](../library/xml.etree.elementtree.xhtml#module-xml.etree.ElementTree "xml.etree.ElementTree: Implementation of the ElementTree API.") , [`xml.dom`](../library/xml.dom.xhtml#module-xml.dom "xml.dom: Document Object Model API for Python.") 和 [`xml.sax`](../library/xml.sax.xhtml#module-xml.sax "xml.sax: Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions.") 包支持。這些模塊和軟件包共同大大簡化了Python應用程序和其他工具之間的數據交換。 - [`sqlite3`](../library/sqlite3.xhtml#module-sqlite3 "sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x.") 模塊是SQLite數據庫庫的包裝器,提供了一個可以使用稍微非標準的SQL語法更新和訪問的持久數據庫。 - 國際化由許多模塊支持,包括 [`gettext`](../library/gettext.xhtml#module-gettext "gettext: Multilingual internationalization services.") , [`locale`](../library/locale.xhtml#module-locale "locale: Internationalization services.") ,以及 [`codecs`](../library/codecs.xhtml#module-codecs "codecs: Encode and decode data and streams.") 包。 ### 導航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄") - [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") | - [下一頁](stdlib2.xhtml "11. 標準庫簡介 —— 第二部分") | - [上一頁](classes.xhtml "9. 類") | - ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/a721fc7ec672275e257bbbfde49a4d4e_16x16.png) - [Python](https://www.python.org/) ? - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ? - [Python 教程](index.xhtml) ? - $('.inline-search').show(0); | ? [版權所有](../copyright.xhtml) 2001-2019, Python Software Foundation. Python 軟件基金會是一個非盈利組織。 [請捐助。](https://www.python.org/psf/donations/) 最后更新于 5月 21, 2019. [發現了問題](../bugs.xhtml)? 使用[Sphinx](http://sphinx.pocoo.org/)1.8.4 創建。
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