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# [`nntplib`](#module-nntplib "nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets).") --- NNTP protocol client
**Source code:** [Lib/nntplib.py](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/nntplib.py) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/nntplib.py\]
- - - - - -
This module defines the class [`NNTP`](#nntplib.NNTP "nntplib.NNTP") which implements the client side of the Network News Transfer Protocol. It can be used to implement a news reader or poster, or automated news processors. It is compatible with [**RFC 3977**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977.html\]as well as the older [**RFC 977**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977.html\] and [**RFC 2980**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980.html\].
Here are two small examples of how it can be used. To list some statistics about a newsgroup and print the subjects of the last 10 articles:
```
>>> s = nntplib.NNTP('news.gmane.org')
>>> resp, count, first, last, name = s.group('gmane.comp.python.committers')
>>> print('Group', name, 'has', count, 'articles, range', first, 'to', last)
Group gmane.comp.python.committers has 1096 articles, range 1 to 1096
>>> resp, overviews = s.over((last - 9, last))
>>> for id, over in overviews:
... print(id, nntplib.decode_header(over['subject']))
...
1087 Re: Commit privileges for ?ukasz Langa
1088 Re: 3.2 alpha 2 freeze
1089 Re: 3.2 alpha 2 freeze
1090 Re: Commit privileges for ?ukasz Langa
1091 Re: Commit privileges for ?ukasz Langa
1092 Updated ssh key
1093 Re: Updated ssh key
1094 Re: Updated ssh key
1095 Hello fellow committers!
1096 Re: Hello fellow committers!
>>> s.quit()
'205 Bye!'
```
To post an article from a binary file (this assumes that the article has valid headers, and that you have right to post on the particular newsgroup):
```
>>> s = nntplib.NNTP('news.gmane.org')
>>> f = open('article.txt', 'rb')
>>> s.post(f)
'240 Article posted successfully.'
>>> s.quit()
'205 Bye!'
```
The module itself defines the following classes:
*class* `nntplib.``NNTP`(*host*, *port=119*, *user=None*, *password=None*, *readermode=None*, *usenetrc=False*\[, *timeout*\])Return a new [`NNTP`](#nntplib.NNTP "nntplib.NNTP") object, representing a connection to the NNTP server running on host *host*, listening at port *port*. An optional *timeout* can be specified for the socket connection. If the optional *user* and *password* are provided, or if suitable credentials are present in `/.netrc` and the optional flag *usenetrc*is true, the `AUTHINFO USER` and `AUTHINFO PASS` commands are used to identify and authenticate the user to the server. If the optional flag *readermode* is true, then a `mode reader` command is sent before authentication is performed. Reader mode is sometimes necessary if you are connecting to an NNTP server on the local machine and intend to call reader-specific commands, such as `group`. If you get unexpected [`NNTPPermanentError`](#nntplib.NNTPPermanentError "nntplib.NNTPPermanentError")s, you might need to set *readermode*. The [`NNTP`](#nntplib.NNTP "nntplib.NNTP") class supports the [`with`](../reference/compound_stmts.xhtml#with) statement to unconditionally consume [`OSError`](exceptions.xhtml#OSError "OSError") exceptions and to close the NNTP connection when done, e.g.:
```
>>> from nntplib import NNTP
>>> with NNTP('news.gmane.org') as n:
... n.group('gmane.comp.python.committers')
... # doctest: +SKIP
('211 1755 1 1755 gmane.comp.python.committers', 1755, 1, 1755, 'gmane.comp.python.committers')
>>>
```
在 3.2 版更改: *usenetrc* is now `False` by default.
在 3.3 版更改: 支持了 [`with`](../reference/compound_stmts.xhtml#with) 語句。
*class* `nntplib.``NNTP_SSL`(*host*, *port=563*, *user=None*, *password=None*, *ssl\_context=None*, *readermode=None*, *usenetrc=False*\[, *timeout*\])Return a new [`NNTP_SSL`](#nntplib.NNTP_SSL "nntplib.NNTP_SSL") object, representing an encrypted connection to the NNTP server running on host *host*, listening at port *port*. [`NNTP_SSL`](#nntplib.NNTP_SSL "nntplib.NNTP_SSL") objects have the same methods as [`NNTP`](#nntplib.NNTP "nntplib.NNTP") objects. If *port* is omitted, port 563 (NNTPS) is used. *ssl\_context* is also optional, and is a [`SSLContext`](ssl.xhtml#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") object. Please read [Security considerations](ssl.xhtml#ssl-security) for best practices. All other parameters behave the same as for [`NNTP`](#nntplib.NNTP "nntplib.NNTP").
Note that SSL-on-563 is discouraged per [**RFC 4642**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4642.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4642.html\], in favor of STARTTLS as described below. However, some servers only support the former.
3\.2 新版功能.
在 3.4 版更改: The class now supports hostname check with [`ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname`](ssl.xhtml#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname "ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname") and *Server Name Indication* (see [`ssl.HAS_SNI`](ssl.xhtml#ssl.HAS_SNI "ssl.HAS_SNI")).
*exception* `nntplib.``NNTPError`Derived from the standard exception [`Exception`](exceptions.xhtml#Exception "Exception"), this is the base class for all exceptions raised by the [`nntplib`](#module-nntplib "nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets).") module. Instances of this class have the following attribute:
`response`The response of the server if available, as a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") object.
*exception* `nntplib.``NNTPReplyError`Exception raised when an unexpected reply is received from the server.
*exception* `nntplib.``NNTPTemporaryError`Exception raised when a response code in the range 400--499 is received.
*exception* `nntplib.``NNTPPermanentError`Exception raised when a response code in the range 500--599 is received.
*exception* `nntplib.``NNTPProtocolError`Exception raised when a reply is received from the server that does not begin with a digit in the range 1--5.
*exception* `nntplib.``NNTPDataError`Exception raised when there is some error in the response data.
## NNTP Objects
When connected, [`NNTP`](#nntplib.NNTP "nntplib.NNTP") and [`NNTP_SSL`](#nntplib.NNTP_SSL "nntplib.NNTP_SSL") objects support the following methods and attributes.
### Attributes
`NNTP.``nntp_version`An integer representing the version of the NNTP protocol supported by the server. In practice, this should be `2` for servers advertising [**RFC 3977**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977.html\] compliance and `1` for others.
3\.2 新版功能.
`NNTP.``nntp_implementation`A string describing the software name and version of the NNTP server, or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None") if not advertised by the server.
3\.2 新版功能.
### 方法
The *response* that is returned as the first item in the return tuple of almost all methods is the server's response: a string beginning with a three-digit code. If the server's response indicates an error, the method raises one of the above exceptions.
Many of the following methods take an optional keyword-only argument *file*. When the *file* argument is supplied, it must be either a [file object](../glossary.xhtml#term-file-object)opened for binary writing, or the name of an on-disk file to be written to. The method will then write any data returned by the server (except for the response line and the terminating dot) to the file; any list of lines, tuples or objects that the method normally returns will be empty.
在 3.2 版更改: Many of the following methods have been reworked and fixed, which makes them incompatible with their 3.1 counterparts.
`NNTP.``quit`()Send a `QUIT` command and close the connection. Once this method has been called, no other methods of the NNTP object should be called.
`NNTP.``getwelcome`()Return the welcome message sent by the server in reply to the initial connection. (This message sometimes contains disclaimers or help information that may be relevant to the user.)
`NNTP.``getcapabilities`()Return the [**RFC 3977**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977.html\] capabilities advertised by the server, as a [`dict`](stdtypes.xhtml#dict "dict") instance mapping capability names to (possibly empty) lists of values. On legacy servers which don't understand the `CAPABILITIES`command, an empty dictionary is returned instead.
```
>>> s = NNTP('news.gmane.org')
>>> 'POST' in s.getcapabilities()
True
```
3\.2 新版功能.
`NNTP.``login`(*user=None*, *password=None*, *usenetrc=True*)Send `AUTHINFO` commands with the user name and password. If *user*and *password* are `None` and *usenetrc* is true, credentials from `~/.netrc` will be used if possible.
Unless intentionally delayed, login is normally performed during the [`NNTP`](#nntplib.NNTP "nntplib.NNTP") object initialization and separately calling this function is unnecessary. To force authentication to be delayed, you must not set *user* or *password* when creating the object, and must set *usenetrc* to False.
3\.2 新版功能.
`NNTP.``starttls`(*context=None*)Send a `STARTTLS` command. This will enable encryption on the NNTP connection. The *context* argument is optional and should be a [`ssl.SSLContext`](ssl.xhtml#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") object. Please read [Security considerations](ssl.xhtml#ssl-security) for best practices.
Note that this may not be done after authentication information has been transmitted, and authentication occurs by default if possible during a [`NNTP`](#nntplib.NNTP "nntplib.NNTP") object initialization. See [`NNTP.login()`](#nntplib.NNTP.login "nntplib.NNTP.login") for information on suppressing this behavior.
3\.2 新版功能.
在 3.4 版更改: The method now supports hostname check with [`ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname`](ssl.xhtml#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname "ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname") and *Server Name Indication* (see [`ssl.HAS_SNI`](ssl.xhtml#ssl.HAS_SNI "ssl.HAS_SNI")).
`NNTP.``newgroups`(*date*, *\**, *file=None*)Send a `NEWGROUPS` command. The *date* argument should be a [`datetime.date`](datetime.xhtml#datetime.date "datetime.date") or [`datetime.datetime`](datetime.xhtml#datetime.datetime "datetime.datetime") object. Return a pair `(response, groups)` where *groups* is a list representing the groups that are new since the given *date*. If *file* is supplied, though, then *groups* will be empty.
```
>>> from datetime import date, timedelta
>>> resp, groups = s.newgroups(date.today() - timedelta(days=3))
>>> len(groups) # doctest: +SKIP
85
>>> groups[0] # doctest: +SKIP
GroupInfo(group='gmane.network.tor.devel', last='4', first='1', flag='m')
```
`NNTP.``newnews`(*group*, *date*, *\**, *file=None*)Send a `NEWNEWS` command. Here, *group* is a group name or `'*'`, and *date* has the same meaning as for [`newgroups()`](#nntplib.NNTP.newgroups "nntplib.NNTP.newgroups"). Return a pair `(response, articles)` where *articles* is a list of message ids.
This command is frequently disabled by NNTP server administrators.
`NNTP.``list`(*group\_pattern=None*, *\**, *file=None*)Send a `LIST` or `LIST ACTIVE` command. Return a pair `(response, list)` where *list* is a list of tuples representing all the groups available from this NNTP server, optionally matching the pattern string *group\_pattern*. Each tuple has the form `(group, last, first, flag)`, where *group* is a group name, *last*and *first* are the last and first article numbers, and *flag* usually takes one of these values:
- `y`: Local postings and articles from peers are allowed.
- `m`: The group is moderated and all postings must be approved.
- `n`: No local postings are allowed, only articles from peers.
- `j`: Articles from peers are filed in the junk group instead.
- `x`: No local postings, and articles from peers are ignored.
- `=foo.bar`: Articles are filed in the `foo.bar` group instead.
If *flag* has another value, then the status of the newsgroup should be considered unknown.
This command can return very large results, especially if *group\_pattern*is not specified. It is best to cache the results offline unless you really need to refresh them.
在 3.2 版更改: *group\_pattern* was added.
`NNTP.``descriptions`(*grouppattern*)Send a `LIST NEWSGROUPS` command, where *grouppattern* is a wildmat string as specified in [**RFC 3977**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977.html\] (it's essentially the same as DOS or UNIX shell wildcard strings). Return a pair `(response, descriptions)`, where *descriptions*is a dictionary mapping group names to textual descriptions.
```
>>> resp, descs = s.descriptions('gmane.comp.python.*')
>>> len(descs) # doctest: +SKIP
295
>>> descs.popitem() # doctest: +SKIP
('gmane.comp.python.bio.general', 'BioPython discussion list (Moderated)')
```
`NNTP.``description`(*group*)Get a description for a single group *group*. If more than one group matches (if 'group' is a real wildmat string), return the first match. If no group matches, return an empty string.
This elides the response code from the server. If the response code is needed, use [`descriptions()`](#nntplib.NNTP.descriptions "nntplib.NNTP.descriptions").
`NNTP.``group`(*name*)Send a `GROUP` command, where *name* is the group name. The group is selected as the current group, if it exists. Return a tuple `(response, count, first, last, name)` where *count* is the (estimated) number of articles in the group, *first* is the first article number in the group, *last* is the last article number in the group, and *name*is the group name.
`NNTP.``over`(*message\_spec*, *\**, *file=None*)Send an `OVER` command, or an `XOVER` command on legacy servers. *message\_spec* can be either a string representing a message id, or a `(first, last)` tuple of numbers indicating a range of articles in the current group, or a `(first, None)` tuple indicating a range of articles starting from *first* to the last article in the current group, or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None") to select the current article in the current group.
Return a pair `(response, overviews)`. *overviews* is a list of `(article_number, overview)` tuples, one for each article selected by *message\_spec*. Each *overview* is a dictionary with the same number of items, but this number depends on the server. These items are either message headers (the key is then the lower-cased header name) or metadata items (the key is then the metadata name prepended with `":"`). The following items are guaranteed to be present by the NNTP specification:
- the `subject`, `from`, `date`, `message-id` and `references`headers
- the `:bytes` metadata: the number of bytes in the entire raw article (including headers and body)
- the `:lines` metadata: the number of lines in the article body
The value of each item is either a string, or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None") if not present.
It is advisable to use the [`decode_header()`](#nntplib.decode_header "nntplib.decode_header") function on header values when they may contain non-ASCII characters:
```
>>> _, _, first, last, _ = s.group('gmane.comp.python.devel')
>>> resp, overviews = s.over((last, last))
>>> art_num, over = overviews[0]
>>> art_num
117216
>>> list(over.keys())
['xref', 'from', ':lines', ':bytes', 'references', 'date', 'message-id', 'subject']
>>> over['from']
'=?UTF-8?B?Ik1hcnRpbiB2LiBMw7Z3aXMi?= <martin@v.loewis.de>'
>>> nntplib.decode_header(over['from'])
'"Martin v. L?wis" <martin@v.loewis.de>'
```
3\.2 新版功能.
`NNTP.``help`(*\**, *file=None*)Send a `HELP` command. Return a pair `(response, list)` where *list* is a list of help strings.
`NNTP.``stat`(*message\_spec=None*)Send a `STAT` command, where *message\_spec* is either a message id (enclosed in `'<'` and `'>'`) or an article number in the current group. If *message\_spec* is omitted or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None"), the current article in the current group is considered. Return a triple `(response, number, id)`where *number* is the article number and *id* is the message id.
```
>>> _, _, first, last, _ = s.group('gmane.comp.python.devel')
>>> resp, number, message_id = s.stat(first)
>>> number, message_id
(9099, '<20030112190404.GE29873@epoch.metaslash.com>')
```
`NNTP.``next`()Send a `NEXT` command. Return as for [`stat()`](#nntplib.NNTP.stat "nntplib.NNTP.stat").
`NNTP.``last`()Send a `LAST` command. Return as for [`stat()`](#nntplib.NNTP.stat "nntplib.NNTP.stat").
`NNTP.``article`(*message\_spec=None*, *\**, *file=None*)Send an `ARTICLE` command, where *message\_spec* has the same meaning as for [`stat()`](#nntplib.NNTP.stat "nntplib.NNTP.stat"). Return a tuple `(response, info)` where *info*is a [`namedtuple`](collections.xhtml#collections.namedtuple "collections.namedtuple") with three attributes *number*, *message\_id* and *lines* (in that order). *number* is the article number in the group (or 0 if the information is not available), *message\_id* the message id as a string, and *lines* a list of lines (without terminating newlines) comprising the raw message including headers and body.
```
>>> resp, info = s.article('<20030112190404.GE29873@epoch.metaslash.com>')
>>> info.number
0
>>> info.message_id
'<20030112190404.GE29873@epoch.metaslash.com>'
>>> len(info.lines)
65
>>> info.lines[0]
b'Path: main.gmane.org!not-for-mail'
>>> info.lines[1]
b'From: Neal Norwitz <neal@metaslash.com>'
>>> info.lines[-3:]
[b'There is a patch for 2.3 as well as 2.2.', b'', b'Neal']
```
`NNTP.``head`(*message\_spec=None*, *\**, *file=None*)Same as [`article()`](#nntplib.NNTP.article "nntplib.NNTP.article"), but sends a `HEAD` command. The *lines*returned (or written to *file*) will only contain the message headers, not the body.
`NNTP.``body`(*message\_spec=None*, *\**, *file=None*)Same as [`article()`](#nntplib.NNTP.article "nntplib.NNTP.article"), but sends a `BODY` command. The *lines*returned (or written to *file*) will only contain the message body, not the headers.
`NNTP.``post`(*data*)Post an article using the `POST` command. The *data* argument is either a [file object](../glossary.xhtml#term-file-object) opened for binary reading, or any iterable of bytes objects (representing raw lines of the article to be posted). It should represent a well-formed news article, including the required headers. The [`post()`](#nntplib.NNTP.post "nntplib.NNTP.post") method automatically escapes lines beginning with `.` and appends the termination line.
If the method succeeds, the server's response is returned. If the server refuses posting, a [`NNTPReplyError`](#nntplib.NNTPReplyError "nntplib.NNTPReplyError") is raised.
`NNTP.``ihave`(*message\_id*, *data*)Send an `IHAVE` command. *message\_id* is the id of the message to send to the server (enclosed in `'<'` and `'>'`). The *data* parameter and the return value are the same as for [`post()`](#nntplib.NNTP.post "nntplib.NNTP.post").
`NNTP.``date`()Return a pair `(response, date)`. *date* is a [`datetime`](datetime.xhtml#datetime.datetime "datetime.datetime")object containing the current date and time of the server.
`NNTP.``slave`()Send a `SLAVE` command. Return the server's *response*.
`NNTP.``set_debuglevel`(*level*)Set the instance's debugging level. This controls the amount of debugging output printed. The default, `0`, produces no debugging output. A value of `1` produces a moderate amount of debugging output, generally a single line per request or response. A value of `2` or higher produces the maximum amount of debugging output, logging each line sent and received on the connection (including message text).
The following are optional NNTP extensions defined in [**RFC 2980**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980.html\]. Some of them have been superseded by newer commands in [**RFC 3977**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977.html\].
`NNTP.``xhdr`(*hdr*, *str*, *\**, *file=None*)Send an `XHDR` command. The *hdr* argument is a header keyword, e.g. `'subject'`. The *str* argument should have the form `'first-last'`where *first* and *last* are the first and last article numbers to search. Return a pair `(response, list)`, where *list* is a list of pairs
```
(id,
text)
```
, where *id* is an article number (as a string) and *text* is the text of the requested header for that article. If the *file* parameter is supplied, then the output of the `XHDR` command is stored in a file. If *file* is a string, then the method will open a file with that name, write to it then close it. If *file* is a [file object](../glossary.xhtml#term-file-object), then it will start calling `write()` on it to store the lines of the command output. If *file* is supplied, then the returned *list* is an empty list.
`NNTP.``xover`(*start*, *end*, *\**, *file=None*)Send an `XOVER` command. *start* and *end* are article numbers delimiting the range of articles to select. The return value is the same of for [`over()`](#nntplib.NNTP.over "nntplib.NNTP.over"). It is recommended to use [`over()`](#nntplib.NNTP.over "nntplib.NNTP.over")instead, since it will automatically use the newer `OVER` command if available.
`NNTP.``xpath`(*id*)Return a pair `(resp, path)`, where *path* is the directory path to the article with message ID *id*. Most of the time, this extension is not enabled by NNTP server administrators.
3\.3 版后已移除: The XPATH extension is not actively used.
## Utility functions
The module also defines the following utility function:
`nntplib.``decode_header`(*header\_str*)Decode a header value, un-escaping any escaped non-ASCII characters. *header\_str* must be a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") object. The unescaped value is returned. Using this function is recommended to display some headers in a human readable form:
```
>>> decode_header("Some subject")
'Some subject'
>>> decode_header("=?ISO-8859-15?Q?D=E9buter_en_Python?=")
'Débuter en Python'
>>> decode_header("Re: =?UTF-8?B?cHJvYmzDqG1lIGRlIG1hdHJpY2U=?=")
'Re: problème de matrice'
```
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- Python文檔內容
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- 新的特性
- 其他語言特性修改
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- Other module-level changes
- 性能優化
- Build and C API Changes
- 棄用
- 移除
- Porting to Python 3.5
- Notable changes in Python 3.5.4
- What's New In Python 3.4
- 摘要 - 發布重點
- 新的特性
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- CPython Implementation Changes
- 棄用
- 移除
- Porting to Python 3.4
- Changed in 3.4.3
- What's New In Python 3.3
- 摘要 - 發布重點
- PEP 405: Virtual Environments
- PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages
- PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation
- PEP 393: Flexible String Representation
- PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows
- PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
- PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator
- PEP 409: Suppressing exception context
- PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals
- PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions
- PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary
- PEP 362: Function Signature Object
- PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation
- Using importlib as the Implementation of Import
- 其他語言特性修改
- A Finer-Grained Import Lock
- Builtin functions and types
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- 性能優化
- Build and C API Changes
- 棄用
- Porting to Python 3.3
- What's New In Python 3.2
- PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI
- PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module
- PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging
- PEP 3148: The concurrent.futures module
- PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories
- PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files
- PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- 多線程
- 性能優化
- Unicode
- Codecs
- 文檔
- IDLE
- Code Repository
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 3.2
- What's New In Python 3.1
- PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- 性能優化
- IDLE
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 3.1
- What's New In Python 3.0
- Common Stumbling Blocks
- Overview Of Syntax Changes
- Changes Already Present In Python 2.6
- Library Changes
- PEP 3101: A New Approach To String Formatting
- Changes To Exceptions
- Miscellaneous Other Changes
- Build and C API Changes
- 性能
- Porting To Python 3.0
- What's New in Python 2.7
- The Future for Python 2.x
- Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- 其他語言特性修改
- New and Improved Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
- Acknowledgements
- Python 2.6 有什么新變化
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The 'with' statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user site-packages Directory
- PEP 371: The multiprocessing Package
- PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105: print As a Function
- PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- 其他語言特性修改
- New and Improved Modules
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.6
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.5
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343: The 'with' statement
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The 'index' method
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.4
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.3
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279: enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.2
- 概述
- PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
- PEP 234: Iterators
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator
- Unicode Changes
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- New and Improved Modules
- Interpreter Changes and Fixes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.1
- 概述
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: future Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.0
- 概述
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- 列表推導式
- Augmented Assignment
- 字符串的方法
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML Modules
- Module changes
- New modules
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- Acknowledgements
- 更新日志
- Python 下一版
- Python 3.7.3 最終版
- Python 3.7.3 發布候選版 1
- Python 3.7.2 最終版
- Python 3.7.2 發布候選版 1
- Python 3.7.1 最終版
- Python 3.7.1 RC 2版本
- Python 3.7.1 發布候選版 1
- Python 3.7.0 正式版
- Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.7.0 beta 5
- Python 3.7.0 beta 4
- Python 3.7.0 beta 3
- Python 3.7.0 beta 2
- Python 3.7.0 beta 1
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.6.6 final
- Python 3.6.6 RC 1
- Python 3.6.5 final
- Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.4 final
- Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.3 final
- Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.2 final
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.1 final
- Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 final
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 beta 4
- Python 3.6.0 beta 3
- Python 3.6.0 beta 2
- Python 3.6.0 beta 1
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.5.5 final
- Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.4 final
- Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.3 final
- Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.2 final
- Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.1 final
- Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 final
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 beta 4
- Python 3.5.0 beta 3
- Python 3.5.0 beta 2
- Python 3.5.0 beta 1
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 1
- Python 教程
- 課前甜點
- 使用 Python 解釋器
- 調用解釋器
- 解釋器的運行環境
- Python 的非正式介紹
- Python 作為計算器使用
- 走向編程的第一步
- 其他流程控制工具
- if 語句
- for 語句
- range() 函數
- break 和 continue 語句，以及循環中的 else 子句
- pass 語句
- 定義函數
- 函數定義的更多形式
- 小插曲：編碼風格
- 數據結構
- 列表的更多特性
- del 語句
- 元組和序列
- 集合
- 字典
- 循環的技巧
- 深入條件控制
- 序列和其它類型的比較
- 模塊
- 有關模塊的更多信息
- 標準模塊
- dir() 函數
- 包
- 輸入輸出
- 更漂亮的輸出格式
- 讀寫文件
- 錯誤和異常
- 語法錯誤
- 異常
- 處理異常
- 拋出異常
- 用戶自定義異常
- 定義清理操作
- 預定義的清理操作
- 類
- 名稱和對象
- Python 作用域和命名空間
- 初探類
- 補充說明
- 繼承
- 私有變量
- 雜項說明
- 迭代器
- 生成器
- 生成器表達式
- 標準庫簡介
- 操作系統接口
- 文件通配符
- 命令行參數
- 錯誤輸出重定向和程序終止
- 字符串模式匹配
- 數學
- 互聯網訪問
- 日期和時間
- 數據壓縮
- 性能測量
- 質量控制
- 自帶電池
- 標準庫簡介 —— 第二部分
- 格式化輸出
- 模板
- 使用二進制數據記錄格式
- 多線程
- 日志
- 弱引用
- 用于操作列表的工具
- 十進制浮點運算
- 虛擬環境和包
- 概述
- 創建虛擬環境
- 使用pip管理包
- 接下來？
- 交互式編輯和編輯歷史
- Tab 補全和編輯歷史
- 默認交互式解釋器的替代品
- 浮點算術：爭議和限制
- 表示性錯誤
- 附錄
- 交互模式
- 安裝和使用 Python
- 命令行與環境
- 命令行
- 環境變量
- 在Unix平臺中使用Python
- 獲取最新版本的Python
- 構建Python
- 與Python相關的路徑和文件
- 雜項
- 編輯器和集成開發環境
- 在Windows上使用 Python
- 完整安裝程序
- Microsoft Store包
- nuget.org 安裝包
- 可嵌入的包
- 替代捆綁包
- 配置Python
- 適用于Windows的Python啟動器
- 查找模塊
- 附加模塊
- 在Windows上編譯Python
- 其他平臺
- 在蘋果系統上使用 Python
- 獲取和安裝 MacPython
- IDE
- 安裝額外的 Python 包
- Mac 上的圖形界面編程
- 在 Mac 上分發 Python 應用程序
- 其他資源
- Python 語言參考
- 概述
- 其他實現
- 標注
- 詞法分析
- 行結構
- 其他形符
- 標識符和關鍵字
- 字面值
- 運算符
- 分隔符
- 數據模型
- 對象、值與類型
- 標準類型層級結構
- 特殊方法名稱
- 協程
- 執行模型
- 程序的結構
- 命名與綁定
- 異常
- 導入系統
- importlib
- 包
- 搜索
- 加載
- 基于路徑的查找器
- 替換標準導入系統
- Package Relative Imports
- 有關 main 的特殊事項
- 開放問題項
- 參考文獻
- 表達式
- 算術轉換
- 原子
- 原型
- await 表達式
- 冪運算符
- 一元算術和位運算
- 二元算術運算符
- 移位運算
- 二元位運算
- 比較運算
- 布爾運算
- 條件表達式
- lambda 表達式
- 表達式列表
- 求值順序
- 運算符優先級
- 簡單語句
- 表達式語句
- 賦值語句
- assert 語句
- pass 語句
- del 語句
- return 語句
- yield 語句
- raise 語句
- break 語句
- continue 語句
- import 語句
- global 語句
- nonlocal 語句
- 復合語句
- if 語句
- while 語句
- for 語句
- try 語句
- with 語句
- 函數定義
- 類定義
- 協程
- 最高層級組件
- 完整的 Python 程序
- 文件輸入
- 交互式輸入
- 表達式輸入
- 完整的語法規范
- Python 標準庫
- 概述
- 可用性注釋
- 內置函數
- 內置常量
- 由 site 模塊添加的常量
- 內置類型
- 邏輯值檢測
- 布爾運算 — and, or, not
- 比較
- 數字類型 — int, float, complex
- 迭代器類型
- 序列類型 — list, tuple, range
- 文本序列類型 — str
- 二進制序列類型 — bytes, bytearray, memoryview
- 集合類型 — set, frozenset
- 映射類型 — dict
- 上下文管理器類型
- 其他內置類型
- 特殊屬性
- 內置異常
- 基類
- 具體異常
- 警告
- 異常層次結構
- 文本處理服務
- string — 常見的字符串操作
- re — 正則表達式操作
- 模塊 difflib 是一個計算差異的助手
- textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
- unicodedata — Unicode 數據庫
- stringprep — Internet String Preparation
- readline — GNU readline interface
- rlcompleter — GNU readline的完成函數
- 二進制數據服務
- struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
- codecs — Codec registry and base classes
- 數據類型
- datetime — 基礎日期/時間數據類型
- calendar — General calendar-related functions
- collections — 容器數據類型
- collections.abc — 容器的抽象基類
- heapq — 堆隊列算法
- bisect — Array bisection algorithm
- array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
- weakref — 弱引用
- types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
- copy — 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 復制操作
- pprint — 數據美化輸出
- reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
- enum — Support for enumerations
- 數字和數學模塊
- numbers — 數字的抽象基類
- math — 數學函數
- cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
- decimal — 十進制定點和浮點運算
- fractions — 分數
- random — 生成偽隨機數
- statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
- 函數式編程模塊
- itertools — 為高效循環而創建迭代器的函數
- functools — 高階函數和可調用對象上的操作
- operator — 標準運算符替代函數
- 文件和目錄訪問
- pathlib — 面向對象的文件系統路徑
- os.path — 常見路徑操作
- fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- stat — Interpreting stat() results
- filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
- tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
- glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
- linecache — Random access to text lines
- shutil — High-level file operations
- macpath — Mac OS 9 路徑操作函數
- 數據持久化
- pickle —— Python 對象序列化
- copyreg — Register pickle support functions
- shelve — Python object persistence
- marshal — Internal Python object serialization
- dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
- sqlite3 — SQLite 數據庫 DB-API 2.0 接口模塊
- 數據壓縮和存檔
- zlib — 與 gzip 兼容的壓縮
- gzip — 對 gzip 格式的支持
- bz2 — 對 bzip2 壓縮算法的支持
- lzma — 用 LZMA 算法壓縮
- zipfile — 在 ZIP 歸檔中工作
- tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
- 文件格式
- csv — CSV 文件讀寫
- configparser — Configuration file parser
- netrc — netrc file processing
- xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
- plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
- 加密服務
- hashlib — 安全哈希與消息摘要
- hmac — 基于密鑰的消息驗證
- secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
- 通用操作系統服務
- os — 操作系統接口模塊
- io — 處理流的核心工具
- time — 時間的訪問和轉換
- argparse — 命令行選項、參數和子命令解析器
- getopt — C-style parser for command line options
- 模塊 logging — Python 的日志記錄工具
- logging.config — 日志記錄配置
- logging.handlers — Logging handlers
- getpass — 便攜式密碼輸入工具
- curses — 終端字符單元顯示的處理
- curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
- curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
- curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
- platform — Access to underlying platform's identifying data
- errno — Standard errno system symbols
- ctypes — Python 的外部函數庫
- 并發執行
- threading — 基于線程的并行
- multiprocessing — 基于進程的并行
- concurrent 包
- concurrent.futures — 啟動并行任務
- subprocess — 子進程管理
- sched — 事件調度器
- queue — 一個同步的隊列類
- _thread — 底層多線程 API
- _dummy_thread — _thread 的替代模塊
- dummy_threading — 可直接替代 threading 模塊。
- contextvars — Context Variables
- Context Variables
- Manual Context Management
- asyncio support
- 網絡和進程間通信
- asyncio — 異步 I/O
- socket — 底層網絡接口
- ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
- select — Waiting for I/O completion
- selectors — 高級 I/O 復用庫
- asyncore — 異步socket處理器
- asynchat — 異步 socket 指令/響應 處理器
- signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
- mmap — Memory-mapped file support
- 互聯網數據處理
- email — 電子郵件與 MIME 處理包
- json — JSON 編碼和解碼器
- mailcap — Mailcap file handling
- mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
- mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
- base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 數據編碼
- binhex — 對binhex4文件進行編碼和解碼
- binascii — 二進制和 ASCII 碼互轉
- quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
- 結構化標記處理工具
- html — 超文本標記語言支持
- html.parser — 簡單的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器
- html.entities — HTML 一般實體的定義
- XML處理模塊
- xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
- xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
- xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
- xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
- xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
- xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
- xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
- xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
- xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 互聯網協議和支持
- webbrowser — 方便的Web瀏覽器控制器
- cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
- cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
- urllib — URL 處理模塊
- urllib.request — 用于打開 URL 的可擴展庫
- urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
- urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
- urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
- http — HTTP 模塊
- http.client — HTTP協議客戶端
- ftplib — FTP protocol client
- poplib — POP3 protocol client
- imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
- nntplib — NNTP protocol client
- smtplib —SMTP協議客戶端
- smtpd — SMTP Server
- telnetlib — Telnet client
- uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
- socketserver — A framework for network servers
- http.server — HTTP 服務器
- http.cookies — HTTP state management
- http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
- xmlrpc — XMLRPC 服務端與客戶端模塊
- xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
- xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
- ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- 多媒體服務
- audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
- aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- sunau — 讀寫 Sun AU 文件
- wave — 讀寫WAV格式文件
- chunk — Read IFF chunked data
- colorsys — Conversions between color systems
- imghdr — 推測圖像類型
- sndhdr — 推測聲音文件的類型
- ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 國際化
- gettext — 多語種國際化服務
- locale — 國際化服務
- 程序框架
- turtle — 海龜繪圖
- cmd — 支持面向行的命令解釋器
- shlex — Simple lexical analysis
- Tk圖形用戶界面(GUI)
- tkinter — Tcl/Tk的Python接口
- tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
- tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
- tkinter.scrolledtext — 滾動文字控件
- IDLE
- 其他圖形用戶界面（GUI）包
- 開發工具
- typing — 類型標注支持
- pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
- doctest — Test interactive Python examples
- unittest — 單元測試框架
- unittest.mock — mock object library
- unittest.mock 上手指南
- 2to3 - 自動將 Python 2 代碼轉為 Python 3 代碼
- test — Regression tests package for Python
- test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
- test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution tests
- 調試和分析
- bdb — Debugger framework
- faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
- pdb — The Python Debugger
- The Python Profilers
- timeit — 測量小代碼片段的執行時間
- trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
- tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
- 軟件打包和分發
- distutils — 構建和安裝 Python 模塊
- ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
- venv — 創建虛擬環境
- zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives
- Python運行時服務
- sys — 系統相關的參數和函數
- sysconfig — Provide access to Python's configuration information
- builtins — 內建對象
- main — 頂層腳本環境
- warnings — Warning control
- dataclasses — 數據類
- contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
- abc — 抽象基類
- atexit — 退出處理器
- traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
- future — Future 語句定義
- gc — 垃圾回收器接口
- inspect — 檢查對象
- site — Site-specific configuration hook
- 自定義 Python 解釋器
- code — Interpreter base classes
- codeop — Compile Python code
- 導入模塊
- zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
- pkgutil — Package extension utility
- modulefinder — 查找腳本使用的模塊
- runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
- importlib — The implementation of import
- Python 語言服務
- parser — Access Python parse trees
- ast — 抽象語法樹
- symtable — Access to the compiler's symbol tables
- symbol — 與 Python 解析樹一起使用的常量
- token — 與Python解析樹一起使用的常量
- keyword — 檢驗Python關鍵字
- tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
- tabnanny — 模糊縮進檢測
- pyclbr — Python class browser support
- py_compile — Compile Python source files
- compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
- dis — Python 字節碼反匯編器
- pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
- 雜項服務
- formatter — Generic output formatting
- Windows系統相關模塊
- msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
- msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- winreg — Windows 注冊表訪問
- winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
- Unix 專有服務
- posix — The most common POSIX system calls
- pwd — 用戶密碼數據庫
- spwd — The shadow password database
- grp — The group database
- crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
- termios — POSIX style tty control
- tty — 終端控制功能
- pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
- fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
- pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
- resource — Resource usage information
- nis — Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
- Unix syslog 庫例程
- 被取代的模塊
- optparse — Parser for command line options
- imp — Access the import internals
- 未創建文檔的模塊
- 平臺特定模塊
- 擴展和嵌入 Python 解釋器
- 推薦的第三方工具
- 不使用第三方工具創建擴展
- 使用 C 或 C++ 擴展 Python
- 自定義擴展類型：教程
- 定義擴展類型：已分類主題
- 構建C/C++擴展
- 在Windows平臺編譯C和C++擴展
- 在更大的應用程序中嵌入 CPython 運行時
- Embedding Python in Another Application
- Python/C API 參考手冊
- 概述
- 代碼標準
- 包含文件
- 有用的宏
- 對象、類型和引用計數
- 異常
- 嵌入Python
- 調試構建
- 穩定的應用程序二進制接口
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- 異常處理
- Printing and clearing
- 拋出異常
- Issuing warnings
- Querying the error indicator
- Signal Handling
- Exception Classes
- Exception Objects
- Unicode Exception Objects
- Recursion Control
- 標準異常
- 標準警告類別
- 工具
- 操作系統實用程序
- 系統功能
- 過程控制
- 導入模塊
- Data marshalling support
- 語句解釋及變量編譯
- 字符串轉換與格式化
- 反射
- 編解碼器注冊與支持功能
- 抽象對象層
- Object Protocol
- 數字協議
- Sequence Protocol
- Mapping Protocol
- 迭代器協議
- 緩沖協議
- Old Buffer Protocol
- 具體的對象層
- 基本對象
- 數值對象
- 序列對象
- 容器對象
- 函數對象
- 其他對象
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- 在Python初始化之前
- 全局配置變量
- Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
- Process-wide parameters
- Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
- Sub-interpreter support
- Asynchronous Notifications
- Profiling and Tracing
- Advanced Debugger Support
- Thread Local Storage Support
- 內存管理
- 概述
- 原始內存接口
- Memory Interface
- 對象分配器
- 默認內存分配器
- Customize Memory Allocators
- The pymalloc allocator
- tracemalloc C API
- 示例
- 對象實現支持
- 在堆中分配對象
- Common Object Structures
- Type 對象
- Number Object Structures
- Mapping Object Structures
- Sequence Object Structures
- Buffer Object Structures
- Async Object Structures
- 使對象類型支持循環垃圾回收
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 分發 Python 模塊
- 關鍵術語
- 開源許可與協作
- 安裝工具
- 閱讀指南
- 我該如何...？
- ...為我的項目選擇一個名字？
- ...創建和分發二進制擴展？
- 安裝 Python 模塊
- 關鍵術語
- 基本使用
- 我應如何 ...？
- ... 在 Python 3.4 之前的 Python 版本中安裝 pip ？
- ... 只為當前用戶安裝軟件包？
- ... 安裝科學計算類 Python 軟件包？
- ... 使用并行安裝的多個 Python 版本？
- 常見的安裝問題
- 在 Linux 的系統 Python 版本上安裝
- 未安裝 pip
- 安裝二進制編譯擴展
- Python 常用指引
- 將 Python 2 代碼遷移到 Python 3
- 簡要說明
- 詳情
- 將擴展模塊移植到 Python 3
- 條件編譯
- 對象API的更改
- 模塊初始化和狀態
- CObject 替換為 Capsule
- 其他選項
- Curses Programming with Python
- What is curses?
- Starting and ending a curses application
- Windows and Pads
- Displaying Text
- User Input
- For More Information
- 實現描述器
- 摘要
- 定義和簡介
- 描述器協議
- 發起調用描述符
- 描述符示例
- Properties
- 函數和方法
- Static Methods and Class Methods
- 函數式編程指引
- 概述
- 迭代器
- 生成器表達式和列表推導式
- 生成器
- 內置函數
- itertools 模塊
- The functools module
- Small functions and the lambda expression
- Revision History and Acknowledgements
- 引用文獻
- 日志 HOWTO
- 日志基礎教程
- 進階日志教程
- 日志級別
- 有用的處理程序
- 記錄日志中引發的異常
- 使用任意對象作為消息
- 優化
- 日志操作手冊
- 在多個模塊中使用日志
- 在多線程中使用日志
- 使用多個日志處理器和多種格式化
- 在多個地方記錄日志
- 日志服務器配置示例
- 處理日志處理器的阻塞
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing LogRecord
- Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example
- An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with dictConfig()
- Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with dictConfig()
- Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- 正則表達式HOWTO
- 概述
- 簡單模式
- 使用正則表達式
- 更多模式能力
- 修改字符串
- 常見問題
- 反饋
- 套接字編程指南
- 套接字
- 創建套接字
- 使用一個套接字
- 斷開連接
- 非阻塞的套接字
- 排序指南
- 基本排序
- 關鍵函數
- Operator 模塊函數
- 升序和降序
- 排序穩定性和排序復雜度
- 使用裝飾-排序-去裝飾的舊方法
- 使用 cmp 參數的舊方法
- 其它
- Unicode 指南
- Unicode 概述
- Python's Unicode Support
- Reading and Writing Unicode Data
- Acknowledgements
- 如何使用urllib包獲取網絡資源
- 概述
- Fetching URLs
- 處理異常
- info and geturl
- Openers and Handlers
- Basic Authentication
- Proxies
- Sockets and Layers
- 腳注
- Argparse 教程
- 概念
- 基礎
- 位置參數介紹
- Introducing Optional arguments
- Combining Positional and Optional arguments
- Getting a little more advanced
- Conclusion
- ipaddress模塊介紹
- 創建 Address/Network/Interface 對象
- 審查 Address/Network/Interface 對象
- Network 作為 Address 列表
- 比較
- 將IP地址與其他模塊一起使用
- 實例創建失敗時獲取更多詳細信息
- Argument Clinic How-To
- The Goals Of Argument Clinic
- Basic Concepts And Usage
- Converting Your First Function
- Advanced Topics
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 檢測CPython
- Enabling the static markers
- Static DTrace probes
- Static SystemTap markers
- Available static markers
- SystemTap Tapsets
- 示例
- Python 常見問題
- Python常見問題
- 一般信息
- 現實世界中的 Python
- 編程常見問題
- 一般問題
- 核心語言
- 數字和字符串
- 性能
- 序列（元組/列表）
- 對象
- 模塊
- 設計和歷史常見問題
- 為什么Python使用縮進來分組語句？
- 為什么簡單的算術運算得到奇怪的結果？
- 為什么浮點計算不準確？
- 為什么Python字符串是不可變的？
- 為什么必須在方法定義和調用中顯式使用“self”？
- 為什么不能在表達式中賦值？
- 為什么Python對某些功能（例如list.index()）使用方法來實現，而其他功能（例如len(List)）使用函數實現？
- 為什么 join()是一個字符串方法而不是列表或元組方法？
- 異常有多快？
- 為什么Python中沒有switch或case語句？
- 難道不能在解釋器中模擬線程，而非得依賴特定于操作系統的線程實現嗎？
- 為什么lambda表達式不能包含語句？
- 可以將Python編譯為機器代碼，C或其他語言嗎？
- Python如何管理內存？
- 為什么CPython不使用更傳統的垃圾回收方案？
- CPython退出時為什么不釋放所有內存？
- 為什么有單獨的元組和列表數據類型？
- 列表是如何在CPython中實現的？
- 字典是如何在CPython中實現的？
- 為什么字典key必須是不可變的？
- 為什么 list.sort() 沒有返回排序列表？
- 如何在Python中指定和實施接口規范？
- 為什么沒有goto？
- 為什么原始字符串（r-strings）不能以反斜杠結尾？
- 為什么Python沒有屬性賦值的“with”語句？
- 為什么 if/while/def/class語句需要冒號？
- 為什么Python在列表和元組的末尾允許使用逗號？
- 代碼庫和插件 FAQ
- 通用的代碼庫問題
- 通用任務
- 線程相關
- 輸入輸出
- 網絡 / Internet 編程
- 數據庫
- 數學和數字
- 擴展/嵌入常見問題
- 可以使用C語言中創建自己的函數嗎？
- 可以使用C++語言中創建自己的函數嗎？
- C很難寫，有沒有其他選擇？
- 如何從C執行任意Python語句？
- 如何從C中評估任意Python表達式？
- 如何從Python對象中提取C的值？
- 如何使用Py_BuildValue()創建任意長度的元組？
- 如何從C調用對象的方法？
- 如何捕獲PyErr_Print()（或打印到stdout / stderr的任何內容）的輸出？
- 如何從C訪問用Python編寫的模塊？
- 如何從Python接口到C ++對象？
- 我使用Setup文件添加了一個模塊，為什么make失敗了？
- 如何調試擴展？
- 我想在Linux系統上編譯一個Python模塊，但是缺少一些文件。為什么?
- 如何區分“輸入不完整”和“輸入無效”？
- 如何找到未定義的g++符號__builtin_new或__pure_virtual？
- 能否創建一個對象類，其中部分方法在C中實現，而其他方法在Python中實現（例如通過繼承）？
- Python在Windows上的常見問題
- 我怎樣在Windows下運行一個Python程序？
- 我怎么讓 Python 腳本可執行？
- 為什么有時候 Python 程序會啟動緩慢？
- 我怎樣使用Python腳本制作可執行文件？
- *.pyd 文件和DLL文件相同嗎？
- 我怎樣將Python嵌入一個Windows程序？
- 如何讓編輯器不要在我的 Python 源代碼中插入 tab ？
- 如何在不阻塞的情況下檢查按鍵？
- 圖形用戶界面（GUI）常見問題
- 圖形界面常見問題
- Python 是否有平臺無關的圖形界面工具包？
- 有哪些Python的GUI工具是某個平臺專用的？
- 有關Tkinter的問題
- “為什么我的電腦上安裝了 Python ？”
- 什么是Python？
- 為什么我的電腦上安裝了 Python ？
- 我能刪除 Python 嗎？
- 術語對照表
- 文檔說明
- Python 文檔貢獻者
- 解決 Bug
- 文檔錯誤
- 使用 Python 的錯誤追蹤系統
- 開始為 Python 貢獻您的知識
- 版權
- 歷史和許可證
- 軟件歷史
- 訪問Python或以其他方式使用Python的條款和條件
- Python 3.7.3 的 PSF 許可協議
- Python 2.0 的 BeOpen.com 許可協議
- Python 1.6.1 的 CNRI 許可協議
- Python 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 許可協議
- 集成軟件的許可和認可
- Mersenne Twister
- 套接字
- Asynchronous socket services
- Cookie management
- Execution tracing
- UUencode and UUdecode functions
- XML Remote Procedure Calls
- test_epoll
- Select kqueue
- SipHash24
- strtod and dtoa
- OpenSSL
- expat
- libffi
- zlib
- cfuhash
- libmpdec