### 導航
- [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄")
- [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") |
- [下一頁](curses.ascii.xhtml "curses.ascii --- Utilities for ASCII characters") |
- [上一頁](getpass.xhtml "getpass --- 便攜式密碼輸入工具") |
- 
- [Python](https://www.python.org/) ?
- zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ?
- [Python 標準庫](index.xhtml) ?
- [通用操作系統服務](allos.xhtml) ?
- $('.inline-search').show(0); |
# [`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)") --- 終端字符單元顯示的處理
- - - - - -
[`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)") 模塊提供了 curses 庫的接口，這是可移植高級終端處理的事實標準。
雖然 curses 在 Unix 環境中使用最為廣泛，但也有適用于 Windows，DOS 以及其他可能的系統的版本。此擴展模塊旨在匹配 ncurses 的 API，這是一個部署在 Linux 和 Unix 的 BSD 變體上的開源 curses 庫。
注解
每當文檔提到 **字符** 時，它可以被指定為一個整數，一個單字符 Unicode 字符串或者一個單字節的字節字符串。
每當此文檔提到 **字符串** 時，它可以被指定為一個 Unicode 字符串或者一個字節字符串。
注解
從 5.4 版本開始，ncurses 庫使用 `nl_langinfo` 函數來決定如何解釋非 ASCII 數據。這意味著你需要在程序中調用 [`locale.setlocale()`](locale.xhtml#locale.setlocale "locale.setlocale") 函數，并使用一種系統中可用的編碼方法來編碼 Unicode 字符串。這個例子使用了系統默認的編碼:
```
import locale
locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')
code = locale.getpreferredencoding()
```
然后使用 *code* 作為 [`str.encode()`](stdtypes.xhtml#str.encode "str.encode") 調用的編碼。
參見
模塊 [`curses.ascii`](curses.ascii.xhtml#module-curses.ascii "curses.ascii: Constants and set-membership functions for ASCII characters.")在 ASCII 字符上工作的工具，無論你的區域設置是什么。
模塊 [`curses.panel`](curses.panel.xhtml#module-curses.panel "curses.panel: A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows.")A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows.
Module [`curses.textpad`](#module-curses.textpad "curses.textpad: Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.")Editable text widget for curses supporting **Emacs**-like bindings.
[Curses Programming with Python](../howto/curses.xhtml#curses-howto)Tutorial material on using curses with Python, by Andrew Kuchling and Eric Raymond.
The [Tools/demo/](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Tools/demo/) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Tools/demo/\] directory in the Python source distribution contains some example programs using the curses bindings provided by this module.
## 函數
[`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)") 模塊定義了以下異常：
*exception* `curses.``error`當 curses 庫中函數返回一個錯誤時引發的異常。
注解
Whenever *x* or *y* arguments to a function or a method are optional, they default to the current cursor location. Whenever *attr* is optional, it defaults to `A_NORMAL`.
[`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)") 模塊定義了以下函數：
`curses.``baudrate`()Return the output speed of the terminal in bits per second. On software terminal emulators it will have a fixed high value. Included for historical reasons; in former times, it was used to write output loops for time delays and occasionally to change interfaces depending on the line speed.
`curses.``beep`()Emit a short attention sound.
`curses.``can_change_color`()Return `True` or `False`, depending on whether the programmer can change the colors displayed by the terminal.
`curses.``cbreak`()Enter cbreak mode. In cbreak mode (sometimes called "rare" mode) normal tty line buffering is turned off and characters are available to be read one by one. However, unlike raw mode, special characters (interrupt, quit, suspend, and flow control) retain their effects on the tty driver and calling program. Calling first [`raw()`](#curses.raw "curses.raw") then [`cbreak()`](#curses.cbreak "curses.cbreak") leaves the terminal in cbreak mode.
`curses.``color_content`(*color\_number*)Return the intensity of the red, green, and blue (RGB) components in the color *color\_number*, which must be between `0` and `COLORS`. Return a 3-tuple, containing the R,G,B values for the given color, which will be between `0` (no component) and `1000` (maximum amount of component).
`curses.``color_pair`(*color\_number*)Return the attribute value for displaying text in the specified color. This attribute value can be combined with `A_STANDOUT`, `A_REVERSE`, and the other `A_*` attributes. [`pair_number()`](#curses.pair_number "curses.pair_number") is the counterpart to this function.
`curses.``curs_set`(*visibility*)Set the cursor state. *visibility* can be set to `0`, `1`, or `2`, for invisible, normal, or very visible. If the terminal supports the visibility requested, return the previous cursor state; otherwise raise an exception. On many terminals, the "visible" mode is an underline cursor and the "very visible" mode is a block cursor.
`curses.``def_prog_mode`()Save the current terminal mode as the "program" mode, the mode when the running program is using curses. (Its counterpart is the "shell" mode, for when the program is not in curses.) Subsequent calls to [`reset_prog_mode()`](#curses.reset_prog_mode "curses.reset_prog_mode") will restore this mode.
`curses.``def_shell_mode`()Save the current terminal mode as the "shell" mode, the mode when the running program is not using curses. (Its counterpart is the "program" mode, when the program is using curses capabilities.) Subsequent calls to [`reset_shell_mode()`](#curses.reset_shell_mode "curses.reset_shell_mode") will restore this mode.
`curses.``delay_output`(*ms*)Insert an *ms* millisecond pause in output.
`curses.``doupdate`()Update the physical screen. The curses library keeps two data structures, one representing the current physical screen contents and a virtual screen representing the desired next state. The [`doupdate()`](#curses.doupdate "curses.doupdate") ground updates the physical screen to match the virtual screen.
The virtual screen may be updated by a [`noutrefresh()`](#curses.window.noutrefresh "curses.window.noutrefresh") call after write operations such as [`addstr()`](#curses.window.addstr "curses.window.addstr") have been performed on a window. The normal [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh") call is simply `noutrefresh()` followed by `doupdate()`; if you have to update multiple windows, you can speed performance and perhaps reduce screen flicker by issuing `noutrefresh()` calls on all windows, followed by a single `doupdate()`.
`curses.``echo`()Enter echo mode. In echo mode, each character input is echoed to the screen as it is entered.
`curses.``endwin`()De-initialize the library, and return terminal to normal status.
`curses.``erasechar`()Return the user's current erase character as a one-byte bytes object. Under Unix operating systems this is a property of the controlling tty of the curses program, and is not set by the curses library itself.
`curses.``filter`()The [`filter()`](#curses.filter "curses.filter") routine, if used, must be called before [`initscr()`](#curses.initscr "curses.initscr") is called. The effect is that, during those calls, `LINES` is set to `1`; the capabilities `clear`, `cup`, `cud`, `cud1`, `cuu1`, `cuu`, `vpa` are disabled; and the `home`string is set to the value of `cr`. The effect is that the cursor is confined to the current line, and so are screen updates. This may be used for enabling character-at-a-time line editing without touching the rest of the screen.
`curses.``flash`()Flash the screen. That is, change it to reverse-video and then change it back in a short interval. Some people prefer such as 'visible bell' to the audible attention signal produced by [`beep()`](#curses.beep "curses.beep").
`curses.``flushinp`()Flush all input buffers. This throws away any typeahead that has been typed by the user and has not yet been processed by the program.
`curses.``getmouse`()After [`getch()`](#curses.window.getch "curses.window.getch") returns `KEY_MOUSE` to signal a mouse event, this method should be call to retrieve the queued mouse event, represented as a 5-tuple `(id, x, y, z, bstate)`. *id* is an ID value used to distinguish multiple devices, and *x*, *y*, *z* are the event's coordinates. (*z* is currently unused.) *bstate* is an integer value whose bits will be set to indicate the type of event, and will be the bitwise OR of one or more of the following constants, where *n* is the button number from 1 to 4: `BUTTONn_PRESSED`, `BUTTONn_RELEASED`, `BUTTONn_CLICKED`, `BUTTONn_DOUBLE_CLICKED`, `BUTTONn_TRIPLE_CLICKED`, `BUTTON_SHIFT`, `BUTTON_CTRL`, `BUTTON_ALT`.
`curses.``getsyx`()Return the current coordinates of the virtual screen cursor as a tuple `(y, x)`. If [`leaveok`](#curses.window.leaveok "curses.window.leaveok") is currently `True`, then return `(-1, -1)`.
`curses.``getwin`(*file*)Read window related data stored in the file by an earlier `putwin()` call. The routine then creates and initializes a new window using that data, returning the new window object.
`curses.``has_colors`()Return `True` if the terminal can display colors; otherwise, return `False`.
`curses.``has_ic`()Return `True` if the terminal has insert- and delete-character capabilities. This function is included for historical reasons only, as all modern software terminal emulators have such capabilities.
`curses.``has_il`()Return `True` if the terminal has insert- and delete-line capabilities, or can simulate them using scrolling regions. This function is included for historical reasons only, as all modern software terminal emulators have such capabilities.
`curses.``has_key`(*ch*)Take a key value *ch*, and return `True` if the current terminal type recognizes a key with that value.
`curses.``halfdelay`(*tenths*)Used for half-delay mode, which is similar to cbreak mode in that characters typed by the user are immediately available to the program. However, after blocking for *tenths* tenths of seconds, raise an exception if nothing has been typed. The value of *tenths* must be a number between `1` and `255`. Use [`nocbreak()`](#curses.nocbreak "curses.nocbreak") to leave half-delay mode.
`curses.``init_color`(*color\_number*, *r*, *g*, *b*)Change the definition of a color, taking the number of the color to be changed followed by three RGB values (for the amounts of red, green, and blue components). The value of *color\_number* must be between `0` and `COLORS`. Each of *r*, *g*, *b*, must be a value between `0` and `1000`. When [`init_color()`](#curses.init_color "curses.init_color") is used, all occurrences of that color on the screen immediately change to the new definition. This function is a no-op on most terminals; it is active only if [`can_change_color()`](#curses.can_change_color "curses.can_change_color") returns `True`.
`curses.``init_pair`(*pair\_number*, *fg*, *bg*)Change the definition of a color-pair. It takes three arguments: the number of the color-pair to be changed, the foreground color number, and the background color number. The value of *pair\_number* must be between `1` and `COLOR_PAIRS - 1` (the `0` color pair is wired to white on black and cannot be changed). The value of *fg* and *bg* arguments must be between `0` and `COLORS`. If the color-pair was previously initialized, the screen is refreshed and all occurrences of that color-pair are changed to the new definition.
`curses.``initscr`()Initialize the library. Return a [window](#curses-window-objects) object which represents the whole screen.
注解
If there is an error opening the terminal, the underlying curses library may cause the interpreter to exit.
`curses.``is_term_resized`(*nlines*, *ncols*)Return `True` if [`resize_term()`](#curses.resize_term "curses.resize_term") would modify the window structure, `False` otherwise.
`curses.``isendwin`()Return `True` if [`endwin()`](#curses.endwin "curses.endwin") has been called (that is, the curses library has been deinitialized).
`curses.``keyname`(*k*)Return the name of the key numbered *k* as a bytes object. The name of a key generating printable ASCII character is the key's character. The name of a control-key combination is a two-byte bytes object consisting of a caret (`b'^'`) followed by the corresponding printable ASCII character. The name of an alt-key combination (128--255) is a bytes object consisting of the prefix `b'M-'` followed by the name of the corresponding ASCII character.
`curses.``killchar`()Return the user's current line kill character as a one-byte bytes object. Under Unix operating systems this is a property of the controlling tty of the curses program, and is not set by the curses library itself.
`curses.``longname`()Return a bytes object containing the terminfo long name field describing the current terminal. The maximum length of a verbose description is 128 characters. It is defined only after the call to [`initscr()`](#curses.initscr "curses.initscr").
`curses.``meta`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, allow 8-bit characters to be input. If *flag* is `False`, allow only 7-bit chars.
`curses.``mouseinterval`(*interval*)Set the maximum time in milliseconds that can elapse between press and release events in order for them to be recognized as a click, and return the previous interval value. The default value is 200 msec, or one fifth of a second.
`curses.``mousemask`(*mousemask*)Set the mouse events to be reported, and return a tuple
```
(availmask,
oldmask)
```
. *availmask* indicates which of the specified mouse events can be reported; on complete failure it returns `0`. *oldmask* is the previous value of the given window's mouse event mask. If this function is never called, no mouse events are ever reported.
`curses.``napms`(*ms*)Sleep for *ms* milliseconds.
`curses.``newpad`(*nlines*, *ncols*)Create and return a pointer to a new pad data structure with the given number of lines and columns. Return a pad as a window object.
A pad is like a window, except that it is not restricted by the screen size, and is not necessarily associated with a particular part of the screen. Pads can be used when a large window is needed, and only a part of the window will be on the screen at one time. Automatic refreshes of pads (such as from scrolling or echoing of input) do not occur. The [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh") and [`noutrefresh()`](#curses.window.noutrefresh "curses.window.noutrefresh")methods of a pad require 6 arguments to specify the part of the pad to be displayed and the location on the screen to be used for the display. The arguments are *pminrow*, *pmincol*, *sminrow*, *smincol*, *smaxrow*, *smaxcol*; the *p*arguments refer to the upper left corner of the pad region to be displayed and the *s* arguments define a clipping box on the screen within which the pad region is to be displayed.
`curses.``newwin`(*nlines*, *ncols*)`curses.``newwin`(*nlines*, *ncols*, *begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)Return a new [window](#curses-window-objects), whose left-upper corner is at `(begin_y, begin_x)`, and whose height/width is *nlines*/*ncols*.
By default, the window will extend from the specified position to the lower right corner of the screen.
`curses.``nl`()Enter newline mode. This mode translates the return key into newline on input, and translates newline into return and line-feed on output. Newline mode is initially on.
`curses.``nocbreak`()Leave cbreak mode. Return to normal "cooked" mode with line buffering.
`curses.``noecho`()Leave echo mode. Echoing of input characters is turned off.
`curses.``nonl`()Leave newline mode. Disable translation of return into newline on input, and disable low-level translation of newline into newline/return on output (but this does not change the behavior of `addch('\n')`, which always does the equivalent of return and line feed on the virtual screen). With translation off, curses can sometimes speed up vertical motion a little; also, it will be able to detect the return key on input.
`curses.``noqiflush`()When the `noqiflush()` routine is used, normal flush of input and output queues associated with the `INTR`, `QUIT` and `SUSP` characters will not be done. You may want to call `noqiflush()` in a signal handler if you want output to continue as though the interrupt had not occurred, after the handler exits.
`curses.``noraw`()Leave raw mode. Return to normal "cooked" mode with line buffering.
`curses.``pair_content`(*pair\_number*)Return a tuple `(fg, bg)` containing the colors for the requested color pair. The value of *pair\_number* must be between `1` and `COLOR_PAIRS - 1`.
`curses.``pair_number`(*attr*)Return the number of the color-pair set by the attribute value *attr*. [`color_pair()`](#curses.color_pair "curses.color_pair") is the counterpart to this function.
`curses.``putp`(*str*)Equivalent to `tputs(str, 1, putchar)`; emit the value of a specified terminfo capability for the current terminal. Note that the output of [`putp()`](#curses.putp "curses.putp")always goes to standard output.
`curses.``qiflush`(\[*flag*\])If *flag* is `False`, the effect is the same as calling [`noqiflush()`](#curses.noqiflush "curses.noqiflush"). If *flag* is `True`, or no argument is provided, the queues will be flushed when these control characters are read.
`curses.``raw`()Enter raw mode. In raw mode, normal line buffering and processing of interrupt, quit, suspend, and flow control keys are turned off; characters are presented to curses input functions one by one.
`curses.``reset_prog_mode`()Restore the terminal to "program" mode, as previously saved by [`def_prog_mode()`](#curses.def_prog_mode "curses.def_prog_mode").
`curses.``reset_shell_mode`()Restore the terminal to "shell" mode, as previously saved by [`def_shell_mode()`](#curses.def_shell_mode "curses.def_shell_mode").
`curses.``resetty`()Restore the state of the terminal modes to what it was at the last call to [`savetty()`](#curses.savetty "curses.savetty").
`curses.``resize_term`(*nlines*, *ncols*)Backend function used by [`resizeterm()`](#curses.resizeterm "curses.resizeterm"), performing most of the work; when resizing the windows, [`resize_term()`](#curses.resize_term "curses.resize_term") blank-fills the areas that are extended. The calling application should fill in these areas with appropriate data. The `resize_term()` function attempts to resize all windows. However, due to the calling convention of pads, it is not possible to resize these without additional interaction with the application.
`curses.``resizeterm`(*nlines*, *ncols*)Resize the standard and current windows to the specified dimensions, and adjusts other bookkeeping data used by the curses library that record the window dimensions (in particular the SIGWINCH handler).
`curses.``savetty`()Save the current state of the terminal modes in a buffer, usable by [`resetty()`](#curses.resetty "curses.resetty").
`curses.``setsyx`(*y*, *x*)Set the virtual screen cursor to *y*, *x*. If *y* and *x* are both `-1`, then [`leaveok`](#curses.window.leaveok "curses.window.leaveok") is set `True`.
`curses.``setupterm`(*term=None*, *fd=-1*)Initialize the terminal. *term* is a string giving the terminal name, or `None`; if omitted or `None`, the value of the `TERM` environment variable will be used. *fd* is the file descriptor to which any initialization sequences will be sent; if not supplied or `-1`, the file descriptor for `sys.stdout` will be used.
`curses.``start_color`()Must be called if the programmer wants to use colors, and before any other color manipulation routine is called. It is good practice to call this routine right after [`initscr()`](#curses.initscr "curses.initscr").
[`start_color()`](#curses.start_color "curses.start_color") initializes eight basic colors (black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, and white), and two global variables in the [`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)")module, `COLORS` and `COLOR_PAIRS`, containing the maximum number of colors and color-pairs the terminal can support. It also restores the colors on the terminal to the values they had when the terminal was just turned on.
`curses.``termattrs`()Return a logical OR of all video attributes supported by the terminal. This information is useful when a curses program needs complete control over the appearance of the screen.
`curses.``termname`()Return the value of the environment variable `TERM`, as a bytes object, truncated to 14 characters.
`curses.``tigetflag`(*capname*)Return the value of the Boolean capability corresponding to the terminfo capability name *capname* as an integer. Return the value `-1` if *capname* is not a Boolean capability, or `0` if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description.
`curses.``tigetnum`(*capname*)Return the value of the numeric capability corresponding to the terminfo capability name *capname* as an integer. Return the value `-2` if *capname* is not a numeric capability, or `-1` if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description.
`curses.``tigetstr`(*capname*)Return the value of the string capability corresponding to the terminfo capability name *capname* as a bytes object. Return `None` if *capname*is not a terminfo "string capability", or is canceled or absent from the terminal description.
`curses.``tparm`(*str*\[, *...*\])Instantiate the bytes object *str* with the supplied parameters, where *str* should be a parameterized string obtained from the terminfo database. E.g. `tparm(tigetstr("cup"), 5, 3)` could result in `b'\033[6;4H'`, the exact result depending on terminal type.
`curses.``typeahead`(*fd*)Specify that the file descriptor *fd* be used for typeahead checking. If *fd*is `-1`, then no typeahead checking is done.
The curses library does "line-breakout optimization" by looking for typeahead periodically while updating the screen. If input is found, and it is coming from a tty, the current update is postponed until refresh or doupdate is called again, allowing faster response to commands typed in advance. This function allows specifying a different file descriptor for typeahead checking.
`curses.``unctrl`(*ch*)Return a bytes object which is a printable representation of the character *ch*. Control characters are represented as a caret followed by the character, for example as `b'^C'`. Printing characters are left as they are.
`curses.``ungetch`(*ch*)Push *ch* so the next [`getch()`](#curses.window.getch "curses.window.getch") will return it.
注解
Only one *ch* can be pushed before `getch()` is called.
`curses.``update_lines_cols`()Update `LINES` and `COLS`. Useful for detecting manual screen resize.
3\.5 新版功能.
`curses.``unget_wch`(*ch*)Push *ch* so the next [`get_wch()`](#curses.window.get_wch "curses.window.get_wch") will return it.
注解
Only one *ch* can be pushed before `get_wch()` is called.
3\.3 新版功能.
`curses.``ungetmouse`(*id*, *x*, *y*, *z*, *bstate*)Push a `KEY_MOUSE` event onto the input queue, associating the given state data with it.
`curses.``use_env`(*flag*)If used, this function should be called before [`initscr()`](#curses.initscr "curses.initscr") or newterm are called. When *flag* is `False`, the values of lines and columns specified in the terminfo database will be used, even if environment variables `LINES`and `COLUMNS` (used by default) are set, or if curses is running in a window (in which case default behavior would be to use the window size if `LINES` and `COLUMNS` are not set).
`curses.``use_default_colors`()Allow use of default values for colors on terminals supporting this feature. Use this to support transparency in your application. The default color is assigned to the color number `-1`. After calling this function,
```
init_pair(x,
curses.COLOR_RED, -1)
```
initializes, for instance, color pair *x* to a red foreground color on the default background.
`curses.``wrapper`(*func*, *...*)Initialize curses and call another callable object, *func*, which should be the rest of your curses-using application. If the application raises an exception, this function will restore the terminal to a sane state before re-raising the exception and generating a traceback. The callable object *func* is then passed the main window 'stdscr' as its first argument, followed by any other arguments passed to `wrapper()`. Before calling *func*, `wrapper()` turns on cbreak mode, turns off echo, enables the terminal keypad, and initializes colors if the terminal has color support. On exit (whether normally or by exception) it restores cooked mode, turns on echo, and disables the terminal keypad.
## Window Objects
Window objects, as returned by [`initscr()`](#curses.initscr "curses.initscr") and [`newwin()`](#curses.newwin "curses.newwin") above, have the following methods and attributes:
`window.``addch`(*ch*\[, *attr*\])`window.``addch`(*y*, *x*, *ch*\[, *attr*\])Paint character *ch* at `(y, x)` with attributes *attr*, overwriting any character previously painter at that location. By default, the character position and attributes are the current settings for the window object.
注解
Writing outside the window, subwindow, or pad raises a [`curses.error`](#curses.error "curses.error"). Attempting to write to the lower right corner of a window, subwindow, or pad will cause an exception to be raised after the character is printed.
`window.``addnstr`(*str*, *n*\[, *attr*\])`window.``addnstr`(*y*, *x*, *str*, *n*\[, *attr*\])Paint at most *n* characters of the character string *str* at `(y, x)` with attributes *attr*, overwriting anything previously on the display.
`window.``addstr`(*str*\[, *attr*\])`window.``addstr`(*y*, *x*, *str*\[, *attr*\])Paint the character string *str* at `(y, x)` with attributes *attr*, overwriting anything previously on the display.
注解
Writing outside the window, subwindow, or pad raises [`curses.error`](#curses.error "curses.error"). Attempting to write to the lower right corner of a window, subwindow, or pad will cause an exception to be raised after the string is printed.
`window.``attroff`(*attr*)Remove attribute *attr* from the "background" set applied to all writes to the current window.
`window.``attron`(*attr*)Add attribute *attr* from the "background" set applied to all writes to the current window.
`window.``attrset`(*attr*)Set the "background" set of attributes to *attr*. This set is initially `0` (no attributes).
`window.``bkgd`(*ch*\[, *attr*\])Set the background property of the window to the character *ch*, with attributes *attr*. The change is then applied to every character position in that window:
- The attribute of every character in the window is changed to the new background attribute.
- Wherever the former background character appears, it is changed to the new background character.
`window.``bkgdset`(*ch*\[, *attr*\])Set the window's background. A window's background consists of a character and any combination of attributes. The attribute part of the background is combined (OR'ed) with all non-blank characters that are written into the window. Both the character and attribute parts of the background are combined with the blank characters. The background becomes a property of the character and moves with the character through any scrolling and insert/delete line/character operations.
`window.``border`(\[*ls*\[, *rs*\[, *ts*\[, *bs*\[, *tl*\[, *tr*\[, *bl*\[, *br*\]\]\]\]\]\]\]\])在窗口邊緣繪制邊框。每個參數指定用于邊界特定部分的字符;請參閱下表了解更多詳情。
注解
A `0` value for any parameter will cause the default character to be used for that parameter. Keyword parameters can *not* be used. The defaults are listed in this table:
參數
描述
默認值
*ls*
左側
`ACS_VLINE`
*rs*
右側
`ACS_VLINE`
*ts*
頂部
`ACS_HLINE`
*bs*
底部
`ACS_HLINE`
*tl*
左上角
`ACS_ULCORNER`
*tr*
右上角
`ACS_URCORNER`
*bl*
左下角
`ACS_LLCORNER`
*br*
右下角
`ACS_LRCORNER`
`window.``box`(\[*vertch*, *horch*\])Similar to [`border()`](#curses.window.border "curses.window.border"), but both *ls* and *rs* are *vertch* and both *ts* and *bs* are *horch*. The default corner characters are always used by this function.
`window.``chgat`(*attr*)`window.``chgat`(*num*, *attr*)`window.``chgat`(*y*, *x*, *attr*)`window.``chgat`(*y*, *x*, *num*, *attr*)Set the attributes of *num* characters at the current cursor position, or at position `(y, x)` if supplied. If *num* is not given or is `-1`, the attribute will be set on all the characters to the end of the line. This function moves cursor to position `(y, x)` if supplied. The changed line will be touched using the [`touchline()`](#curses.window.touchline "curses.window.touchline") method so that the contents will be redisplayed by the next window refresh.
`window.``clear`()Like [`erase()`](#curses.window.erase "curses.window.erase"), but also cause the whole window to be repainted upon next call to [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh").
`window.``clearok`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, the next call to [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh") will clear the window completely.
`window.``clrtobot`()Erase from cursor to the end of the window: all lines below the cursor are deleted, and then the equivalent of [`clrtoeol()`](#curses.window.clrtoeol "curses.window.clrtoeol") is performed.
`window.``clrtoeol`()Erase from cursor to the end of the line.
`window.``cursyncup`()Update the current cursor position of all the ancestors of the window to reflect the current cursor position of the window.
`window.``delch`(\[*y*, *x*\])Delete any character at `(y, x)`.
`window.``deleteln`()Delete the line under the cursor. All following lines are moved up by one line.
`window.``derwin`(*begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)`window.``derwin`(*nlines*, *ncols*, *begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)An abbreviation for "derive window", [`derwin()`](#curses.window.derwin "curses.window.derwin") is the same as calling [`subwin()`](#curses.window.subwin "curses.window.subwin"), except that *begin\_y* and *begin\_x* are relative to the origin of the window, rather than relative to the entire screen. Return a window object for the derived window.
`window.``echochar`(*ch*\[, *attr*\])Add character *ch* with attribute *attr*, and immediately call [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh")on the window.
`window.``enclose`(*y*, *x*)Test whether the given pair of screen-relative character-cell coordinates are enclosed by the given window, returning `True` or `False`. It is useful for determining what subset of the screen windows enclose the location of a mouse event.
`window.``encoding`Encoding used to encode method arguments (Unicode strings and characters). The encoding attribute is inherited from the parent window when a subwindow is created, for example with [`window.subwin()`](#curses.window.subwin "curses.window.subwin"). By default, the locale encoding is used (see [`locale.getpreferredencoding()`](locale.xhtml#locale.getpreferredencoding "locale.getpreferredencoding")).
3\.3 新版功能.
`window.``erase`()Clear the window.
`window.``getbegyx`()Return a tuple `(y, x)` of co-ordinates of upper-left corner.
`window.``getbkgd`()Return the given window's current background character/attribute pair.
`window.``getch`(\[*y*, *x*\])Get a character. Note that the integer returned does *not* have to be in ASCII range: function keys, keypad keys and so on are represented by numbers higher than 255. In no-delay mode, return `-1` if there is no input, otherwise wait until a key is pressed.
`window.``get_wch`(\[*y*, *x*\])Get a wide character. Return a character for most keys, or an integer for function keys, keypad keys, and other special keys. In no-delay mode, raise an exception if there is no input.
3\.3 新版功能.
`window.``getkey`(\[*y*, *x*\])Get a character, returning a string instead of an integer, as [`getch()`](#curses.window.getch "curses.window.getch")does. Function keys, keypad keys and other special keys return a multibyte string containing the key name. In no-delay mode, raise an exception if there is no input.
`window.``getmaxyx`()Return a tuple `(y, x)` of the height and width of the window.
`window.``getparyx`()Return the beginning coordinates of this window relative to its parent window as a tuple `(y, x)`. Return `(-1, -1)` if this window has no parent.
`window.``getstr`()`window.``getstr`(*n*)`window.``getstr`(*y*, *x*)`window.``getstr`(*y*, *x*, *n*)Read a bytes object from the user, with primitive line editing capacity.
`window.``getyx`()Return a tuple `(y, x)` of current cursor position relative to the window's upper-left corner.
`window.``hline`(*ch*, *n*)`window.``hline`(*y*, *x*, *ch*, *n*)Display a horizontal line starting at `(y, x)` with length *n* consisting of the character *ch*.
`window.``idcok`(*flag*)If *flag* is `False`, curses no longer considers using the hardware insert/delete character feature of the terminal; if *flag* is `True`, use of character insertion and deletion is enabled. When curses is first initialized, use of character insert/delete is enabled by default.
`window.``idlok`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, [`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)") will try and use hardware line editing facilities. Otherwise, line insertion/deletion are disabled.
`window.``immedok`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, any change in the window image automatically causes the window to be refreshed; you no longer have to call [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh") yourself. However, it may degrade performance considerably, due to repeated calls to wrefresh. This option is disabled by default.
`window.``inch`(\[*y*, *x*\])Return the character at the given position in the window. The bottom 8 bits are the character proper, and upper bits are the attributes.
`window.``insch`(*ch*\[, *attr*\])`window.``insch`(*y*, *x*, *ch*\[, *attr*\])Paint character *ch* at `(y, x)` with attributes *attr*, moving the line from position *x* right by one character.
`window.``insdelln`(*nlines*)Insert *nlines* lines into the specified window above the current line. The *nlines* bottom lines are lost. For negative *nlines*, delete *nlines* lines starting with the one under the cursor, and move the remaining lines up. The bottom *nlines* lines are cleared. The current cursor position remains the same.
`window.``insertln`()Insert a blank line under the cursor. All following lines are moved down by one line.
`window.``insnstr`(*str*, *n*\[, *attr*\])`window.``insnstr`(*y*, *x*, *str*, *n*\[, *attr*\])Insert a character string (as many characters as will fit on the line) before the character under the cursor, up to *n* characters. If *n* is zero or negative, the entire string is inserted. All characters to the right of the cursor are shifted right, with the rightmost characters on the line being lost. The cursor position does not change (after moving to *y*, *x*, if specified).
`window.``insstr`(*str*\[, *attr*\])`window.``insstr`(*y*, *x*, *str*\[, *attr*\])Insert a character string (as many characters as will fit on the line) before the character under the cursor. All characters to the right of the cursor are shifted right, with the rightmost characters on the line being lost. The cursor position does not change (after moving to *y*, *x*, if specified).
`window.``instr`(\[*n*\])`window.``instr`(*y*, *x*\[, *n*\])Return a bytes object of characters, extracted from the window starting at the current cursor position, or at *y*, *x* if specified. Attributes are stripped from the characters. If *n* is specified, [`instr()`](#curses.window.instr "curses.window.instr") returns a string at most *n* characters long (exclusive of the trailing NUL).
`window.``is_linetouched`(*line*)Return `True` if the specified line was modified since the last call to [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh"); otherwise return `False`. Raise a [`curses.error`](#curses.error "curses.error")exception if *line* is not valid for the given window.
`window.``is_wintouched`()Return `True` if the specified window was modified since the last call to [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh"); otherwise return `False`.
`window.``keypad`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, escape sequences generated by some keys (keypad, function keys) will be interpreted by [`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)"). If *flag* is `False`, escape sequences will be left as is in the input stream.
`window.``leaveok`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, cursor is left where it is on update, instead of being at "cursor position." This reduces cursor movement where possible. If possible the cursor will be made invisible.
If *flag* is `False`, cursor will always be at "cursor position" after an update.
`window.``move`(*new\_y*, *new\_x*)Move cursor to `(new_y, new_x)`.
`window.``mvderwin`(*y*, *x*)Move the window inside its parent window. The screen-relative parameters of the window are not changed. This routine is used to display different parts of the parent window at the same physical position on the screen.
`window.``mvwin`(*new\_y*, *new\_x*)Move the window so its upper-left corner is at `(new_y, new_x)`.
`window.``nodelay`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, [`getch()`](#curses.window.getch "curses.window.getch") will be non-blocking.
`window.``notimeout`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, escape sequences will not be timed out.
If *flag* is `False`, after a few milliseconds, an escape sequence will not be interpreted, and will be left in the input stream as is.
`window.``noutrefresh`()Mark for refresh but wait. This function updates the data structure representing the desired state of the window, but does not force an update of the physical screen. To accomplish that, call [`doupdate()`](#curses.doupdate "curses.doupdate").
`window.``overlay`(*destwin*\[, *sminrow*, *smincol*, *dminrow*, *dmincol*, *dmaxrow*, *dmaxcol*\])Overlay the window on top of *destwin*. The windows need not be the same size, only the overlapping region is copied. This copy is non-destructive, which means that the current background character does not overwrite the old contents of *destwin*.
To get fine-grained control over the copied region, the second form of [`overlay()`](#curses.window.overlay "curses.window.overlay") can be used. *sminrow* and *smincol* are the upper-left coordinates of the source window, and the other variables mark a rectangle in the destination window.
`window.``overwrite`(*destwin*\[, *sminrow*, *smincol*, *dminrow*, *dmincol*, *dmaxrow*, *dmaxcol*\])Overwrite the window on top of *destwin*. The windows need not be the same size, in which case only the overlapping region is copied. This copy is destructive, which means that the current background character overwrites the old contents of *destwin*.
To get fine-grained control over the copied region, the second form of [`overwrite()`](#curses.window.overwrite "curses.window.overwrite") can be used. *sminrow* and *smincol* are the upper-left coordinates of the source window, the other variables mark a rectangle in the destination window.
`window.``putwin`(*file*)Write all data associated with the window into the provided file object. This information can be later retrieved using the [`getwin()`](#curses.getwin "curses.getwin") function.
`window.``redrawln`(*beg*, *num*)Indicate that the *num* screen lines, starting at line *beg*, are corrupted and should be completely redrawn on the next [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh") call.
`window.``redrawwin`()Touch the entire window, causing it to be completely redrawn on the next [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh") call.
`window.``refresh`(\[*pminrow*, *pmincol*, *sminrow*, *smincol*, *smaxrow*, *smaxcol*\])Update the display immediately (sync actual screen with previous drawing/deleting methods).
The 6 optional arguments can only be specified when the window is a pad created with [`newpad()`](#curses.newpad "curses.newpad"). The additional parameters are needed to indicate what part of the pad and screen are involved. *pminrow* and *pmincol* specify the upper left-hand corner of the rectangle to be displayed in the pad. *sminrow*, *smincol*, *smaxrow*, and *smaxcol* specify the edges of the rectangle to be displayed on the screen. The lower right-hand corner of the rectangle to be displayed in the pad is calculated from the screen coordinates, since the rectangles must be the same size. Both rectangles must be entirely contained within their respective structures. Negative values of *pminrow*, *pmincol*, *sminrow*, or *smincol* are treated as if they were zero.
`window.``resize`(*nlines*, *ncols*)Reallocate storage for a curses window to adjust its dimensions to the specified values. If either dimension is larger than the current values, the window's data is filled with blanks that have the current background rendition (as set by [`bkgdset()`](#curses.window.bkgdset "curses.window.bkgdset")) merged into them.
`window.``scroll`(\[*lines=1*\])Scroll the screen or scrolling region upward by *lines* lines.
`window.``scrollok`(*flag*)Control what happens when the cursor of a window is moved off the edge of the window or scrolling region, either as a result of a newline action on the bottom line, or typing the last character of the last line. If *flag* is `False`, the cursor is left on the bottom line. If *flag* is `True`, the window is scrolled up one line. Note that in order to get the physical scrolling effect on the terminal, it is also necessary to call [`idlok()`](#curses.window.idlok "curses.window.idlok").
`window.``setscrreg`(*top*, *bottom*)Set the scrolling region from line *top* to line *bottom*. All scrolling actions will take place in this region.
`window.``standend`()Turn off the standout attribute. On some terminals this has the side effect of turning off all attributes.
`window.``standout`()Turn on attribute *A\_STANDOUT*.
`window.``subpad`(*begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)`window.``subpad`(*nlines*, *ncols*, *begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)Return a sub-window, whose upper-left corner is at `(begin_y, begin_x)`, and whose width/height is *ncols*/*nlines*.
`window.``subwin`(*begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)`window.``subwin`(*nlines*, *ncols*, *begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)Return a sub-window, whose upper-left corner is at `(begin_y, begin_x)`, and whose width/height is *ncols*/*nlines*.
By default, the sub-window will extend from the specified position to the lower right corner of the window.
`window.``syncdown`()Touch each location in the window that has been touched in any of its ancestor windows. This routine is called by [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh"), so it should almost never be necessary to call it manually.
`window.``syncok`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, then [`syncup()`](#curses.window.syncup "curses.window.syncup") is called automatically whenever there is a change in the window.
`window.``syncup`()Touch all locations in ancestors of the window that have been changed in the window.
`window.``timeout`(*delay*)Set blocking or non-blocking read behavior for the window. If *delay* is negative, blocking read is used (which will wait indefinitely for input). If *delay* is zero, then non-blocking read is used, and [`getch()`](#curses.window.getch "curses.window.getch") will return `-1` if no input is waiting. If *delay* is positive, then [`getch()`](#curses.window.getch "curses.window.getch") will block for *delay* milliseconds, and return `-1` if there is still no input at the end of that time.
`window.``touchline`(*start*, *count*\[, *changed*\])Pretend *count* lines have been changed, starting with line *start*. If *changed* is supplied, it specifies whether the affected lines are marked as having been changed (*changed*`=True`) or unchanged (*changed*`=False`).
`window.``touchwin`()Pretend the whole window has been changed, for purposes of drawing optimizations.
`window.``untouchwin`()Mark all lines in the window as unchanged since the last call to [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh").
`window.``vline`(*ch*, *n*)`window.``vline`(*y*, *x*, *ch*, *n*)Display a vertical line starting at `(y, x)` with length *n* consisting of the character *ch*.
## 常量
The [`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)") module defines the following data members:
`curses.``ERR`Some curses routines that return an integer, such as `getch()`, return [`ERR`](#curses.ERR "curses.ERR") upon failure.
`curses.``OK`Some curses routines that return an integer, such as [`napms()`](#curses.napms "curses.napms"), return [`OK`](#curses.OK "curses.OK") upon success.
`curses.``version`A bytes object representing the current version of the module. Also available as `__version__`.
Some constants are available to specify character cell attributes. The exact constants available are system dependent.
屬性
意義
`A_ALTCHARSET`
備用字符集模式
`A_BLINK`
閃爍模式
`A_BOLD`
粗體模式
`A_DIM`
暗淡模式
`A_INVIS`
不可見或空白模式
`A_ITALIC`
斜體模式
`A_NORMAL`
正常屬性
`A_PROTECT`
保護模式
`A_REVERSE`
反轉背景色和前景色
`A_STANDOUT`
突出模式
`A_UNDERLINE`
下劃線模式
`A_HORIZONTAL`
水平突出顯示
`A_LEFT`
左高亮
`A_LOW`
底部高亮
`A_RIGHT`
右高亮
`A_TOP`
頂部高亮
`A_VERTICAL`
垂直突出顯示
`A_CHARTEXT`
用于提取字符的位掩碼
3\.7 新版功能: `A_ITALIC` was added.
有幾個常量可用于提取某些方法返回的相應屬性。
位掩碼
意義
`A_ATTRIBUTES`
用于提取屬性的位掩碼
`A_CHARTEXT`
用于提取字符的位掩碼
`A_COLOR`
用于提取顏色對字段信息的位掩碼
鍵由名稱以 `KEY_` 開頭的整數常量引用。確切的可用鍵取決于系統。
關鍵常數
（Windows 注冊表的）鍵（Windows 注冊表的）鍵
`KEY_MIN`
最小鍵值
`KEY_BREAK`
中斷鍵（不可靠）
`KEY_DOWN`
向下箭頭
`KEY_UP`
向上箭頭
`KEY_LEFT`
向左箭頭
`KEY_RIGHT`
向右箭頭
`KEY_HOME`
Home key (upward+left arrow)
`KEY_BACKSPACE`
退格（不可靠）
`KEY_F0`
Function keys. Up to 64 function keys are supported.
`KEY_Fn`
Value of function key *n*
`KEY_DL`
刪除行
`KEY_IL`
插入行
`KEY_DC`
Delete character
`KEY_IC`
Insert char or enter insert mode
`KEY_EIC`
Exit insert char mode
`KEY_CLEAR`
Clear screen
`KEY_EOS`
Clear to end of screen
`KEY_EOL`
Clear to end of line
`KEY_SF`
Scroll 1 line forward
`KEY_SR`
Scroll 1 line backward (reverse)
`KEY_NPAGE`
下一頁
`KEY_PPAGE`
上一頁
`KEY_STAB`
Set tab
`KEY_CTAB`
Clear tab
`KEY_CATAB`
Clear all tabs
`KEY_ENTER`
Enter or send (unreliable)
`KEY_SRESET`
Soft (partial) reset (unreliable)
`KEY_RESET`
Reset or hard reset (unreliable)
`KEY_PRINT`
打印
`KEY_LL`
Home down or bottom (lower left)
`KEY_A1`
鍵盤的左上角
`KEY_A3`
鍵盤的右上角
`KEY_B2`
鍵盤的中心
`KEY_C1`
鍵盤左下方
`KEY_C3`
鍵盤右下方
`KEY_BTAB`
Back tab
`KEY_BEG`
Beg (beginning)
`KEY_CANCEL`
取消
`KEY_CLOSE`
關閉
`KEY_COMMAND`
Cmd (命令行)
`KEY_COPY`
復制
`KEY_CREATE`
創建
`KEY_END`
End
`KEY_EXIT`
退出
`KEY_FIND`
查找
`KEY_HELP`
幫助
`KEY_MARK`
標記
`KEY_MESSAGE`
消息
`KEY_MOVE`
移動
`KEY_NEXT`
下一個
`KEY_OPEN`
打開
`KEY_OPTIONS`
選項
`KEY_PREVIOUS`
Prev (previous)
`KEY_REDO`
重做
`KEY_REFERENCE`
Ref (reference)
`KEY_REFRESH`
刷新
`KEY_REPLACE`
替換
`KEY_RESTART`
重啟
`KEY_RESUME`
恢復
`KEY_SAVE`
保存
`KEY_SBEG`
Shifted Beg (beginning)
`KEY_SCANCEL`
Shifted Cancel
`KEY_SCOMMAND`
Shifted Command
`KEY_SCOPY`
Shifted Copy
`KEY_SCREATE`
Shifted Create
`KEY_SDC`
Shifted Delete char
`KEY_SDL`
Shifted Delete line
`KEY_SELECT`
Select
`KEY_SEND`
Shifted End
`KEY_SEOL`
Shifted Clear line
`KEY_SEXIT`
Shifted Exit
`KEY_SFIND`
Shifted Find
`KEY_SHELP`
Shifted Help
`KEY_SHOME`
Shifted Home
`KEY_SIC`
Shifted Input
`KEY_SLEFT`
Shifted Left arrow
`KEY_SMESSAGE`
Shifted Message
`KEY_SMOVE`
Shifted Move
`KEY_SNEXT`
Shifted Next
`KEY_SOPTIONS`
Shifted Options
`KEY_SPREVIOUS`
Shifted Prev
`KEY_SPRINT`
Shifted Print
`KEY_SREDO`
Shifted Redo
`KEY_SREPLACE`
Shifted Replace
`KEY_SRIGHT`
Shifted Right arrow
`KEY_SRSUME`
Shifted Resume
`KEY_SSAVE`
Shifted Save
`KEY_SSUSPEND`
Shifted Suspend
`KEY_SUNDO`
Shifted Undo
`KEY_SUSPEND`
Suspend
`KEY_UNDO`
撤銷操作
`KEY_MOUSE`
Mouse event has occurred
`KEY_RESIZE`
Terminal resize event
`KEY_MAX`
Maximum key value
在VT100及其軟件仿真（例如X終端仿真器）上，通常至少有四個功能鍵（ `KEY_F1`, `KEY_F2`, `KEY_F3`, `KEY_F4` ）可用，并且箭頭鍵以明顯的方式映射到 `KEY_UP`, `KEY_DOWN`, `KEY_LEFT` 和 `KEY_RIGHT` 。如果您的機器有一個PC鍵盤，可以安全地使用箭頭鍵和十二個功能鍵（舊的PC鍵盤可能只有十個功能鍵）;此外，以下鍵盤映射是標準的：
鍵帽
常數
Insert
KEY\_IC
Delete
KEY\_DC
Home
KEY\_HOME
End
KEY\_END
Page Up
KEY\_PPAGE
Page Down
KEY\_NPAGE
The following table lists characters from the alternate character set. These are inherited from the VT100 terminal, and will generally be available on software emulations such as X terminals. When there is no graphic available, curses falls back on a crude printable ASCII approximation.
注解
只有在調用 [`initscr()`](#curses.initscr "curses.initscr") 之后才能使用它們
ACS代碼
意義
`ACS_BBSS`
右上角的別名
`ACS_BLOCK`
實心方塊
`ACS_BOARD`
正方形
`ACS_BSBS`
水平線的別名
`ACS_BSSB`
左上角的別名
`ACS_BSSS`
頂部 T 型的別名
`ACS_BTEE`
底部 T 型
`ACS_BULLET`
bullet
`ACS_CKBOARD`
棋盤（點刻）
`ACS_DARROW`
向下箭頭
`ACS_DEGREE`
等級符
`ACS_DIAMOND`
菱形
`ACS_GEQUAL`
大于或等于
`ACS_HLINE`
水平線
`ACS_LANTERN`
燈形符號
`ACS_LARROW`
向左箭頭
`ACS_LEQUAL`
小于或等于
`ACS_LLCORNER`
左下角
`ACS_LRCORNER`
右下角
`ACS_LTEE`
左側 T 型
`ACS_NEQUAL`
不等號
`ACS_PI`
字母π
`ACS_PLMINUS`
正負號
`ACS_PLUS`
加號
`ACS_RARROW`
向右箭頭
`ACS_RTEE`
右側 T 型
`ACS_S1`
掃描線 1
`ACS_S3`
掃描線3
`ACS_S7`
掃描線7
`ACS_S9`
掃描線 9
`ACS_SBBS`
右下角的別名
`ACS_SBSB`
垂直線的別名
`ACS_SBSS`
右側 T 型的別名
`ACS_SSBB`
左下角的別名
`ACS_SSBS`
底部 T 型的別名
`ACS_SSSB`
左側 T 型的別名
`ACS_SSSS`
alternate name for crossover or big plus
`ACS_STERLING`
英鎊
`ACS_TTEE`
頂部 T 型
`ACS_UARROW`
向上箭頭
`ACS_ULCORNER`
左上角
`ACS_URCORNER`
右上角
`ACS_VLINE`
垂線
下表列出了預定義的顏色：
常數
顏色
`COLOR_BLACK`
黑色
`COLOR_BLUE`
藍色
`COLOR_CYAN`
青色（淺綠藍色）
`COLOR_GREEN`
綠色
`COLOR_MAGENTA`
洋紅色（紫紅色）
`COLOR_RED`
紅色
`COLOR_WHITE`
白色
`COLOR_YELLOW`
黃色
# [`curses.textpad`](#module-curses.textpad "curses.textpad: Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.") --- Text input widget for curses programs
The [`curses.textpad`](#module-curses.textpad "curses.textpad: Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.") module provides a [`Textbox`](#curses.textpad.Textbox "curses.textpad.Textbox") class that handles elementary text editing in a curses window, supporting a set of keybindings resembling those of Emacs (thus, also of Netscape Navigator, BBedit 6.x, FrameMaker, and many other programs). The module also provides a rectangle-drawing function useful for framing text boxes or for other purposes.
The module [`curses.textpad`](#module-curses.textpad "curses.textpad: Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.") defines the following function:
`curses.textpad.``rectangle`(*win*, *uly*, *ulx*, *lry*, *lrx*)Draw a rectangle. The first argument must be a window object; the remaining arguments are coordinates relative to that window. The second and third arguments are the y and x coordinates of the upper left hand corner of the rectangle to be drawn; the fourth and fifth arguments are the y and x coordinates of the lower right hand corner. The rectangle will be drawn using VT100/IBM PC forms characters on terminals that make this possible (including xterm and most other software terminal emulators). Otherwise it will be drawn with ASCII dashes, vertical bars, and plus signs.
## 文本框對象
You can instantiate a [`Textbox`](#curses.textpad.Textbox "curses.textpad.Textbox") object as follows:
*class* `curses.textpad.``Textbox`(*win*)Return a textbox widget object. The *win* argument should be a curses [window](#curses-window-objects) object in which the textbox is to be contained. The edit cursor of the textbox is initially located at the upper left hand corner of the containing window, with coordinates `(0, 0)`. The instance's [`stripspaces`](#curses.textpad.Textbox.stripspaces "curses.textpad.Textbox.stripspaces") flag is initially on.
[`Textbox`](#curses.textpad.Textbox "curses.textpad.Textbox") objects have the following methods:
`edit`(\[*validator*\])This is the entry point you will normally use. It accepts editing keystrokes until one of the termination keystrokes is entered. If *validator* is supplied, it must be a function. It will be called for each keystroke entered with the keystroke as a parameter; command dispatch is done on the result. This method returns the window contents as a string; whether blanks in the window are included is affected by the [`stripspaces`](#curses.textpad.Textbox.stripspaces "curses.textpad.Textbox.stripspaces") attribute.
`do_command`(*ch*)處理單個按鍵命令。以下是支持的特殊按鍵：
按鍵
動作
Control-A
轉到窗口的左邊緣。
Control-B
光標向左，如果可能，包含前一行。
Control-D
刪除光標下的字符。
Control-E
Go to right edge (stripspaces off) or end of line (stripspaces on).
Control-F
向右移動光標，適當時換行到下一行。
Control-G
終止，返回窗口內容。
Control-H
向后刪除字符。
Control-J
如果窗口是1行則終止，否則插入換行符。
Control-K
如果行為空，則刪除它，否則清除到行尾。
Control-L
刷新屏幕。
Control-N
光標向下;向下移動一行。
Control-O
在光標位置插入一個空行。
Control-P
光標向上;向上移動一行。
如果光標位于無法移動的邊緣，則移動操作不執行任何操作。在可能的情況下，支持以下同義詞：
常數
按鍵
`KEY_LEFT`
Control-B
`KEY_RIGHT`
Control-F
`KEY_UP`
Control-P
`KEY_DOWN`
Control-N
`KEY_BACKSPACE`
Control-h
All other keystrokes are treated as a command to insert the given character and move right (with line wrapping).
`gather`()Return the window contents as a string; whether blanks in the window are included is affected by the [`stripspaces`](#curses.textpad.Textbox.stripspaces "curses.textpad.Textbox.stripspaces") member.
`stripspaces`This attribute is a flag which controls the interpretation of blanks in the window. When it is on, trailing blanks on each line are ignored; any cursor motion that would land the cursor on a trailing blank goes to the end of that line instead, and trailing blanks are stripped when the window contents are gathered.
### 導航
- [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄")
- [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") |
- [下一頁](curses.ascii.xhtml "curses.ascii --- Utilities for ASCII characters") |
- [上一頁](getpass.xhtml "getpass --- 便攜式密碼輸入工具") |
- 
- [Python](https://www.python.org/) ?
- zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ?
- [Python 標準庫](index.xhtml) ?
- [通用操作系統服務](allos.xhtml) ?
- $('.inline-search').show(0); |
? [版權所有](../copyright.xhtml) 2001-2019, Python Software Foundation.
Python 軟件基金會是一個非盈利組織。 [請捐助。](https://www.python.org/psf/donations/)
最后更新于 5月 21, 2019. [發現了問題](../bugs.xhtml)？
使用[Sphinx](http://sphinx.pocoo.org/)1.8.4 創建。
- Python文檔內容
- Python 有什么新變化？
- Python 3.7 有什么新變化
- 摘要 - 發布重點
- 新的特性
- 其他語言特性修改
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- C API 的改變
- 構建的改變
- 性能優化
- 其他 CPython 實現的改變
- 已棄用的 Python 行為
- 已棄用的 Python 模塊、函數和方法
- 已棄用的 C API 函數和類型
- 平臺支持的移除
- API 與特性的移除
- 移除的模塊
- Windows 專屬的改變
- 移植到 Python 3.7
- Python 3.7.1 中的重要變化
- Python 3.7.2 中的重要變化
- Python 3.6 有什么新變化A
- 摘要 - 發布重點
- 新的特性
- 其他語言特性修改
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- 性能優化
- Build and C API Changes
- 其他改進
- 棄用
- 移除
- 移植到Python 3.6
- Python 3.6.2 中的重要變化
- Python 3.6.4 中的重要變化
- Python 3.6.5 中的重要變化
- Python 3.6.7 中的重要變化
- Python 3.5 有什么新變化
- 摘要 - 發布重點
- 新的特性
- 其他語言特性修改
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- Other module-level changes
- 性能優化
- Build and C API Changes
- 棄用
- 移除
- Porting to Python 3.5
- Notable changes in Python 3.5.4
- What's New In Python 3.4
- 摘要 - 發布重點
- 新的特性
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- CPython Implementation Changes
- 棄用
- 移除
- Porting to Python 3.4
- Changed in 3.4.3
- What's New In Python 3.3
- 摘要 - 發布重點
- PEP 405: Virtual Environments
- PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages
- PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation
- PEP 393: Flexible String Representation
- PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows
- PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
- PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator
- PEP 409: Suppressing exception context
- PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals
- PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions
- PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary
- PEP 362: Function Signature Object
- PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation
- Using importlib as the Implementation of Import
- 其他語言特性修改
- A Finer-Grained Import Lock
- Builtin functions and types
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- 性能優化
- Build and C API Changes
- 棄用
- Porting to Python 3.3
- What's New In Python 3.2
- PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI
- PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module
- PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging
- PEP 3148: The concurrent.futures module
- PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories
- PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files
- PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- 多線程
- 性能優化
- Unicode
- Codecs
- 文檔
- IDLE
- Code Repository
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 3.2
- What's New In Python 3.1
- PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- 性能優化
- IDLE
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 3.1
- What's New In Python 3.0
- Common Stumbling Blocks
- Overview Of Syntax Changes
- Changes Already Present In Python 2.6
- Library Changes
- PEP 3101: A New Approach To String Formatting
- Changes To Exceptions
- Miscellaneous Other Changes
- Build and C API Changes
- 性能
- Porting To Python 3.0
- What's New in Python 2.7
- The Future for Python 2.x
- Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- 其他語言特性修改
- New and Improved Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
- Acknowledgements
- Python 2.6 有什么新變化
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The 'with' statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user site-packages Directory
- PEP 371: The multiprocessing Package
- PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105: print As a Function
- PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- 其他語言特性修改
- New and Improved Modules
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.6
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.5
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343: The 'with' statement
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The 'index' method
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.4
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.3
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279: enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.2
- 概述
- PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
- PEP 234: Iterators
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator
- Unicode Changes
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- New and Improved Modules
- Interpreter Changes and Fixes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.1
- 概述
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: future Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.0
- 概述
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- 列表推導式
- Augmented Assignment
- 字符串的方法
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML Modules
- Module changes
- New modules
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- Acknowledgements
- 更新日志
- Python 下一版
- Python 3.7.3 最終版
- Python 3.7.3 發布候選版 1
- Python 3.7.2 最終版
- Python 3.7.2 發布候選版 1
- Python 3.7.1 最終版
- Python 3.7.1 RC 2版本
- Python 3.7.1 發布候選版 1
- Python 3.7.0 正式版
- Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.7.0 beta 5
- Python 3.7.0 beta 4
- Python 3.7.0 beta 3
- Python 3.7.0 beta 2
- Python 3.7.0 beta 1
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.6.6 final
- Python 3.6.6 RC 1
- Python 3.6.5 final
- Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.4 final
- Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.3 final
- Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.2 final
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.1 final
- Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 final
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 beta 4
- Python 3.6.0 beta 3
- Python 3.6.0 beta 2
- Python 3.6.0 beta 1
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.5.5 final
- Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.4 final
- Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.3 final
- Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.2 final
- Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.1 final
- Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 final
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 beta 4
- Python 3.5.0 beta 3
- Python 3.5.0 beta 2
- Python 3.5.0 beta 1
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 1
- Python 教程
- 課前甜點
- 使用 Python 解釋器
- 調用解釋器
- 解釋器的運行環境
- Python 的非正式介紹
- Python 作為計算器使用
- 走向編程的第一步
- 其他流程控制工具
- if 語句
- for 語句
- range() 函數
- break 和 continue 語句，以及循環中的 else 子句
- pass 語句
- 定義函數
- 函數定義的更多形式
- 小插曲：編碼風格
- 數據結構
- 列表的更多特性
- del 語句
- 元組和序列
- 集合
- 字典
- 循環的技巧
- 深入條件控制
- 序列和其它類型的比較
- 模塊
- 有關模塊的更多信息
- 標準模塊
- dir() 函數
- 包
- 輸入輸出
- 更漂亮的輸出格式
- 讀寫文件
- 錯誤和異常
- 語法錯誤
- 異常
- 處理異常
- 拋出異常
- 用戶自定義異常
- 定義清理操作
- 預定義的清理操作
- 類
- 名稱和對象
- Python 作用域和命名空間
- 初探類
- 補充說明
- 繼承
- 私有變量
- 雜項說明
- 迭代器
- 生成器
- 生成器表達式
- 標準庫簡介
- 操作系統接口
- 文件通配符
- 命令行參數
- 錯誤輸出重定向和程序終止
- 字符串模式匹配
- 數學
- 互聯網訪問
- 日期和時間
- 數據壓縮
- 性能測量
- 質量控制
- 自帶電池
- 標準庫簡介 —— 第二部分
- 格式化輸出
- 模板
- 使用二進制數據記錄格式
- 多線程
- 日志
- 弱引用
- 用于操作列表的工具
- 十進制浮點運算
- 虛擬環境和包
- 概述
- 創建虛擬環境
- 使用pip管理包
- 接下來？
- 交互式編輯和編輯歷史
- Tab 補全和編輯歷史
- 默認交互式解釋器的替代品
- 浮點算術：爭議和限制
- 表示性錯誤
- 附錄
- 交互模式
- 安裝和使用 Python
- 命令行與環境
- 命令行
- 環境變量
- 在Unix平臺中使用Python
- 獲取最新版本的Python
- 構建Python
- 與Python相關的路徑和文件
- 雜項
- 編輯器和集成開發環境
- 在Windows上使用 Python
- 完整安裝程序
- Microsoft Store包
- nuget.org 安裝包
- 可嵌入的包
- 替代捆綁包
- 配置Python
- 適用于Windows的Python啟動器
- 查找模塊
- 附加模塊
- 在Windows上編譯Python
- 其他平臺
- 在蘋果系統上使用 Python
- 獲取和安裝 MacPython
- IDE
- 安裝額外的 Python 包
- Mac 上的圖形界面編程
- 在 Mac 上分發 Python 應用程序
- 其他資源
- Python 語言參考
- 概述
- 其他實現
- 標注
- 詞法分析
- 行結構
- 其他形符
- 標識符和關鍵字
- 字面值
- 運算符
- 分隔符
- 數據模型
- 對象、值與類型
- 標準類型層級結構
- 特殊方法名稱
- 協程
- 執行模型
- 程序的結構
- 命名與綁定
- 異常
- 導入系統
- importlib
- 包
- 搜索
- 加載
- 基于路徑的查找器
- 替換標準導入系統
- Package Relative Imports
- 有關 main 的特殊事項
- 開放問題項
- 參考文獻
- 表達式
- 算術轉換
- 原子
- 原型
- await 表達式
- 冪運算符
- 一元算術和位運算
- 二元算術運算符
- 移位運算
- 二元位運算
- 比較運算
- 布爾運算
- 條件表達式
- lambda 表達式
- 表達式列表
- 求值順序
- 運算符優先級
- 簡單語句
- 表達式語句
- 賦值語句
- assert 語句
- pass 語句
- del 語句
- return 語句
- yield 語句
- raise 語句
- break 語句
- continue 語句
- import 語句
- global 語句
- nonlocal 語句
- 復合語句
- if 語句
- while 語句
- for 語句
- try 語句
- with 語句
- 函數定義
- 類定義
- 協程
- 最高層級組件
- 完整的 Python 程序
- 文件輸入
- 交互式輸入
- 表達式輸入
- 完整的語法規范
- Python 標準庫
- 概述
- 可用性注釋
- 內置函數
- 內置常量
- 由 site 模塊添加的常量
- 內置類型
- 邏輯值檢測
- 布爾運算 — and, or, not
- 比較
- 數字類型 — int, float, complex
- 迭代器類型
- 序列類型 — list, tuple, range
- 文本序列類型 — str
- 二進制序列類型 — bytes, bytearray, memoryview
- 集合類型 — set, frozenset
- 映射類型 — dict
- 上下文管理器類型
- 其他內置類型
- 特殊屬性
- 內置異常
- 基類
- 具體異常
- 警告
- 異常層次結構
- 文本處理服務
- string — 常見的字符串操作
- re — 正則表達式操作
- 模塊 difflib 是一個計算差異的助手
- textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
- unicodedata — Unicode 數據庫
- stringprep — Internet String Preparation
- readline — GNU readline interface
- rlcompleter — GNU readline的完成函數
- 二進制數據服務
- struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
- codecs — Codec registry and base classes
- 數據類型
- datetime — 基礎日期/時間數據類型
- calendar — General calendar-related functions
- collections — 容器數據類型
- collections.abc — 容器的抽象基類
- heapq — 堆隊列算法
- bisect — Array bisection algorithm
- array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
- weakref — 弱引用
- types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
- copy — 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 復制操作
- pprint — 數據美化輸出
- reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
- enum — Support for enumerations
- 數字和數學模塊
- numbers — 數字的抽象基類
- math — 數學函數
- cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
- decimal — 十進制定點和浮點運算
- fractions — 分數
- random — 生成偽隨機數
- statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
- 函數式編程模塊
- itertools — 為高效循環而創建迭代器的函數
- functools — 高階函數和可調用對象上的操作
- operator — 標準運算符替代函數
- 文件和目錄訪問
- pathlib — 面向對象的文件系統路徑
- os.path — 常見路徑操作
- fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- stat — Interpreting stat() results
- filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
- tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
- glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
- linecache — Random access to text lines
- shutil — High-level file operations
- macpath — Mac OS 9 路徑操作函數
- 數據持久化
- pickle —— Python 對象序列化
- copyreg — Register pickle support functions
- shelve — Python object persistence
- marshal — Internal Python object serialization
- dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
- sqlite3 — SQLite 數據庫 DB-API 2.0 接口模塊
- 數據壓縮和存檔
- zlib — 與 gzip 兼容的壓縮
- gzip — 對 gzip 格式的支持
- bz2 — 對 bzip2 壓縮算法的支持
- lzma — 用 LZMA 算法壓縮
- zipfile — 在 ZIP 歸檔中工作
- tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
- 文件格式
- csv — CSV 文件讀寫
- configparser — Configuration file parser
- netrc — netrc file processing
- xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
- plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
- 加密服務
- hashlib — 安全哈希與消息摘要
- hmac — 基于密鑰的消息驗證
- secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
- 通用操作系統服務
- os — 操作系統接口模塊
- io — 處理流的核心工具
- time — 時間的訪問和轉換
- argparse — 命令行選項、參數和子命令解析器
- getopt — C-style parser for command line options
- 模塊 logging — Python 的日志記錄工具
- logging.config — 日志記錄配置
- logging.handlers — Logging handlers
- getpass — 便攜式密碼輸入工具
- curses — 終端字符單元顯示的處理
- curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
- curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
- curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
- platform — Access to underlying platform's identifying data
- errno — Standard errno system symbols
- ctypes — Python 的外部函數庫
- 并發執行
- threading — 基于線程的并行
- multiprocessing — 基于進程的并行
- concurrent 包
- concurrent.futures — 啟動并行任務
- subprocess — 子進程管理
- sched — 事件調度器
- queue — 一個同步的隊列類
- _thread — 底層多線程 API
- _dummy_thread — _thread 的替代模塊
- dummy_threading — 可直接替代 threading 模塊。
- contextvars — Context Variables
- Context Variables
- Manual Context Management
- asyncio support
- 網絡和進程間通信
- asyncio — 異步 I/O
- socket — 底層網絡接口
- ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
- select — Waiting for I/O completion
- selectors — 高級 I/O 復用庫
- asyncore — 異步socket處理器
- asynchat — 異步 socket 指令/響應 處理器
- signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
- mmap — Memory-mapped file support
- 互聯網數據處理
- email — 電子郵件與 MIME 處理包
- json — JSON 編碼和解碼器
- mailcap — Mailcap file handling
- mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
- mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
- base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 數據編碼
- binhex — 對binhex4文件進行編碼和解碼
- binascii — 二進制和 ASCII 碼互轉
- quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
- 結構化標記處理工具
- html — 超文本標記語言支持
- html.parser — 簡單的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器
- html.entities — HTML 一般實體的定義
- XML處理模塊
- xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
- xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
- xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
- xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
- xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
- xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
- xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
- xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
- xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 互聯網協議和支持
- webbrowser — 方便的Web瀏覽器控制器
- cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
- cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
- urllib — URL 處理模塊
- urllib.request — 用于打開 URL 的可擴展庫
- urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
- urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
- urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
- http — HTTP 模塊
- http.client — HTTP協議客戶端
- ftplib — FTP protocol client
- poplib — POP3 protocol client
- imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
- nntplib — NNTP protocol client
- smtplib —SMTP協議客戶端
- smtpd — SMTP Server
- telnetlib — Telnet client
- uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
- socketserver — A framework for network servers
- http.server — HTTP 服務器
- http.cookies — HTTP state management
- http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
- xmlrpc — XMLRPC 服務端與客戶端模塊
- xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
- xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
- ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- 多媒體服務
- audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
- aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- sunau — 讀寫 Sun AU 文件
- wave — 讀寫WAV格式文件
- chunk — Read IFF chunked data
- colorsys — Conversions between color systems
- imghdr — 推測圖像類型
- sndhdr — 推測聲音文件的類型
- ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 國際化
- gettext — 多語種國際化服務
- locale — 國際化服務
- 程序框架
- turtle — 海龜繪圖
- cmd — 支持面向行的命令解釋器
- shlex — Simple lexical analysis
- Tk圖形用戶界面(GUI)
- tkinter — Tcl/Tk的Python接口
- tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
- tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
- tkinter.scrolledtext — 滾動文字控件
- IDLE
- 其他圖形用戶界面（GUI）包
- 開發工具
- typing — 類型標注支持
- pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
- doctest — Test interactive Python examples
- unittest — 單元測試框架
- unittest.mock — mock object library
- unittest.mock 上手指南
- 2to3 - 自動將 Python 2 代碼轉為 Python 3 代碼
- test — Regression tests package for Python
- test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
- test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution tests
- 調試和分析
- bdb — Debugger framework
- faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
- pdb — The Python Debugger
- The Python Profilers
- timeit — 測量小代碼片段的執行時間
- trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
- tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
- 軟件打包和分發
- distutils — 構建和安裝 Python 模塊
- ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
- venv — 創建虛擬環境
- zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives
- Python運行時服務
- sys — 系統相關的參數和函數
- sysconfig — Provide access to Python's configuration information
- builtins — 內建對象
- main — 頂層腳本環境
- warnings — Warning control
- dataclasses — 數據類
- contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
- abc — 抽象基類
- atexit — 退出處理器
- traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
- future — Future 語句定義
- gc — 垃圾回收器接口
- inspect — 檢查對象
- site — Site-specific configuration hook
- 自定義 Python 解釋器
- code — Interpreter base classes
- codeop — Compile Python code
- 導入模塊
- zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
- pkgutil — Package extension utility
- modulefinder — 查找腳本使用的模塊
- runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
- importlib — The implementation of import
- Python 語言服務
- parser — Access Python parse trees
- ast — 抽象語法樹
- symtable — Access to the compiler's symbol tables
- symbol — 與 Python 解析樹一起使用的常量
- token — 與Python解析樹一起使用的常量
- keyword — 檢驗Python關鍵字
- tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
- tabnanny — 模糊縮進檢測
- pyclbr — Python class browser support
- py_compile — Compile Python source files
- compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
- dis — Python 字節碼反匯編器
- pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
- 雜項服務
- formatter — Generic output formatting
- Windows系統相關模塊
- msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
- msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- winreg — Windows 注冊表訪問
- winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
- Unix 專有服務
- posix — The most common POSIX system calls
- pwd — 用戶密碼數據庫
- spwd — The shadow password database
- grp — The group database
- crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
- termios — POSIX style tty control
- tty — 終端控制功能
- pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
- fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
- pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
- resource — Resource usage information
- nis — Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
- Unix syslog 庫例程
- 被取代的模塊
- optparse — Parser for command line options
- imp — Access the import internals
- 未創建文檔的模塊
- 平臺特定模塊
- 擴展和嵌入 Python 解釋器
- 推薦的第三方工具
- 不使用第三方工具創建擴展
- 使用 C 或 C++ 擴展 Python
- 自定義擴展類型：教程
- 定義擴展類型：已分類主題
- 構建C/C++擴展
- 在Windows平臺編譯C和C++擴展
- 在更大的應用程序中嵌入 CPython 運行時
- Embedding Python in Another Application
- Python/C API 參考手冊
- 概述
- 代碼標準
- 包含文件
- 有用的宏
- 對象、類型和引用計數
- 異常
- 嵌入Python
- 調試構建
- 穩定的應用程序二進制接口
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- 異常處理
- Printing and clearing
- 拋出異常
- Issuing warnings
- Querying the error indicator
- Signal Handling
- Exception Classes
- Exception Objects
- Unicode Exception Objects
- Recursion Control
- 標準異常
- 標準警告類別
- 工具
- 操作系統實用程序
- 系統功能
- 過程控制
- 導入模塊
- Data marshalling support
- 語句解釋及變量編譯
- 字符串轉換與格式化
- 反射
- 編解碼器注冊與支持功能
- 抽象對象層
- Object Protocol
- 數字協議
- Sequence Protocol
- Mapping Protocol
- 迭代器協議
- 緩沖協議
- Old Buffer Protocol
- 具體的對象層
- 基本對象
- 數值對象
- 序列對象
- 容器對象
- 函數對象
- 其他對象
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- 在Python初始化之前
- 全局配置變量
- Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
- Process-wide parameters
- Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
- Sub-interpreter support
- Asynchronous Notifications
- Profiling and Tracing
- Advanced Debugger Support
- Thread Local Storage Support
- 內存管理
- 概述
- 原始內存接口
- Memory Interface
- 對象分配器
- 默認內存分配器
- Customize Memory Allocators
- The pymalloc allocator
- tracemalloc C API
- 示例
- 對象實現支持
- 在堆中分配對象
- Common Object Structures
- Type 對象
- Number Object Structures
- Mapping Object Structures
- Sequence Object Structures
- Buffer Object Structures
- Async Object Structures
- 使對象類型支持循環垃圾回收
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 分發 Python 模塊
- 關鍵術語
- 開源許可與協作
- 安裝工具
- 閱讀指南
- 我該如何...？
- ...為我的項目選擇一個名字？
- ...創建和分發二進制擴展？
- 安裝 Python 模塊
- 關鍵術語
- 基本使用
- 我應如何 ...？
- ... 在 Python 3.4 之前的 Python 版本中安裝 pip ？
- ... 只為當前用戶安裝軟件包？
- ... 安裝科學計算類 Python 軟件包？
- ... 使用并行安裝的多個 Python 版本？
- 常見的安裝問題
- 在 Linux 的系統 Python 版本上安裝
- 未安裝 pip
- 安裝二進制編譯擴展
- Python 常用指引
- 將 Python 2 代碼遷移到 Python 3
- 簡要說明
- 詳情
- 將擴展模塊移植到 Python 3
- 條件編譯
- 對象API的更改
- 模塊初始化和狀態
- CObject 替換為 Capsule
- 其他選項
- Curses Programming with Python
- What is curses?
- Starting and ending a curses application
- Windows and Pads
- Displaying Text
- User Input
- For More Information
- 實現描述器
- 摘要
- 定義和簡介
- 描述器協議
- 發起調用描述符
- 描述符示例
- Properties
- 函數和方法
- Static Methods and Class Methods
- 函數式編程指引
- 概述
- 迭代器
- 生成器表達式和列表推導式
- 生成器
- 內置函數
- itertools 模塊
- The functools module
- Small functions and the lambda expression
- Revision History and Acknowledgements
- 引用文獻
- 日志 HOWTO
- 日志基礎教程
- 進階日志教程
- 日志級別
- 有用的處理程序
- 記錄日志中引發的異常
- 使用任意對象作為消息
- 優化
- 日志操作手冊
- 在多個模塊中使用日志
- 在多線程中使用日志
- 使用多個日志處理器和多種格式化
- 在多個地方記錄日志
- 日志服務器配置示例
- 處理日志處理器的阻塞
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing LogRecord
- Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example
- An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with dictConfig()
- Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with dictConfig()
- Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- 正則表達式HOWTO
- 概述
- 簡單模式
- 使用正則表達式
- 更多模式能力
- 修改字符串
- 常見問題
- 反饋
- 套接字編程指南
- 套接字
- 創建套接字
- 使用一個套接字
- 斷開連接
- 非阻塞的套接字
- 排序指南
- 基本排序
- 關鍵函數
- Operator 模塊函數
- 升序和降序
- 排序穩定性和排序復雜度
- 使用裝飾-排序-去裝飾的舊方法
- 使用 cmp 參數的舊方法
- 其它
- Unicode 指南
- Unicode 概述
- Python's Unicode Support
- Reading and Writing Unicode Data
- Acknowledgements
- 如何使用urllib包獲取網絡資源
- 概述
- Fetching URLs
- 處理異常
- info and geturl
- Openers and Handlers
- Basic Authentication
- Proxies
- Sockets and Layers
- 腳注
- Argparse 教程
- 概念
- 基礎
- 位置參數介紹
- Introducing Optional arguments
- Combining Positional and Optional arguments
- Getting a little more advanced
- Conclusion
- ipaddress模塊介紹
- 創建 Address/Network/Interface 對象
- 審查 Address/Network/Interface 對象
- Network 作為 Address 列表
- 比較
- 將IP地址與其他模塊一起使用
- 實例創建失敗時獲取更多詳細信息
- Argument Clinic How-To
- The Goals Of Argument Clinic
- Basic Concepts And Usage
- Converting Your First Function
- Advanced Topics
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 檢測CPython
- Enabling the static markers
- Static DTrace probes
- Static SystemTap markers
- Available static markers
- SystemTap Tapsets
- 示例
- Python 常見問題
- Python常見問題
- 一般信息
- 現實世界中的 Python
- 編程常見問題
- 一般問題
- 核心語言
- 數字和字符串
- 性能
- 序列（元組/列表）
- 對象
- 模塊
- 設計和歷史常見問題
- 為什么Python使用縮進來分組語句？
- 為什么簡單的算術運算得到奇怪的結果？
- 為什么浮點計算不準確？
- 為什么Python字符串是不可變的？
- 為什么必須在方法定義和調用中顯式使用“self”？
- 為什么不能在表達式中賦值？
- 為什么Python對某些功能（例如list.index()）使用方法來實現，而其他功能（例如len(List)）使用函數實現？
- 為什么 join()是一個字符串方法而不是列表或元組方法？
- 異常有多快？
- 為什么Python中沒有switch或case語句？
- 難道不能在解釋器中模擬線程，而非得依賴特定于操作系統的線程實現嗎？
- 為什么lambda表達式不能包含語句？
- 可以將Python編譯為機器代碼，C或其他語言嗎？
- Python如何管理內存？
- 為什么CPython不使用更傳統的垃圾回收方案？
- CPython退出時為什么不釋放所有內存？
- 為什么有單獨的元組和列表數據類型？
- 列表是如何在CPython中實現的？
- 字典是如何在CPython中實現的？
- 為什么字典key必須是不可變的？
- 為什么 list.sort() 沒有返回排序列表？
- 如何在Python中指定和實施接口規范？
- 為什么沒有goto？
- 為什么原始字符串（r-strings）不能以反斜杠結尾？
- 為什么Python沒有屬性賦值的“with”語句？
- 為什么 if/while/def/class語句需要冒號？
- 為什么Python在列表和元組的末尾允許使用逗號？
- 代碼庫和插件 FAQ
- 通用的代碼庫問題
- 通用任務
- 線程相關
- 輸入輸出
- 網絡 / Internet 編程
- 數據庫
- 數學和數字
- 擴展/嵌入常見問題
- 可以使用C語言中創建自己的函數嗎？
- 可以使用C++語言中創建自己的函數嗎？
- C很難寫，有沒有其他選擇？
- 如何從C執行任意Python語句？
- 如何從C中評估任意Python表達式？
- 如何從Python對象中提取C的值？
- 如何使用Py_BuildValue()創建任意長度的元組？
- 如何從C調用對象的方法？
- 如何捕獲PyErr_Print()（或打印到stdout / stderr的任何內容）的輸出？
- 如何從C訪問用Python編寫的模塊？
- 如何從Python接口到C ++對象？
- 我使用Setup文件添加了一個模塊，為什么make失敗了？
- 如何調試擴展？
- 我想在Linux系統上編譯一個Python模塊，但是缺少一些文件。為什么?
- 如何區分“輸入不完整”和“輸入無效”？
- 如何找到未定義的g++符號__builtin_new或__pure_virtual？
- 能否創建一個對象類，其中部分方法在C中實現，而其他方法在Python中實現（例如通過繼承）？
- Python在Windows上的常見問題
- 我怎樣在Windows下運行一個Python程序？
- 我怎么讓 Python 腳本可執行？
- 為什么有時候 Python 程序會啟動緩慢？
- 我怎樣使用Python腳本制作可執行文件？
- *.pyd 文件和DLL文件相同嗎？
- 我怎樣將Python嵌入一個Windows程序？
- 如何讓編輯器不要在我的 Python 源代碼中插入 tab ？
- 如何在不阻塞的情況下檢查按鍵？
- 圖形用戶界面（GUI）常見問題
- 圖形界面常見問題
- Python 是否有平臺無關的圖形界面工具包？
- 有哪些Python的GUI工具是某個平臺專用的？
- 有關Tkinter的問題
- “為什么我的電腦上安裝了 Python ？”
- 什么是Python？
- 為什么我的電腦上安裝了 Python ？
- 我能刪除 Python 嗎？
- 術語對照表
- 文檔說明
- Python 文檔貢獻者
- 解決 Bug
- 文檔錯誤
- 使用 Python 的錯誤追蹤系統
- 開始為 Python 貢獻您的知識
- 版權
- 歷史和許可證
- 軟件歷史
- 訪問Python或以其他方式使用Python的條款和條件
- Python 3.7.3 的 PSF 許可協議
- Python 2.0 的 BeOpen.com 許可協議
- Python 1.6.1 的 CNRI 許可協議
- Python 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 許可協議
- 集成軟件的許可和認可
- Mersenne Twister
- 套接字
- Asynchronous socket services
- Cookie management
- Execution tracing
- UUencode and UUdecode functions
- XML Remote Procedure Calls
- test_epoll
- Select kqueue
- SipHash24
- strtod and dtoa
- OpenSSL
- expat
- libffi
- zlib
- cfuhash
- libmpdec