### 導航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄") - [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") | - [下一頁](select.xhtml "select --- Waiting for I/O completion") | - [上一頁](socket.xhtml "socket --- 底層網絡接口") | -  - [Python](https://www.python.org/) ? - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ? - [Python 標準庫](index.xhtml) ? - [網絡和進程間通信](ipc.xhtml) ? - $('.inline-search').show(0); | # [`ssl`](#module-ssl "ssl: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects") --- TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects **Source code:** [Lib/ssl.py](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/ssl.py) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/ssl.py\] - - - - - - This module provides access to Transport Layer Security (often known as "Secure Sockets Layer") encryption and peer authentication facilities for network sockets, both client-side and server-side. This module uses the OpenSSL library. It is available on all modern Unix systems, Windows, Mac OS X, and probably additional platforms, as long as OpenSSL is installed on that platform. 注解 Some behavior may be platform dependent, since calls are made to the operating system socket APIs. The installed version of OpenSSL may also cause variations in behavior. For example, TLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2 come with openssl version 1.0.1. 警告 Don't use this module without reading the [Security considerations](#ssl-security). Doing so may lead to a false sense of security, as the default settings of the ssl module are not necessarily appropriate for your application. This section documents the objects and functions in the `ssl` module; for more general information about TLS, SSL, and certificates, the reader is referred to the documents in the "See Also" section at the bottom. This module provides a class, [`ssl.SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket"), which is derived from the [`socket.socket`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket "socket.socket") type, and provides a socket-like wrapper that also encrypts and decrypts the data going over the socket with SSL. It supports additional methods such as `getpeercert()`, which retrieves the certificate of the other side of the connection, and `cipher()`,which retrieves the cipher being used for the secure connection. For more sophisticated applications, the [`ssl.SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") class helps manage settings and certificates, which can then be inherited by SSL sockets created through the [`SSLContext.wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket") method. 在 3.5.3 版更改: Updated to support linking with OpenSSL 1.1.0 在 3.6 版更改: OpenSSL 0.9.8, 1.0.0 and 1.0.1 are deprecated and no longer supported. In the future the ssl module will require at least OpenSSL 1.0.2 or 1.1.0. ## Functions, Constants, and Exceptions ### Socket creation Since Python 3.2 and 2.7.9, it is recommended to use the [`SSLContext.wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket") of an [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") instance to wrap sockets as [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket") objects. The helper functions [`create_default_context()`](#ssl.create_default_context "ssl.create_default_context") returns a new context with secure default settings. The old [`wrap_socket()`](#ssl.wrap_socket "ssl.wrap_socket") function is deprecated since it is both inefficient and has no support for server name indication (SNI) and hostname matching. Client socket example with default context and IPv4/IPv6 dual stack: ``` import socket import ssl hostname = 'www.python.org' context = ssl.create_default_context() with socket.create_connection((hostname, 443)) as sock: with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=hostname) as ssock: print(ssock.version()) ``` Client socket example with custom context and IPv4: ``` hostname = 'www.python.org' # PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT requires valid cert chain and hostname context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT) context.load_verify_locations('path/to/cabundle.pem') with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0) as sock: with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=hostname) as ssock: print(ssock.version()) ``` Server socket example listening on localhost IPv4: ``` context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER) context.load_cert_chain('/path/to/certchain.pem', '/path/to/private.key') with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0) as sock: sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8443)) sock.listen(5) with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=True) as ssock: conn, addr = ssock.accept() ... ``` ### Context creation A convenience function helps create [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") objects for common purposes. `ssl.``create_default_context`(*purpose=Purpose.SERVER\_AUTH*, *cafile=None*, *capath=None*, *cadata=None*)Return a new [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") object with default settings for the given *purpose*. The settings are chosen by the [`ssl`](#module-ssl "ssl: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects") module, and usually represent a higher security level than when calling the [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") constructor directly. *cafile*, *capath*, *cadata* represent optional CA certificates to trust for certificate verification, as in [`SSLContext.load_verify_locations()`](#ssl.SSLContext.load_verify_locations "ssl.SSLContext.load_verify_locations"). If all three are [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None"), this function can choose to trust the system's default CA certificates instead. The settings are: [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS"), [`OP_NO_SSLv2`](#ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2 "ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2"), and [`OP_NO_SSLv3`](#ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3 "ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3") with high encryption cipher suites without RC4 and without unauthenticated cipher suites. Passing [`SERVER_AUTH`](#ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH "ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH")as *purpose* sets [`verify_mode`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode "ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode") to [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED")and either loads CA certificates (when at least one of *cafile*, *capath* or *cadata* is given) or uses [`SSLContext.load_default_certs()`](#ssl.SSLContext.load_default_certs "ssl.SSLContext.load_default_certs") to load default CA certificates. 注解 The protocol, options, cipher and other settings may change to more restrictive values anytime without prior deprecation. The values represent a fair balance between compatibility and security. If your application needs specific settings, you should create a [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") and apply the settings yourself. 注解 If you find that when certain older clients or servers attempt to connect with a [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") created by this function that they get an error stating "Protocol or cipher suite mismatch", it may be that they only support SSL3.0 which this function excludes using the [`OP_NO_SSLv3`](#ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3 "ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3"). SSL3.0 is widely considered to be [completely broken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POODLE) \[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POODLE\]. If you still wish to continue to use this function but still allow SSL 3.0 connections you can re-enable them using: ``` ctx = ssl.create_default_context(Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH) ctx.options &= ~ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3 ``` 3\.4 新版功能. 在 3.4.4 版更改: RC4 was dropped from the default cipher string. 在 3.6 版更改: ChaCha20/Poly1305 was added to the default cipher string. 3DES was dropped from the default cipher string. ### 異常 *exception* `ssl.``SSLError`Raised to signal an error from the underlying SSL implementation (currently provided by the OpenSSL library). This signifies some problem in the higher-level encryption and authentication layer that's superimposed on the underlying network connection. This error is a subtype of [`OSError`](exceptions.xhtml#OSError "OSError"). The error code and message of [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") instances are provided by the OpenSSL library. 在 3.3 版更改: [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") used to be a subtype of [`socket.error`](socket.xhtml#socket.error "socket.error"). `library`A string mnemonic designating the OpenSSL submodule in which the error occurred, such as `SSL`, `PEM` or `X509`. The range of possible values depends on the OpenSSL version. 3\.3 新版功能. `reason`A string mnemonic designating the reason this error occurred, for example `CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED`. The range of possible values depends on the OpenSSL version. 3\.3 新版功能. *exception* `ssl.``SSLZeroReturnError`A subclass of [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") raised when trying to read or write and the SSL connection has been closed cleanly. Note that this doesn't mean that the underlying transport (read TCP) has been closed. 3\.3 新版功能. *exception* `ssl.``SSLWantReadError`A subclass of [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") raised by a [non-blocking SSL socket](#ssl-nonblocking) when trying to read or write data, but more data needs to be received on the underlying TCP transport before the request can be fulfilled. 3\.3 新版功能. *exception* `ssl.``SSLWantWriteError`A subclass of [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") raised by a [non-blocking SSL socket](#ssl-nonblocking) when trying to read or write data, but more data needs to be sent on the underlying TCP transport before the request can be fulfilled. 3\.3 新版功能. *exception* `ssl.``SSLSyscallError`A subclass of [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") raised when a system error was encountered while trying to fulfill an operation on a SSL socket. Unfortunately, there is no easy way to inspect the original errno number. 3\.3 新版功能. *exception* `ssl.``SSLEOFError`A subclass of [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") raised when the SSL connection has been terminated abruptly. Generally, you shouldn't try to reuse the underlying transport when this error is encountered. 3\.3 新版功能. *exception* `ssl.``SSLCertVerificationError`A subclass of [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") raised when certificate validation has failed. 3\.7 新版功能. `verify_code`A numeric error number that denotes the verification error. `verify_message`A human readable string of the verification error. *exception* `ssl.``CertificateError`An alias for [`SSLCertVerificationError`](#ssl.SSLCertVerificationError "ssl.SSLCertVerificationError"). 在 3.7 版更改: The exception is now an alias for [`SSLCertVerificationError`](#ssl.SSLCertVerificationError "ssl.SSLCertVerificationError"). ### Random generation `ssl.``RAND_bytes`(*num*)Return *num* cryptographically strong pseudo-random bytes. Raises an [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") if the PRNG has not been seeded with enough data or if the operation is not supported by the current RAND method. [`RAND_status()`](#ssl.RAND_status "ssl.RAND_status")can be used to check the status of the PRNG and [`RAND_add()`](#ssl.RAND_add "ssl.RAND_add") can be used to seed the PRNG. For almost all applications [`os.urandom()`](os.xhtml#os.urandom "os.urandom") is preferable. Read the Wikipedia article, [Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator) \[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically\_secure\_pseudorandom\_number\_generator\], to get the requirements of a cryptographically generator. 3\.3 新版功能. `ssl.``RAND_pseudo_bytes`(*num*)Return (bytes, is\_cryptographic): bytes are *num* pseudo-random bytes, is\_cryptographic is `True` if the bytes generated are cryptographically strong. Raises an [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") if the operation is not supported by the current RAND method. Generated pseudo-random byte sequences will be unique if they are of sufficient length, but are not necessarily unpredictable. They can be used for non-cryptographic purposes and for certain purposes in cryptographic protocols, but usually not for key generation etc. For almost all applications [`os.urandom()`](os.xhtml#os.urandom "os.urandom") is preferable. 3\.3 新版功能. 3\.6 版后已移除: OpenSSL has deprecated [`ssl.RAND_pseudo_bytes()`](#ssl.RAND_pseudo_bytes "ssl.RAND_pseudo_bytes"), use [`ssl.RAND_bytes()`](#ssl.RAND_bytes "ssl.RAND_bytes") instead. `ssl.``RAND_status`()Return `True` if the SSL pseudo-random number generator has been seeded with 'enough' randomness, and `False` otherwise. You can use [`ssl.RAND_egd()`](#ssl.RAND_egd "ssl.RAND_egd") and [`ssl.RAND_add()`](#ssl.RAND_add "ssl.RAND_add") to increase the randomness of the pseudo-random number generator. `ssl.``RAND_egd`(*path*)If you are running an entropy-gathering daemon (EGD) somewhere, and *path*is the pathname of a socket connection open to it, this will read 256 bytes of randomness from the socket, and add it to the SSL pseudo-random number generator to increase the security of generated secret keys. This is typically only necessary on systems without better sources of randomness. See <http://egd.sourceforge.net/> or <http://prngd.sourceforge.net/> for sources of entropy-gathering daemons. [Availability](intro.xhtml#availability): not available with LibreSSL and OpenSSL > 1.1.0. `ssl.``RAND_add`(*bytes*, *entropy*)Mix the given *bytes* into the SSL pseudo-random number generator. The parameter *entropy* (a float) is a lower bound on the entropy contained in string (so you can always use `0.0`). See [**RFC 1750**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1750.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1750.html\] for more information on sources of entropy. 在 3.5 版更改: Writable [bytes-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-bytes-like-object) is now accepted. ### Certificate handling `ssl.``match_hostname`(*cert*, *hostname*)Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by [`SSLSocket.getpeercert()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert "ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert")) matches the given *hostname*. The rules applied are those for checking the identity of HTTPS servers as outlined in [**RFC 2818**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2818.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2818.html\], [**RFC 5280**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280.html\] and [**RFC 6125**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125.html\]. In addition to HTTPS, this function should be suitable for checking the identity of servers in various SSL-based protocols such as FTPS, IMAPS, POPS and others. [`CertificateError`](#ssl.CertificateError "ssl.CertificateError") is raised on failure. On success, the function returns nothing: ``` >>> cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'example.com'),),)} >>> ssl.match_hostname(cert, "example.com") >>> ssl.match_hostname(cert, "example.org") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/home/py3k/Lib/ssl.py", line 130, in match_hostname ssl.CertificateError: hostname 'example.org' doesn't match 'example.com' ``` 3\.2 新版功能. 在 3.3.3 版更改: The function now follows [**RFC 6125**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125.html\], section 6.4.3 and does neither match multiple wildcards (e.g. `*.*.com` or `*a*.example.org`) nor a wildcard inside an internationalized domain names (IDN) fragment. IDN A-labels such as `www*.xn--pthon-kva.org` are still supported, but `x*.python.org` no longer matches `xn--tda.python.org`. 在 3.5 版更改: Matching of IP addresses, when present in the subjectAltName field of the certificate, is now supported. 在 3.7 版更改: The function is no longer used to TLS connections. Hostname matching is now performed by OpenSSL. Allow wildcard when it is the leftmost and the only character in that segment. Partial wildcards like `www*.example.com` are no longer supported. 3\.7 版后已移除. `ssl.``cert_time_to_seconds`(*cert\_time*)Return the time in seconds since the Epoch, given the `cert_time`string representing the "notBefore" or "notAfter" date from a certificate in `"%b %d %H:%M:%S %Y %Z"` strptime format (C locale). Here's an example: ``` >>> import ssl >>> timestamp = ssl.cert_time_to_seconds("Jan 5 09:34:43 2018 GMT") >>> timestamp 1515144883 >>> from datetime import datetime >>> print(datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timestamp)) 2018-01-05 09:34:43 ``` "notBefore" or "notAfter" dates must use GMT ([**RFC 5280**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280.html\]). 在 3.5 版更改: Interpret the input time as a time in UTC as specified by 'GMT' timezone in the input string. Local timezone was used previously. Return an integer (no fractions of a second in the input format) `ssl.``get_server_certificate`(*addr*, *ssl\_version=PROTOCOL\_TLS*, *ca\_certs=None*)Given the address `addr` of an SSL-protected server, as a (*hostname*, *port-number*) pair, fetches the server's certificate, and returns it as a PEM-encoded string. If `ssl_version` is specified, uses that version of the SSL protocol to attempt to connect to the server. If `ca_certs` is specified, it should be a file containing a list of root certificates, the same format as used for the same parameter in [`SSLContext.wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket"). The call will attempt to validate the server certificate against that set of root certificates, and will fail if the validation attempt fails. 在 3.3 版更改: This function is now IPv6-compatible. 在 3.5 版更改: The default *ssl\_version* is changed from [`PROTOCOL_SSLv3`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3 "ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3") to [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS") for maximum compatibility with modern servers. `ssl.``DER_cert_to_PEM_cert`(*DER\_cert\_bytes*)Given a certificate as a DER-encoded blob of bytes, returns a PEM-encoded string version of the same certificate. `ssl.``PEM_cert_to_DER_cert`(*PEM\_cert\_string*)Given a certificate as an ASCII PEM string, returns a DER-encoded sequence of bytes for that same certificate. `ssl.``get_default_verify_paths`()Returns a named tuple with paths to OpenSSL's default cafile and capath. The paths are the same as used by [`SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths "ssl.SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths"). The return value is a [named tuple](../glossary.xhtml#term-named-tuple)`DefaultVerifyPaths`: - `cafile` - resolved path to cafile or `None` if the file doesn't exist, - `capath` - resolved path to capath or `None` if the directory doesn't exist, - `openssl_cafile_env` - OpenSSL's environment key that points to a cafile, - `openssl_cafile` - hard coded path to a cafile, - `openssl_capath_env` - OpenSSL's environment key that points to a capath, - `openssl_capath` - hard coded path to a capath directory [Availability](intro.xhtml#availability): LibreSSL ignores the environment vars `openssl_cafile_env` and `openssl_capath_env`. 3\.4 新版功能. `ssl.``enum_certificates`(*store\_name*)Retrieve certificates from Windows' system cert store. *store\_name* may be one of `CA`, `ROOT` or `MY`. Windows may provide additional cert stores, too. The function returns a list of (cert\_bytes, encoding\_type, trust) tuples. The encoding\_type specifies the encoding of cert\_bytes. It is either `x509_asn` for X.509 ASN.1 data or `pkcs_7_asn` for PKCS#7 ASN.1 data. Trust specifies the purpose of the certificate as a set of OIDS or exactly `True` if the certificate is trustworthy for all purposes. 示例: ``` >>> ssl.enum_certificates("CA") [(b'data...', 'x509_asn', {'1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1', '1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2'}), (b'data...', 'x509_asn', True)] ``` [可用性](intro.xhtml#availability): Windows。 3\.4 新版功能. `ssl.``enum_crls`(*store\_name*)Retrieve CRLs from Windows' system cert store. *store\_name* may be one of `CA`, `ROOT` or `MY`. Windows may provide additional cert stores, too. The function returns a list of (cert\_bytes, encoding\_type, trust) tuples. The encoding\_type specifies the encoding of cert\_bytes. It is either `x509_asn` for X.509 ASN.1 data or `pkcs_7_asn` for PKCS#7 ASN.1 data. [可用性](intro.xhtml#availability): Windows。 3\.4 新版功能. `ssl.``wrap_socket`(*sock*, *keyfile=None*, *certfile=None*, *server\_side=False*, *cert\_reqs=CERT\_NONE*, *ssl\_version=PROTOCOL\_TLS*, *ca\_certs=None*, *do\_handshake\_on\_connect=True*, *suppress\_ragged\_eofs=True*, *ciphers=None*)Takes an instance `sock` of [`socket.socket`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket "socket.socket"), and returns an instance of [`ssl.SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket"), a subtype of [`socket.socket`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket "socket.socket"), which wraps the underlying socket in an SSL context. `sock` must be a [`SOCK_STREAM`](socket.xhtml#socket.SOCK_STREAM "socket.SOCK_STREAM") socket; other socket types are unsupported. Internally, function creates a [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") with protocol *ssl\_version* and [`SSLContext.options`](#ssl.SSLContext.options "ssl.SSLContext.options") set to *cert\_reqs*. If parameters *keyfile*, *certfile*, *ca\_certs* or *ciphers* are set, then the values are passed to [`SSLContext.load_cert_chain()`](#ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain "ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain"), [`SSLContext.load_verify_locations()`](#ssl.SSLContext.load_verify_locations "ssl.SSLContext.load_verify_locations"), and [`SSLContext.set_ciphers()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers "ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers"). The arguments *server\_side*, *do\_handshake\_on\_connect*, and *suppress\_ragged\_eofs* have the same meaning as [`SSLContext.wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket"). 3\.7 版后已移除: Since Python 3.2 and 2.7.9, it is recommended to use the [`SSLContext.wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket") instead of [`wrap_socket()`](#ssl.wrap_socket "ssl.wrap_socket"). The top-level function is limited and creates an insecure client socket without server name indication or hostname matching. ### 常數 > All constants are now [`enum.IntEnum`](enum.xhtml#enum.IntEnum "enum.IntEnum") or [`enum.IntFlag`](enum.xhtml#enum.IntFlag "enum.IntFlag") collections. > > 3\.6 新版功能. `ssl.``CERT_NONE`Possible value for [`SSLContext.verify_mode`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode "ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode"), or the `cert_reqs`parameter to [`wrap_socket()`](#ssl.wrap_socket "ssl.wrap_socket"). Except for [`PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT"), it is the default mode. With client-side sockets, just about any cert is accepted. Validation errors, such as untrusted or expired cert, are ignored and do not abort the TLS/SSL handshake. In server mode, no certificate is requested from the client, so the client does not send any for client cert authentication. See the discussion of [Security considerations](#ssl-security) below. `ssl.``CERT_OPTIONAL`Possible value for [`SSLContext.verify_mode`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode "ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode"), or the `cert_reqs`parameter to [`wrap_socket()`](#ssl.wrap_socket "ssl.wrap_socket"). In client mode, [`CERT_OPTIONAL`](#ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL "ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL")has the same meaning as [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED"). It is recommended to use [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED") for client-side sockets instead. In server mode, a client certificate request is sent to the client. The client may either ignore the request or send a certificate in order perform TLS client cert authentication. If the client chooses to send a certificate, it is verified. Any verification error immediately aborts the TLS handshake. Use of this setting requires a valid set of CA certificates to be passed, either to [`SSLContext.load_verify_locations()`](#ssl.SSLContext.load_verify_locations "ssl.SSLContext.load_verify_locations") or as a value of the `ca_certs` parameter to [`wrap_socket()`](#ssl.wrap_socket "ssl.wrap_socket"). `ssl.``CERT_REQUIRED`Possible value for [`SSLContext.verify_mode`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode "ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode"), or the `cert_reqs`parameter to [`wrap_socket()`](#ssl.wrap_socket "ssl.wrap_socket"). In this mode, certificates are required from the other side of the socket connection; an [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError")will be raised if no certificate is provided, or if its validation fails. This mode is **not** sufficient to verify a certificate in client mode as it does not match hostnames. [`check_hostname`](#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname "ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname") must be enabled as well to verify the authenticity of a cert. [`PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT") uses [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED") and enables [`check_hostname`](#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname "ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname") by default. With server socket, this mode provides mandatory TLS client cert authentication. A client certificate request is sent to the client and the client must provide a valid and trusted certificate. Use of this setting requires a valid set of CA certificates to be passed, either to [`SSLContext.load_verify_locations()`](#ssl.SSLContext.load_verify_locations "ssl.SSLContext.load_verify_locations") or as a value of the `ca_certs` parameter to [`wrap_socket()`](#ssl.wrap_socket "ssl.wrap_socket"). *class* `ssl.``VerifyMode`[`enum.IntEnum`](enum.xhtml#enum.IntEnum "enum.IntEnum") collection of CERT\_\* constants. 3\.6 新版功能. `ssl.``VERIFY_DEFAULT`Possible value for [`SSLContext.verify_flags`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags "ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags"). In this mode, certificate revocation lists (CRLs) are not checked. By default OpenSSL does neither require nor verify CRLs. 3\.4 新版功能. `ssl.``VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF`Possible value for [`SSLContext.verify_flags`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags "ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags"). In this mode, only the peer cert is check but non of the intermediate CA certificates. The mode requires a valid CRL that is signed by the peer cert's issuer (its direct ancestor CA). If no proper has been loaded [`SSLContext.load_verify_locations`](#ssl.SSLContext.load_verify_locations "ssl.SSLContext.load_verify_locations"), validation will fail. 3\.4 新版功能. `ssl.``VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAIN`Possible value for [`SSLContext.verify_flags`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags "ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags"). In this mode, CRLs of all certificates in the peer cert chain are checked. 3\.4 新版功能. `ssl.``VERIFY_X509_STRICT`Possible value for [`SSLContext.verify_flags`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags "ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags") to disable workarounds for broken X.509 certificates. 3\.4 新版功能. `ssl.``VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST`Possible value for [`SSLContext.verify_flags`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags "ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags"). It instructs OpenSSL to prefer trusted certificates when building the trust chain to validate a certificate. This flag is enabled by default. 3\.4.4 新版功能. *class* `ssl.``VerifyFlags`[`enum.IntFlag`](enum.xhtml#enum.IntFlag "enum.IntFlag") collection of VERIFY\_\* constants. 3\.6 新版功能. `ssl.``PROTOCOL_TLS`Selects the highest protocol version that both the client and server support. Despite the name, this option can select both "SSL" and "TLS" protocols. 3\.6 新版功能. `ssl.``PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT`Auto-negotiate the highest protocol version like [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS"), but only support client-side [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket") connections. The protocol enables [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED") and [`check_hostname`](#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname "ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname") by default. 3\.6 新版功能. `ssl.``PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER`Auto-negotiate the highest protocol version like [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS"), but only support server-side [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket") connections. 3\.6 新版功能. `ssl.``PROTOCOL_SSLv23`Alias for data:PROTOCOL\_TLS. 3\.6 版后已移除: Use [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS") instead. `ssl.``PROTOCOL_SSLv2`Selects SSL version 2 as the channel encryption protocol. This protocol is not available if OpenSSL is compiled with the `OPENSSL_NO_SSL2` flag. 警告 SSL version 2 is insecure. Its use is highly discouraged. 3\.6 版后已移除: OpenSSL has removed support for SSLv2. `ssl.``PROTOCOL_SSLv3`Selects SSL version 3 as the channel encryption protocol. This protocol is not be available if OpenSSL is compiled with the `OPENSSL_NO_SSLv3` flag. 警告 SSL version 3 is insecure. Its use is highly discouraged. 3\.6 版后已移除: OpenSSL has deprecated all version specific protocols. Use the default protocol [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS") with flags like [`OP_NO_SSLv3`](#ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3 "ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3") instead. `ssl.``PROTOCOL_TLSv1`Selects TLS version 1.0 as the channel encryption protocol. 3\.6 版后已移除: OpenSSL has deprecated all version specific protocols. Use the default protocol [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS") with flags like [`OP_NO_SSLv3`](#ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3 "ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3") instead. `ssl.``PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1`Selects TLS version 1.1 as the channel encryption protocol. Available only with openssl version 1.0.1+. 3\.4 新版功能. 3\.6 版后已移除: OpenSSL has deprecated all version specific protocols. Use the default protocol [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS") with flags like [`OP_NO_SSLv3`](#ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3 "ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3") instead. `ssl.``PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2`Selects TLS version 1.2 as the channel encryption protocol. This is the most modern version, and probably the best choice for maximum protection, if both sides can speak it. Available only with openssl version 1.0.1+. 3\.4 新版功能. 3\.6 版后已移除: OpenSSL has deprecated all version specific protocols. Use the default protocol [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS") with flags like [`OP_NO_SSLv3`](#ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3 "ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3") instead. `ssl.``OP_ALL`Enables workarounds for various bugs present in other SSL implementations. This option is set by default. It does not necessarily set the same flags as OpenSSL's `SSL_OP_ALL` constant. 3\.2 新版功能. `ssl.``OP_NO_SSLv2`Prevents an SSLv2 connection. This option is only applicable in conjunction with [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS"). It prevents the peers from choosing SSLv2 as the protocol version. 3\.2 新版功能. 3\.6 版后已移除: SSLv2 is deprecated `ssl.``OP_NO_SSLv3`Prevents an SSLv3 connection. This option is only applicable in conjunction with [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS"). It prevents the peers from choosing SSLv3 as the protocol version. 3\.2 新版功能. 3\.6 版后已移除: SSLv3 is deprecated `ssl.``OP_NO_TLSv1`Prevents a TLSv1 connection. This option is only applicable in conjunction with [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS"). It prevents the peers from choosing TLSv1 as the protocol version. 3\.2 新版功能. 3\.7 版后已移除: The option is deprecated since OpenSSL 1.1.0, use the new [`SSLContext.minimum_version`](#ssl.SSLContext.minimum_version "ssl.SSLContext.minimum_version") and [`SSLContext.maximum_version`](#ssl.SSLContext.maximum_version "ssl.SSLContext.maximum_version") instead. `ssl.``OP_NO_TLSv1_1`Prevents a TLSv1.1 connection. This option is only applicable in conjunction with [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS"). It prevents the peers from choosing TLSv1.1 as the protocol version. Available only with openssl version 1.0.1+. 3\.4 新版功能. 3\.7 版后已移除: The option is deprecated since OpenSSL 1.1.0. `ssl.``OP_NO_TLSv1_2`Prevents a TLSv1.2 connection. This option is only applicable in conjunction with [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS"). It prevents the peers from choosing TLSv1.2 as the protocol version. Available only with openssl version 1.0.1+. 3\.4 新版功能. 3\.7 版后已移除: The option is deprecated since OpenSSL 1.1.0. `ssl.``OP_NO_TLSv1_3`Prevents a TLSv1.3 connection. This option is only applicable in conjunction with [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS"). It prevents the peers from choosing TLSv1.3 as the protocol version. TLS 1.3 is available with OpenSSL 1.1.1 or later. When Python has been compiled against an older version of OpenSSL, the flag defaults to . 3\.7 新版功能. 3\.7 版后已移除: The option is deprecated since OpenSSL 1.1.0. It was added to 2.7.15, 3.6.3 and 3.7.0 for backwards compatibility with OpenSSL 1.0.2. `ssl.``OP_NO_RENEGOTIATION`Disable all renegotiation in TLSv1.2 and earlier. Do not send HelloRequest messages, and ignore renegotiation requests via ClientHello. This option is only available with OpenSSL 1.1.0h and later. 3\.7 新版功能. `ssl.``OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE`Use the server's cipher ordering preference, rather than the client's. This option has no effect on client sockets and SSLv2 server sockets. 3\.3 新版功能. `ssl.``OP_SINGLE_DH_USE`Prevents re-use of the same DH key for distinct SSL sessions. This improves forward secrecy but requires more computational resources. This option only applies to server sockets. 3\.3 新版功能. `ssl.``OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE`Prevents re-use of the same ECDH key for distinct SSL sessions. This improves forward secrecy but requires more computational resources. This option only applies to server sockets. 3\.3 新版功能. `ssl.``OP_ENABLE_MIDDLEBOX_COMPAT`Send dummy Change Cipher Spec (CCS) messages in TLS 1.3 handshake to make a TLS 1.3 connection look more like a TLS 1.2 connection. This option is only available with OpenSSL 1.1.1 and later. 3\.8 新版功能. `ssl.``OP_NO_COMPRESSION`Disable compression on the SSL channel. This is useful if the application protocol supports its own compression scheme. This option is only available with OpenSSL 1.0.0 and later. 3\.3 新版功能. *class* `ssl.``Options`[`enum.IntFlag`](enum.xhtml#enum.IntFlag "enum.IntFlag") collection of OP\_\* constants. `ssl.``OP_NO_TICKET`Prevent client side from requesting a session ticket. 3\.6 新版功能. `ssl.``HAS_ALPN`Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the *Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation* TLS extension as described in [**RFC 7301**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7301.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7301.html\]. 3\.5 新版功能. `ssl.``HAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAME`Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support not checking subject common name and [`SSLContext.hostname_checks_common_name`](#ssl.SSLContext.hostname_checks_common_name "ssl.SSLContext.hostname_checks_common_name") is writeable. 3\.7 新版功能. `ssl.``HAS_ECDH`Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the Elliptic Curve-based Diffie-Hellman key exchange. This should be true unless the feature was explicitly disabled by the distributor. 3\.3 新版功能. `ssl.``HAS_SNI`Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the *Server Name Indication* extension (as defined in [**RFC 6066**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6066.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6066.html\]). 3\.2 新版功能. `ssl.``HAS_NPN`Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the *Next Protocol Negotiation* as described in the [Application Layer Protocol Negotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-Layer_Protocol_Negotiation) \[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-Layer\_Protocol\_Negotiation\]. When true, you can use the [`SSLContext.set_npn_protocols()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_npn_protocols "ssl.SSLContext.set_npn_protocols") method to advertise which protocols you want to support. 3\.3 新版功能. `ssl.``HAS_SSLv2`Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the SSL 2.0 protocol. 3\.7 新版功能. `ssl.``HAS_SSLv3`Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the SSL 3.0 protocol. 3\.7 新版功能. `ssl.``HAS_TLSv1`Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the TLS 1.0 protocol. 3\.7 新版功能. `ssl.``HAS_TLSv1_1`Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the TLS 1.1 protocol. 3\.7 新版功能. `ssl.``HAS_TLSv1_2`Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the TLS 1.2 protocol. 3\.7 新版功能. `ssl.``HAS_TLSv1_3`Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the TLS 1.3 protocol. 3\.7 新版功能. `ssl.``CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPES`List of supported TLS channel binding types. Strings in this list can be used as arguments to [`SSLSocket.get_channel_binding()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.get_channel_binding "ssl.SSLSocket.get_channel_binding"). 3\.3 新版功能. `ssl.``OPENSSL_VERSION`The version string of the OpenSSL library loaded by the interpreter: ``` >>> ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION 'OpenSSL 1.0.2k 26 Jan 2017' ``` 3\.2 新版功能. `ssl.``OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO`A tuple of five integers representing version information about the OpenSSL library: ``` >>> ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO (1, 0, 2, 11, 15) ``` 3\.2 新版功能. `ssl.``OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER`The raw version number of the OpenSSL library, as a single integer: ``` >>> ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER 268443839 >>> hex(ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER) '0x100020bf' ``` 3\.2 新版功能. `ssl.``ALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE``ssl.``ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR``ALERT_DESCRIPTION_*`Alert Descriptions from [**RFC 5246**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246.html\] and others. The [IANA TLS Alert Registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml#tls-parameters-6) \[https://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml#tls-parameters-6\]contains this list and references to the RFCs where their meaning is defined. Used as the return value of the callback function in [`SSLContext.set_servername_callback()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_servername_callback "ssl.SSLContext.set_servername_callback"). 3\.4 新版功能. *class* `ssl.``AlertDescription`[`enum.IntEnum`](enum.xhtml#enum.IntEnum "enum.IntEnum") collection of ALERT\_DESCRIPTION\_\* constants. 3\.6 新版功能. `Purpose.``SERVER_AUTH`Option for [`create_default_context()`](#ssl.create_default_context "ssl.create_default_context") and [`SSLContext.load_default_certs()`](#ssl.SSLContext.load_default_certs "ssl.SSLContext.load_default_certs"). This value indicates that the context may be used to authenticate Web servers (therefore, it will be used to create client-side sockets). 3\.4 新版功能. `Purpose.``CLIENT_AUTH`Option for [`create_default_context()`](#ssl.create_default_context "ssl.create_default_context") and [`SSLContext.load_default_certs()`](#ssl.SSLContext.load_default_certs "ssl.SSLContext.load_default_certs"). This value indicates that the context may be used to authenticate Web clients (therefore, it will be used to create server-side sockets). 3\.4 新版功能. *class* `ssl.``SSLErrorNumber`[`enum.IntEnum`](enum.xhtml#enum.IntEnum "enum.IntEnum") collection of SSL\_ERROR\_\* constants. 3\.6 新版功能. *class* `ssl.``TLSVersion`[`enum.IntEnum`](enum.xhtml#enum.IntEnum "enum.IntEnum") collection of SSL and TLS versions for [`SSLContext.maximum_version`](#ssl.SSLContext.maximum_version "ssl.SSLContext.maximum_version") and [`SSLContext.minimum_version`](#ssl.SSLContext.minimum_version "ssl.SSLContext.minimum_version"). 3\.7 新版功能. `TLSVersion.``MINIMUM_SUPPORTED``TLSVersion.``MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED`The minimum or maximum supported SSL or TLS version. These are magic constants. Their values don't reflect the lowest and highest available TLS/SSL versions. `TLSVersion.``SSLv3``TLSVersion.``TLSv1``TLSVersion.``TLSv1_1``TLSVersion.``TLSv1_2``TLSVersion.``TLSv1_3`SSL 3.0 to TLS 1.3. ## SSL Sockets *class* `ssl.``SSLSocket`(*socket.socket*)SSL sockets provide the following methods of [Socket Objects](socket.xhtml#socket-objects): - [`accept()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.accept "socket.socket.accept") - [`bind()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.bind "socket.socket.bind") - [`close()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.close "socket.socket.close") - [`connect()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.connect "socket.socket.connect") - [`detach()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.detach "socket.socket.detach") - [`fileno()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.fileno "socket.socket.fileno") - [`getpeername()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.getpeername "socket.socket.getpeername"), [`getsockname()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.getsockname "socket.socket.getsockname") - [`getsockopt()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.getsockopt "socket.socket.getsockopt"), [`setsockopt()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.setsockopt "socket.socket.setsockopt") - [`gettimeout()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.gettimeout "socket.socket.gettimeout"), [`settimeout()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.settimeout "socket.socket.settimeout"), [`setblocking()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.setblocking "socket.socket.setblocking") - [`listen()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.listen "socket.socket.listen") - [`makefile()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.makefile "socket.socket.makefile") - [`recv()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.recv "socket.socket.recv"), [`recv_into()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.recv_into "socket.socket.recv_into")(but passing a non-zero `flags` argument is not allowed) - [`send()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.send "socket.socket.send"), [`sendall()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.sendall "socket.socket.sendall") (with the same limitation) - [`sendfile()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.sendfile "socket.socket.sendfile") (but [`os.sendfile`](os.xhtml#os.sendfile "os.sendfile") will be used for plain-text sockets only, else [`send()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.send "socket.socket.send") will be used) - [`shutdown()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.shutdown "socket.socket.shutdown") However, since the SSL (and TLS) protocol has its own framing atop of TCP, the SSL sockets abstraction can, in certain respects, diverge from the specification of normal, OS-level sockets. See especially the [notes on non-blocking sockets](#ssl-nonblocking). Instances of [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket") must be created using the [`SSLContext.wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket") method. 在 3.5 版更改: The `sendfile()` method was added. 在 3.5 版更改: The `shutdown()` does not reset the socket timeout each time bytes are received or sent. The socket timeout is now to maximum total duration of the shutdown. 3\.6 版后已移除: It is deprecated to create a [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket") instance directly, use [`SSLContext.wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket") to wrap a socket. 在 3.7 版更改: [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket") instances must to created with [`wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket"). In earlier versions, it was possible to create instances directly. This was never documented or officially supported. SSL sockets also have the following additional methods and attributes: `SSLSocket.``read`(*len=1024*, *buffer=None*)Read up to *len* bytes of data from the SSL socket and return the result as a `bytes` instance. If *buffer* is specified, then read into the buffer instead, and return the number of bytes read. Raise [`SSLWantReadError`](#ssl.SSLWantReadError "ssl.SSLWantReadError") or [`SSLWantWriteError`](#ssl.SSLWantWriteError "ssl.SSLWantWriteError") if the socket is [non-blocking](#ssl-nonblocking) and the read would block. As at any time a re-negotiation is possible, a call to [`read()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.read "ssl.SSLSocket.read") can also cause write operations. 在 3.5 版更改: The socket timeout is no more reset each time bytes are received or sent. The socket timeout is now to maximum total duration to read up to *len*bytes. 3\.6 版后已移除: Use `recv()` instead of [`read()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.read "ssl.SSLSocket.read"). `SSLSocket.``write`(*buf*)Write *buf* to the SSL socket and return the number of bytes written. The *buf* argument must be an object supporting the buffer interface. Raise [`SSLWantReadError`](#ssl.SSLWantReadError "ssl.SSLWantReadError") or [`SSLWantWriteError`](#ssl.SSLWantWriteError "ssl.SSLWantWriteError") if the socket is [non-blocking](#ssl-nonblocking) and the write would block. As at any time a re-negotiation is possible, a call to [`write()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.write "ssl.SSLSocket.write") can also cause read operations. 在 3.5 版更改: The socket timeout is no more reset each time bytes are received or sent. The socket timeout is now to maximum total duration to write *buf*. 3\.6 版后已移除: Use `send()` instead of [`write()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.write "ssl.SSLSocket.write"). 注解 The [`read()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.read "ssl.SSLSocket.read") and [`write()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.write "ssl.SSLSocket.write") methods are the low-level methods that read and write unencrypted, application-level data and decrypt/encrypt it to encrypted, wire-level data. These methods require an active SSL connection, i.e. the handshake was completed and [`SSLSocket.unwrap()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.unwrap "ssl.SSLSocket.unwrap") was not called. Normally you should use the socket API methods like [`recv()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.recv "socket.socket.recv") and [`send()`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket.send "socket.socket.send") instead of these methods. `SSLSocket.``do_handshake`()Perform the SSL setup handshake. 在 3.4 版更改: The handshake method also performs [`match_hostname()`](#ssl.match_hostname "ssl.match_hostname") when the [`check_hostname`](#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname "ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname") attribute of the socket's [`context`](#ssl.SSLSocket.context "ssl.SSLSocket.context") is true. 在 3.5 版更改: The socket timeout is no more reset each time bytes are received or sent. The socket timeout is now to maximum total duration of the handshake. 在 3.7 版更改: Hostname or IP address is matched by OpenSSL during handshake. The function [`match_hostname()`](#ssl.match_hostname "ssl.match_hostname") is no longer used. In case OpenSSL refuses a hostname or IP address, the handshake is aborted early and a TLS alert message is send to the peer. `SSLSocket.``getpeercert`(*binary\_form=False*)If there is no certificate for the peer on the other end of the connection, return `None`. If the SSL handshake hasn't been done yet, raise [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError"). If the `binary_form` parameter is [`False`](constants.xhtml#False "False"), and a certificate was received from the peer, this method returns a [`dict`](stdtypes.xhtml#dict "dict") instance. If the certificate was not validated, the dict is empty. If the certificate was validated, it returns a dict with several keys, amongst them `subject`(the principal for which the certificate was issued) and `issuer`(the principal issuing the certificate). If a certificate contains an instance of the *Subject Alternative Name* extension (see [**RFC 3280**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3280.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3280.html\]), there will also be a `subjectAltName` key in the dictionary. The `subject` and `issuer` fields are tuples containing the sequence of relative distinguished names (RDNs) given in the certificate's data structure for the respective fields, and each RDN is a sequence of name-value pairs. Here is a real-world example: ``` {'issuer': ((('countryName', 'IL'),), (('organizationName', 'StartCom Ltd.'),), (('organizationalUnitName', 'Secure Digital Certificate Signing'),), (('commonName', 'StartCom Class 2 Primary Intermediate Server CA'),)), 'notAfter': 'Nov 22 08:15:19 2013 GMT', 'notBefore': 'Nov 21 03:09:52 2011 GMT', 'serialNumber': '95F0', 'subject': ((('description', '571208-SLe257oHY9fVQ07Z'),), (('countryName', 'US'),), (('stateOrProvinceName', 'California'),), (('localityName', 'San Francisco'),), (('organizationName', 'Electronic Frontier Foundation, Inc.'),), (('commonName', '*.eff.org'),), (('emailAddress', 'hostmaster@eff.org'),)), 'subjectAltName': (('DNS', '*.eff.org'), ('DNS', 'eff.org')), 'version': 3} ``` 注解 To validate a certificate for a particular service, you can use the [`match_hostname()`](#ssl.match_hostname "ssl.match_hostname") function. If the `binary_form` parameter is [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True"), and a certificate was provided, this method returns the DER-encoded form of the entire certificate as a sequence of bytes, or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None") if the peer did not provide a certificate. Whether the peer provides a certificate depends on the SSL socket's role: - for a client SSL socket, the server will always provide a certificate, regardless of whether validation was required; - for a server SSL socket, the client will only provide a certificate when requested by the server; therefore [`getpeercert()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert "ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert") will return [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None") if you used [`CERT_NONE`](#ssl.CERT_NONE "ssl.CERT_NONE") (rather than [`CERT_OPTIONAL`](#ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL "ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL") or [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED")). 在 3.2 版更改: The returned dictionary includes additional items such as `issuer`and `notBefore`. 在 3.4 版更改: [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised when the handshake isn't done. The returned dictionary includes additional X509v3 extension items such as `crlDistributionPoints`, `caIssuers` and `OCSP` URIs. `SSLSocket.``cipher`()Returns a three-value tuple containing the name of the cipher being used, the version of the SSL protocol that defines its use, and the number of secret bits being used. If no connection has been established, returns `None`. `SSLSocket.``shared_ciphers`()Return the list of ciphers shared by the client during the handshake. Each entry of the returned list is a three-value tuple containing the name of the cipher, the version of the SSL protocol that defines its use, and the number of secret bits the cipher uses. [`shared_ciphers()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.shared_ciphers "ssl.SSLSocket.shared_ciphers") returns `None` if no connection has been established or the socket is a client socket. 3\.5 新版功能. `SSLSocket.``compression`()Return the compression algorithm being used as a string, or `None`if the connection isn't compressed. If the higher-level protocol supports its own compression mechanism, you can use [`OP_NO_COMPRESSION`](#ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION "ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION") to disable SSL-level compression. 3\.3 新版功能. `SSLSocket.``get_channel_binding`(*cb\_type="tls-unique"*)Get channel binding data for current connection, as a bytes object. Returns `None` if not connected or the handshake has not been completed. The *cb\_type* parameter allow selection of the desired channel binding type. Valid channel binding types are listed in the [`CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPES`](#ssl.CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPES "ssl.CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPES") list. Currently only the 'tls-unique' channel binding, defined by [**RFC 5929**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5929.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5929.html\], is supported. [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") will be raised if an unsupported channel binding type is requested. 3\.3 新版功能. `SSLSocket.``selected_alpn_protocol`()Return the protocol that was selected during the TLS handshake. If [`SSLContext.set_alpn_protocols()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_alpn_protocols "ssl.SSLContext.set_alpn_protocols") was not called, if the other party does not support ALPN, if this socket does not support any of the client's proposed protocols, or if the handshake has not happened yet, `None` is returned. 3\.5 新版功能. `SSLSocket.``selected_npn_protocol`()Return the higher-level protocol that was selected during the TLS/SSL handshake. If [`SSLContext.set_npn_protocols()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_npn_protocols "ssl.SSLContext.set_npn_protocols") was not called, or if the other party does not support NPN, or if the handshake has not yet happened, this will return `None`. 3\.3 新版功能. `SSLSocket.``unwrap`()Performs the SSL shutdown handshake, which removes the TLS layer from the underlying socket, and returns the underlying socket object. This can be used to go from encrypted operation over a connection to unencrypted. The returned socket should always be used for further communication with the other side of the connection, rather than the original socket. `SSLSocket.``verify_client_post_handshake`()Requests post-handshake authentication (PHA) from a TLS 1.3 client. PHA can only be initiated for a TLS 1.3 connection from a server-side socket, after the initial TLS handshake and with PHA enabled on both sides, see [`SSLContext.post_handshake_auth`](#ssl.SSLContext.post_handshake_auth "ssl.SSLContext.post_handshake_auth"). The method does not perform a cert exchange immediately. The server-side sends a CertificateRequest during the next write event and expects the client to respond with a certificate on the next read event. If any precondition isn't met (e.g. not TLS 1.3, PHA not enabled), an [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") is raised. 注解 Only available with OpenSSL 1.1.1 and TLS 1.3 enabled. Without TLS 1.3 support, the method raises [`NotImplementedError`](exceptions.xhtml#NotImplementedError "NotImplementedError"). 3\.7.1 新版功能. `SSLSocket.``version`()Return the actual SSL protocol version negotiated by the connection as a string, or `None` is no secure connection is established. As of this writing, possible return values include `"SSLv2"`, `"SSLv3"`, `"TLSv1"`, `"TLSv1.1"` and `"TLSv1.2"`. Recent OpenSSL versions may define more return values. 3\.5 新版功能. `SSLSocket.``pending`()Returns the number of already decrypted bytes available for read, pending on the connection. `SSLSocket.``context`The [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") object this SSL socket is tied to. If the SSL socket was created using the deprecated [`wrap_socket()`](#ssl.wrap_socket "ssl.wrap_socket") function (rather than [`SSLContext.wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket")), this is a custom context object created for this SSL socket. 3\.2 新版功能. `SSLSocket.``server_side`A boolean which is `True` for server-side sockets and `False` for client-side sockets. 3\.2 新版功能. `SSLSocket.``server_hostname`Hostname of the server: [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") type, or `None` for server-side socket or if the hostname was not specified in the constructor. 3\.2 新版功能. 在 3.7 版更改: The attribute is now always ASCII text. When `server_hostname` is an internationalized domain name (IDN), this attribute now stores the A-label form (`"xn--pythn-mua.org"`), rather than the U-label form (`"pyth?n.org"`). `SSLSocket.``session`The [`SSLSession`](#ssl.SSLSession "ssl.SSLSession") for this SSL connection. The session is available for client and server side sockets after the TLS handshake has been performed. For client sockets the session can be set before [`do_handshake()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake "ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake") has been called to reuse a session. 3\.6 新版功能. `SSLSocket.``session_reused`3\.6 新版功能. ## SSL Contexts 3\.2 新版功能. An SSL context holds various data longer-lived than single SSL connections, such as SSL configuration options, certificate(s) and private key(s). It also manages a cache of SSL sessions for server-side sockets, in order to speed up repeated connections from the same clients. *class* `ssl.``SSLContext`(*protocol=PROTOCOL\_TLS*)Create a new SSL context. You may pass *protocol* which must be one of the `PROTOCOL_*` constants defined in this module. The parameter specifies which version of the SSL protocol to use. Typically, the server chooses a particular protocol version, and the client must adapt to the server's choice. Most of the versions are not interoperable with the other versions. If not specified, the default is [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS"); it provides the most compatibility with other versions. Here's a table showing which versions in a client (down the side) can connect to which versions in a server (along the top): > *client* / **server** > > **SSLv2** > > **SSLv3** > > **TLS** [3](#id9) > > **TLSv1** > > **TLSv1.1** > > **TLSv1.2** > > *SSLv2* > > yes > > no > > no [1](#id7) > > no > > no > > no > > *SSLv3* > > no > > yes > > no [2](#id8) > > no > > no > > no > > *TLS* (*SSLv23*) [3](#id9) > > no [1](#id7) > > no [2](#id8) > > yes > > yes > > yes > > yes > > *TLSv1* > > no > > no > > yes > > yes > > no > > no > > *TLSv1.1* > > no > > no > > yes > > no > > yes > > no > > *TLSv1.2* > > no > > no > > yes > > no > > no > > yes 腳注 1([1](#id2),[2](#id5))[`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") disables SSLv2 with [`OP_NO_SSLv2`](#ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2 "ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2") by default. 2([1](#id3),[2](#id6))[`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") disables SSLv3 with [`OP_NO_SSLv3`](#ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3 "ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3") by default. 3([1](#id1),[2](#id4))TLS 1.3 protocol will be available with [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS") in OpenSSL >= 1.1.1. There is no dedicated PROTOCOL constant for just TLS 1.3. 參見 [`create_default_context()`](#ssl.create_default_context "ssl.create_default_context") lets the [`ssl`](#module-ssl "ssl: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects") module choose security settings for a given purpose. 在 3.6 版更改: The context is created with secure default values. The options [`OP_NO_COMPRESSION`](#ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION "ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION"), [`OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE`](#ssl.OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE "ssl.OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE"), [`OP_SINGLE_DH_USE`](#ssl.OP_SINGLE_DH_USE "ssl.OP_SINGLE_DH_USE"), [`OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE`](#ssl.OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE "ssl.OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE"), [`OP_NO_SSLv2`](#ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2 "ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2") (except for [`PROTOCOL_SSLv2`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv2 "ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv2")), and [`OP_NO_SSLv3`](#ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3 "ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3") (except for [`PROTOCOL_SSLv3`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3 "ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3")) are set by default. The initial cipher suite list contains only `HIGH`ciphers, no `NULL` ciphers and no `MD5` ciphers (except for [`PROTOCOL_SSLv2`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv2 "ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv2")). [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") objects have the following methods and attributes: `SSLContext.``cert_store_stats`()Get statistics about quantities of loaded X.509 certificates, count of X.509 certificates flagged as CA certificates and certificate revocation lists as dictionary. Example for a context with one CA cert and one other cert: ``` >>> context.cert_store_stats() {'crl': 0, 'x509_ca': 1, 'x509': 2} ``` 3\.4 新版功能. `SSLContext.``load_cert_chain`(*certfile*, *keyfile=None*, *password=None*)Load a private key and the corresponding certificate. The *certfile*string must be the path to a single file in PEM format containing the certificate as well as any number of CA certificates needed to establish the certificate's authenticity. The *keyfile* string, if present, must point to a file containing the private key in. Otherwise the private key will be taken from *certfile* as well. See the discussion of [Certificates](#ssl-certificates) for more information on how the certificate is stored in the *certfile*. The *password* argument may be a function to call to get the password for decrypting the private key. It will only be called if the private key is encrypted and a password is necessary. It will be called with no arguments, and it should return a string, bytes, or bytearray. If the return value is a string it will be encoded as UTF-8 before using it to decrypt the key. Alternatively a string, bytes, or bytearray value may be supplied directly as the *password* argument. It will be ignored if the private key is not encrypted and no password is needed. If the *password* argument is not specified and a password is required, OpenSSL's built-in password prompting mechanism will be used to interactively prompt the user for a password. An [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") is raised if the private key doesn't match with the certificate. 在 3.3 版更改: New optional argument *password*. `SSLContext.``load_default_certs`(*purpose=Purpose.SERVER\_AUTH*)Load a set of default "certification authority" (CA) certificates from default locations. On Windows it loads CA certs from the `CA` and `ROOT` system stores. On other systems it calls [`SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths "ssl.SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths"). In the future the method may load CA certificates from other locations, too. The *purpose* flag specifies what kind of CA certificates are loaded. The default settings [`Purpose.SERVER_AUTH`](#ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH "ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH") loads certificates, that are flagged and trusted for TLS web server authentication (client side sockets). [`Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH`](#ssl.Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH "ssl.Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH") loads CA certificates for client certificate verification on the server side. 3\.4 新版功能. `SSLContext.``load_verify_locations`(*cafile=None*, *capath=None*, *cadata=None*)Load a set of "certification authority" (CA) certificates used to validate other peers' certificates when [`verify_mode`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode "ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode") is other than [`CERT_NONE`](#ssl.CERT_NONE "ssl.CERT_NONE"). At least one of *cafile* or *capath* must be specified. This method can also load certification revocation lists (CRLs) in PEM or DER format. In order to make use of CRLs, [`SSLContext.verify_flags`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags "ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags")must be configured properly. The *cafile* string, if present, is the path to a file of concatenated CA certificates in PEM format. See the discussion of [Certificates](#ssl-certificates) for more information about how to arrange the certificates in this file. The *capath* string, if present, is the path to a directory containing several CA certificates in PEM format, following an [OpenSSL specific layout](https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man3/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations.html) \[https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man3/SSL\_CTX\_load\_verify\_locations.html\]. The *cadata* object, if present, is either an ASCII string of one or more PEM-encoded certificates or a [bytes-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-bytes-like-object) of DER-encoded certificates. Like with *capath* extra lines around PEM-encoded certificates are ignored but at least one certificate must be present. 在 3.4 版更改: New optional argument *cadata* `SSLContext.``get_ca_certs`(*binary\_form=False*)Get a list of loaded "certification authority" (CA) certificates. If the `binary_form` parameter is [`False`](constants.xhtml#False "False") each list entry is a dict like the output of [`SSLSocket.getpeercert()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert "ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert"). Otherwise the method returns a list of DER-encoded certificates. The returned list does not contain certificates from *capath* unless a certificate was requested and loaded by a SSL connection. 注解 Certificates in a capath directory aren't loaded unless they have been used at least once. 3\.4 新版功能. `SSLContext.``get_ciphers`()Get a list of enabled ciphers. The list is in order of cipher priority. See [`SSLContext.set_ciphers()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers "ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers"). 示例: ``` >>> ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23) >>> ctx.set_ciphers('ECDHE+AESGCM:!ECDSA') >>> ctx.get_ciphers() # OpenSSL 1.0.x [{'alg_bits': 256, 'description': 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH Au=RSA ' 'Enc=AESGCM(256) Mac=AEAD', 'id': 50380848, 'name': 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384', 'protocol': 'TLSv1/SSLv3', 'strength_bits': 256}, {'alg_bits': 128, 'description': 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH Au=RSA ' 'Enc=AESGCM(128) Mac=AEAD', 'id': 50380847, 'name': 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256', 'protocol': 'TLSv1/SSLv3', 'strength_bits': 128}] ``` On OpenSSL 1.1 and newer the cipher dict contains additional fields: ``` >>> ctx.get_ciphers() # OpenSSL 1.1+ [{'aead': True, 'alg_bits': 256, 'auth': 'auth-rsa', 'description': 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH Au=RSA ' 'Enc=AESGCM(256) Mac=AEAD', 'digest': None, 'id': 50380848, 'kea': 'kx-ecdhe', 'name': 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384', 'protocol': 'TLSv1.2', 'strength_bits': 256, 'symmetric': 'aes-256-gcm'}, {'aead': True, 'alg_bits': 128, 'auth': 'auth-rsa', 'description': 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH Au=RSA ' 'Enc=AESGCM(128) Mac=AEAD', 'digest': None, 'id': 50380847, 'kea': 'kx-ecdhe', 'name': 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256', 'protocol': 'TLSv1.2', 'strength_bits': 128, 'symmetric': 'aes-128-gcm'}] ``` [Availability](intro.xhtml#availability): OpenSSL 1.0.2+. 3\.6 新版功能. `SSLContext.``set_default_verify_paths`()Load a set of default "certification authority" (CA) certificates from a filesystem path defined when building the OpenSSL library. Unfortunately, there's no easy way to know whether this method succeeds: no error is returned if no certificates are to be found. When the OpenSSL library is provided as part of the operating system, though, it is likely to be configured properly. `SSLContext.``set_ciphers`(*ciphers*)Set the available ciphers for sockets created with this context. It should be a string in the [OpenSSL cipher list format](https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ciphers.html) \[https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ciphers.html\]. If no cipher can be selected (because compile-time options or other configuration forbids use of all the specified ciphers), an [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError") will be raised. 注解 when connected, the [`SSLSocket.cipher()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.cipher "ssl.SSLSocket.cipher") method of SSL sockets will give the currently selected cipher. OpenSSL 1.1.1 has TLS 1.3 cipher suites enabled by default. The suites cannot be disabled with [`set_ciphers()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers "ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers"). `SSLContext.``set_alpn_protocols`(*protocols*)Specify which protocols the socket should advertise during the SSL/TLS handshake. It should be a list of ASCII strings, like ``` ['http/1.1', 'spdy/2'] ``` , ordered by preference. The selection of a protocol will happen during the handshake, and will play out according to [**RFC 7301**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7301.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7301.html\]. After a successful handshake, the [`SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol "ssl.SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol") method will return the agreed-upon protocol. This method will raise [`NotImplementedError`](exceptions.xhtml#NotImplementedError "NotImplementedError") if [`HAS_ALPN`](#ssl.HAS_ALPN "ssl.HAS_ALPN") is False. OpenSSL 1.1.0 to 1.1.0e will abort the handshake and raise [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError")when both sides support ALPN but cannot agree on a protocol. 1.1.0f+ behaves like 1.0.2, [`SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol "ssl.SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol") returns None. 3\.5 新版功能. `SSLContext.``set_npn_protocols`(*protocols*)Specify which protocols the socket should advertise during the SSL/TLS handshake. It should be a list of strings, like `['http/1.1', 'spdy/2']`, ordered by preference. The selection of a protocol will happen during the handshake, and will play out according to the [Application Layer Protocol Negotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-Layer_Protocol_Negotiation) \[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-Layer\_Protocol\_Negotiation\]. After a successful handshake, the [`SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol "ssl.SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol") method will return the agreed-upon protocol. This method will raise [`NotImplementedError`](exceptions.xhtml#NotImplementedError "NotImplementedError") if [`HAS_NPN`](#ssl.HAS_NPN "ssl.HAS_NPN") is False. 3\.3 新版功能. `SSLContext.``sni_callback`Register a callback function that will be called after the TLS Client Hello handshake message has been received by the SSL/TLS server when the TLS client specifies a server name indication. The server name indication mechanism is specified in [**RFC 6066**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6066.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6066.html\] section 3 - Server Name Indication. Only one callback can be set per `SSLContext`. If *sni\_callback*is set to `None` then the callback is disabled. Calling this function a subsequent time will disable the previously registered callback. The callback function will be called with three arguments; the first being the [`ssl.SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket"), the second is a string that represents the server name that the client is intending to communicate (or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None") if the TLS Client Hello does not contain a server name) and the third argument is the original [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext"). The server name argument is text. For internationalized domain name, the server name is an IDN A-label (`"xn--pythn-mua.org"`). A typical use of this callback is to change the [`ssl.SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket")'s [`SSLSocket.context`](#ssl.SSLSocket.context "ssl.SSLSocket.context") attribute to a new object of type [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") representing a certificate chain that matches the server name. Due to the early negotiation phase of the TLS connection, only limited methods and attributes are usable like [`SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol "ssl.SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol") and [`SSLSocket.context`](#ssl.SSLSocket.context "ssl.SSLSocket.context"). [`SSLSocket.getpeercert()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert "ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert"), [`SSLSocket.getpeercert()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert "ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert"), [`SSLSocket.cipher()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.cipher "ssl.SSLSocket.cipher") and `SSLSocket.compress()` methods require that the TLS connection has progressed beyond the TLS Client Hello and therefore will not contain return meaningful values nor can they be called safely. The *sni\_callback* function must return `None` to allow the TLS negotiation to continue. If a TLS failure is required, a constant [`ALERT_DESCRIPTION_*`](#ssl.ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR "ssl.ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR") can be returned. Other return values will result in a TLS fatal error with [`ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR`](#ssl.ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR "ssl.ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR"). If an exception is raised from the *sni\_callback* function the TLS connection will terminate with a fatal TLS alert message [`ALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE`](#ssl.ALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE "ssl.ALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE"). This method will raise [`NotImplementedError`](exceptions.xhtml#NotImplementedError "NotImplementedError") if the OpenSSL library had OPENSSL\_NO\_TLSEXT defined when it was built. 3\.7 新版功能. `SSLContext.``set_servername_callback`(*server\_name\_callback*)This is a legacy API retained for backwards compatibility. When possible, you should use [`sni_callback`](#ssl.SSLContext.sni_callback "ssl.SSLContext.sni_callback") instead. The given *server\_name\_callback*is similar to *sni\_callback*, except that when the server hostname is an IDN-encoded internationalized domain name, the *server\_name\_callback*receives a decoded U-label (`"pyth?n.org"`). If there is an decoding error on the server name, the TLS connection will terminate with an [`ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR`](#ssl.ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR "ssl.ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR") fatal TLS alert message to the client. 3\.4 新版功能. `SSLContext.``load_dh_params`(*dhfile*)Load the key generation parameters for Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchange. Using DH key exchange improves forward secrecy at the expense of computational resources (both on the server and on the client). The *dhfile* parameter should be the path to a file containing DH parameters in PEM format. This setting doesn't apply to client sockets. You can also use the [`OP_SINGLE_DH_USE`](#ssl.OP_SINGLE_DH_USE "ssl.OP_SINGLE_DH_USE") option to further improve security. 3\.3 新版功能. `SSLContext.``set_ecdh_curve`(*curve\_name*)Set the curve name for Elliptic Curve-based Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key exchange. ECDH is significantly faster than regular DH while arguably as secure. The *curve\_name* parameter should be a string describing a well-known elliptic curve, for example `prime256v1` for a widely supported curve. This setting doesn't apply to client sockets. You can also use the [`OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE`](#ssl.OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE "ssl.OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE") option to further improve security. This method is not available if [`HAS_ECDH`](#ssl.HAS_ECDH "ssl.HAS_ECDH") is `False`. 3\.3 新版功能. 參見 [SSL/TLS & Perfect Forward Secrecy](https://vincent.bernat.im/en/blog/2011-ssl-perfect-forward-secrecy) \[https://vincent.bernat.im/en/blog/2011-ssl-perfect-forward-secrecy\]Vincent Bernat. `SSLContext.``wrap_socket`(*sock*, *server\_side=False*, *do\_handshake\_on\_connect=True*, *suppress\_ragged\_eofs=True*, *server\_hostname=None*, *session=None*)Wrap an existing Python socket *sock* and return an instance of [`SSLContext.sslsocket_class`](#ssl.SSLContext.sslsocket_class "ssl.SSLContext.sslsocket_class") (default [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket")). The returned SSL socket is tied to the context, its settings and certificates. *sock* must be a [`SOCK_STREAM`](socket.xhtml#socket.SOCK_STREAM "socket.SOCK_STREAM") socket; other socket types are unsupported. The parameter `server_side` is a boolean which identifies whether server-side or client-side behavior is desired from this socket. For client-side sockets, the context construction is lazy; if the underlying socket isn't connected yet, the context construction will be performed after `connect()` is called on the socket. For server-side sockets, if the socket has no remote peer, it is assumed to be a listening socket, and the server-side SSL wrapping is automatically performed on client connections accepted via the `accept()` method. The method may raise [`SSLError`](#ssl.SSLError "ssl.SSLError"). On client connections, the optional parameter *server\_hostname* specifies the hostname of the service which we are connecting to. This allows a single server to host multiple SSL-based services with distinct certificates, quite similarly to HTTP virtual hosts. Specifying *server\_hostname* will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") if *server\_side* is true. The parameter `do_handshake_on_connect` specifies whether to do the SSL handshake automatically after doing a `socket.connect()`, or whether the application program will call it explicitly, by invoking the [`SSLSocket.do_handshake()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake "ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake") method. Calling [`SSLSocket.do_handshake()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake "ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake") explicitly gives the program control over the blocking behavior of the socket I/O involved in the handshake. The parameter `suppress_ragged_eofs` specifies how the `SSLSocket.recv()` method should signal unexpected EOF from the other end of the connection. If specified as [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True") (the default), it returns a normal EOF (an empty bytes object) in response to unexpected EOF errors raised from the underlying socket; if [`False`](constants.xhtml#False "False"), it will raise the exceptions back to the caller. *session*, see [`session`](#ssl.SSLSocket.session "ssl.SSLSocket.session"). 在 3.5 版更改: Always allow a server\_hostname to be passed, even if OpenSSL does not have SNI. 在 3.6 版更改: *session* argument was added. 在 3.7 版更改: The method returns on instance of [`SSLContext.sslsocket_class`](#ssl.SSLContext.sslsocket_class "ssl.SSLContext.sslsocket_class")instead of hard-coded [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket"). `SSLContext.``sslsocket_class`The return type of `SSLContext.wrap_sockets()`, defaults to [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket"). The attribute can be overridden on instance of class in order to return a custom subclass of [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket"). 3\.7 新版功能. `SSLContext.``wrap_bio`(*incoming*, *outgoing*, *server\_side=False*, *server\_hostname=None*, *session=None*)Wrap the BIO objects *incoming* and *outgoing* and return an instance of attr:SSLContext.sslobject\_class (default [`SSLObject`](#ssl.SSLObject "ssl.SSLObject")). The SSL routines will read input data from the incoming BIO and write data to the outgoing BIO. The *server\_side*, *server\_hostname* and *session* parameters have the same meaning as in [`SSLContext.wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket"). 在 3.6 版更改: *session* argument was added. 在 3.7 版更改: The method returns on instance of [`SSLContext.sslobject_class`](#ssl.SSLContext.sslobject_class "ssl.SSLContext.sslobject_class")instead of hard-coded [`SSLObject`](#ssl.SSLObject "ssl.SSLObject"). `SSLContext.``sslobject_class`The return type of [`SSLContext.wrap_bio()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_bio "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_bio"), defaults to [`SSLObject`](#ssl.SSLObject "ssl.SSLObject"). The attribute can be overridden on instance of class in order to return a custom subclass of [`SSLObject`](#ssl.SSLObject "ssl.SSLObject"). 3\.7 新版功能. `SSLContext.``session_stats`()Get statistics about the SSL sessions created or managed by this context. A dictionary is returned which maps the names of each [piece of information](https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.0/ssl/SSL_CTX_sess_number.html) \[https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.0/ssl/SSL\_CTX\_sess\_number.html\] to their numeric values. For example, here is the total number of hits and misses in the session cache since the context was created: ``` >>> stats = context.session_stats() >>> stats['hits'], stats['misses'] (0, 0) ``` `SSLContext.``check_hostname`Whether to match the peer cert's hostname with [`match_hostname()`](#ssl.match_hostname "ssl.match_hostname") in [`SSLSocket.do_handshake()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake "ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake"). The context's [`verify_mode`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode "ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode") must be set to [`CERT_OPTIONAL`](#ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL "ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL") or [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED"), and you must pass *server\_hostname* to [`wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket") in order to match the hostname. Enabling hostname checking automatically sets [`verify_mode`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode "ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode") from [`CERT_NONE`](#ssl.CERT_NONE "ssl.CERT_NONE") to [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED"). It cannot be set back to [`CERT_NONE`](#ssl.CERT_NONE "ssl.CERT_NONE") as long as hostname checking is enabled. 示例: ``` import socket, ssl context = ssl.SSLContext() context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED context.check_hostname = True context.load_default_certs() s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) ssl_sock = context.wrap_socket(s, server_hostname='www.verisign.com') ssl_sock.connect(('www.verisign.com', 443)) ``` 3\.4 新版功能. 在 3.7 版更改: [`verify_mode`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode "ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode") is now automatically changed to [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED") when hostname checking is enabled and [`verify_mode`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode "ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode") is [`CERT_NONE`](#ssl.CERT_NONE "ssl.CERT_NONE"). Previously the same operation would have failed with a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError"). 注解 This features requires OpenSSL 0.9.8f or newer. `SSLContext.``maximum_version`A [`TLSVersion`](#ssl.TLSVersion "ssl.TLSVersion") enum member representing the highest supported TLS version. The value defaults to [`TLSVersion.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED`](#ssl.TLSVersion.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED "ssl.TLSVersion.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED"). The attribute is read-only for protocols other than [`PROTOCOL_TLS`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS"), [`PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT"), and [`PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER"). The attributes [`maximum_version`](#ssl.SSLContext.maximum_version "ssl.SSLContext.maximum_version"), [`minimum_version`](#ssl.SSLContext.minimum_version "ssl.SSLContext.minimum_version") and [`SSLContext.options`](#ssl.SSLContext.options "ssl.SSLContext.options") all affect the supported SSL and TLS versions of the context. The implementation does not prevent invalid combination. For example a context with [`OP_NO_TLSv1_2`](#ssl.OP_NO_TLSv1_2 "ssl.OP_NO_TLSv1_2") in [`options`](#ssl.SSLContext.options "ssl.SSLContext.options") and [`maximum_version`](#ssl.SSLContext.maximum_version "ssl.SSLContext.maximum_version") set to [`TLSVersion.TLSv1_2`](#ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_2 "ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_2")will not be able to establish a TLS 1.2 connection. 注解 This attribute is not available unless the ssl module is compiled with OpenSSL 1.1.0g or newer. 3\.7 新版功能. `SSLContext.``minimum_version`Like [`SSLContext.maximum_version`](#ssl.SSLContext.maximum_version "ssl.SSLContext.maximum_version") except it is the lowest supported version or [`TLSVersion.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED`](#ssl.TLSVersion.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED "ssl.TLSVersion.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED"). 注解 This attribute is not available unless the ssl module is compiled with OpenSSL 1.1.0g or newer. 3\.7 新版功能. `SSLContext.``options`An integer representing the set of SSL options enabled on this context. The default value is [`OP_ALL`](#ssl.OP_ALL "ssl.OP_ALL"), but you can specify other options such as [`OP_NO_SSLv2`](#ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2 "ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2") by ORing them together. 注解 With versions of OpenSSL older than 0.9.8m, it is only possible to set options, not to clear them. Attempting to clear an option (by resetting the corresponding bits) will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError"). 在 3.6 版更改: [`SSLContext.options`](#ssl.SSLContext.options "ssl.SSLContext.options") returns [`Options`](#ssl.Options "ssl.Options") flags: ``` >>> ssl.create_default_context().options # doctest: +SKIP <Options.OP_ALL|OP_NO_SSLv3|OP_NO_SSLv2|OP_NO_COMPRESSION: 2197947391> ``` `SSLContext.``post_handshake_auth`Enable TLS 1.3 post-handshake client authentication. Post-handshake auth is disabled by default and a server can only request a TLS client certificate during the initial handshake. When enabled, a server may request a TLS client certificate at any time after the handshake. When enabled on client-side sockets, the client signals the server that it supports post-handshake authentication. When enabled on server-side sockets, [`SSLContext.verify_mode`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode "ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode") must be set to [`CERT_OPTIONAL`](#ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL "ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL") or [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED"), too. The actual client cert exchange is delayed until [`SSLSocket.verify_client_post_handshake()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.verify_client_post_handshake "ssl.SSLSocket.verify_client_post_handshake") is called and some I/O is performed. 注解 Only available with OpenSSL 1.1.1 and TLS 1.3 enabled. Without TLS 1.3 support, the property value is None and can't be modified 3\.7.1 新版功能. `SSLContext.``protocol`The protocol version chosen when constructing the context. This attribute is read-only. `SSLContext.``hostname_checks_common_name`Whether [`check_hostname`](#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname "ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname") falls back to verify the cert's subject common name in the absence of a subject alternative name extension (default: true). 注解 Only writeable with OpenSSL 1.1.0 or higher. 3\.7 新版功能. `SSLContext.``verify_flags`The flags for certificate verification operations. You can set flags like [`VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF`](#ssl.VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF "ssl.VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF") by ORing them together. By default OpenSSL does neither require nor verify certificate revocation lists (CRLs). Available only with openssl version 0.9.8+. 3\.4 新版功能. 在 3.6 版更改: [`SSLContext.verify_flags`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags "ssl.SSLContext.verify_flags") returns [`VerifyFlags`](#ssl.VerifyFlags "ssl.VerifyFlags") flags: ``` >>> ssl.create_default_context().verify_flags # doctest: +SKIP <VerifyFlags.VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST: 32768> ``` `SSLContext.``verify_mode`Whether to try to verify other peers' certificates and how to behave if verification fails. This attribute must be one of [`CERT_NONE`](#ssl.CERT_NONE "ssl.CERT_NONE"), [`CERT_OPTIONAL`](#ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL "ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL") or [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED"). 在 3.6 版更改: [`SSLContext.verify_mode`](#ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode "ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode") returns [`VerifyMode`](#ssl.VerifyMode "ssl.VerifyMode") enum: ``` >>> ssl.create_default_context().verify_mode <VerifyMode.CERT_REQUIRED: 2> ``` ## Certificates Certificates in general are part of a public-key / private-key system. In this system, each *principal*, (which may be a machine, or a person, or an organization) is assigned a unique two-part encryption key. One part of the key is public, and is called the *public key*; the other part is kept secret, and is called the *private key*. The two parts are related, in that if you encrypt a message with one of the parts, you can decrypt it with the other part, and **only** with the other part. A certificate contains information about two principals. It contains the name of a *subject*, and the subject's public key. It also contains a statement by a second principal, the *issuer*, that the subject is who they claim to be, and that this is indeed the subject's public key. The issuer's statement is signed with the issuer's private key, which only the issuer knows. However, anyone can verify the issuer's statement by finding the issuer's public key, decrypting the statement with it, and comparing it to the other information in the certificate. The certificate also contains information about the time period over which it is valid. This is expressed as two fields, called "notBefore" and "notAfter". In the Python use of certificates, a client or server can use a certificate to prove who they are. The other side of a network connection can also be required to produce a certificate, and that certificate can be validated to the satisfaction of the client or server that requires such validation. The connection attempt can be set to raise an exception if the validation fails. Validation is done automatically, by the underlying OpenSSL framework; the application need not concern itself with its mechanics. But the application does usually need to provide sets of certificates to allow this process to take place. Python uses files to contain certificates. They should be formatted as "PEM" (see [**RFC 1422**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1422.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1422.html\]), which is a base-64 encoded form wrapped with a header line and a footer line: ``` -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ... (certificate in base64 PEM encoding) ... -----END CERTIFICATE----- ``` ### Certificate chains The Python files which contain certificates can contain a sequence of certificates, sometimes called a *certificate chain*. This chain should start with the specific certificate for the principal who "is" the client or server, and then the certificate for the issuer of that certificate, and then the certificate for the issuer of *that* certificate, and so on up the chain till you get to a certificate which is *self-signed*, that is, a certificate which has the same subject and issuer, sometimes called a *root certificate*. The certificates should just be concatenated together in the certificate file. For example, suppose we had a three certificate chain, from our server certificate to the certificate of the certification authority that signed our server certificate, to the root certificate of the agency which issued the certification authority's certificate: ``` -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ... (certificate for your server)... -----END CERTIFICATE----- -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ... (the certificate for the CA)... -----END CERTIFICATE----- -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ... (the root certificate for the CA's issuer)... -----END CERTIFICATE----- ``` ### CA certificates If you are going to require validation of the other side of the connection's certificate, you need to provide a "CA certs" file, filled with the certificate chains for each issuer you are willing to trust. Again, this file just contains these chains concatenated together. For validation, Python will use the first chain it finds in the file which matches. The platform's certificates file can be used by calling [`SSLContext.load_default_certs()`](#ssl.SSLContext.load_default_certs "ssl.SSLContext.load_default_certs"), this is done automatically with [`create_default_context()`](#ssl.create_default_context "ssl.create_default_context"). ### Combined key and certificate Often the private key is stored in the same file as the certificate; in this case, only the `certfile` parameter to [`SSLContext.load_cert_chain()`](#ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain "ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain")and [`wrap_socket()`](#ssl.wrap_socket "ssl.wrap_socket") needs to be passed. If the private key is stored with the certificate, it should come before the first certificate in the certificate chain: ``` -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- ... (private key in base64 encoding) ... -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ... (certificate in base64 PEM encoding) ... -----END CERTIFICATE----- ``` ### Self-signed certificates If you are going to create a server that provides SSL-encrypted connection services, you will need to acquire a certificate for that service. There are many ways of acquiring appropriate certificates, such as buying one from a certification authority. Another common practice is to generate a self-signed certificate. The simplest way to do this is with the OpenSSL package, using something like the following: ``` % openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -out cert.pem -keyout cert.pem Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key .......++++++ .............................++++++ writing new private key to 'cert.pem' ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:US State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:MyState Locality Name (eg, city) []:Some City Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:My Organization, Inc. Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:My Group Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:myserver.mygroup.myorganization.com Email Address []:ops@myserver.mygroup.myorganization.com % ``` The disadvantage of a self-signed certificate is that it is its own root certificate, and no one else will have it in their cache of known (and trusted) root certificates. ## 示例 ### Testing for SSL support To test for the presence of SSL support in a Python installation, user code should use the following idiom: ``` try: import ssl except ImportError: pass else: ... # do something that requires SSL support ``` ### Client-side operation This example creates a SSL context with the recommended security settings for client sockets, including automatic certificate verification: ``` >>> context = ssl.create_default_context() ``` If you prefer to tune security settings yourself, you might create a context from scratch (but beware that you might not get the settings right): ``` >>> context = ssl.SSLContext() >>> context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED >>> context.check_hostname = True >>> context.load_verify_locations("/etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt") ``` (this snippet assumes your operating system places a bundle of all CA certificates in `/etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt`; if not, you'll get an error and have to adjust the location) When you use the context to connect to a server, [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED")validates the server certificate: it ensures that the server certificate was signed with one of the CA certificates, and checks the signature for correctness: ``` >>> conn = context.wrap_socket(socket.socket(socket.AF_INET), ... server_hostname="www.python.org") >>> conn.connect(("www.python.org", 443)) ``` You may then fetch the certificate: ``` >>> cert = conn.getpeercert() ``` Visual inspection shows that the certificate does identify the desired service (that is, the HTTPS host `www.python.org`): ``` >>> pprint.pprint(cert) {'OCSP': ('http://ocsp.digicert.com',), 'caIssuers': ('http://cacerts.digicert.com/DigiCertSHA2ExtendedValidationServerCA.crt',), 'crlDistributionPoints': ('http://crl3.digicert.com/sha2-ev-server-g1.crl', 'http://crl4.digicert.com/sha2-ev-server-g1.crl'), 'issuer': ((('countryName', 'US'),), (('organizationName', 'DigiCert Inc'),), (('organizationalUnitName', 'www.digicert.com'),), (('commonName', 'DigiCert SHA2 Extended Validation Server CA'),)), 'notAfter': 'Sep 9 12:00:00 2016 GMT', 'notBefore': 'Sep 5 00:00:00 2014 GMT', 'serialNumber': '01BB6F00122B177F36CAB49CEA8B6B26', 'subject': ((('businessCategory', 'Private Organization'),), (('1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.3', 'US'),), (('1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.2', 'Delaware'),), (('serialNumber', '3359300'),), (('streetAddress', '16 Allen Rd'),), (('postalCode', '03894-4801'),), (('countryName', 'US'),), (('stateOrProvinceName', 'NH'),), (('localityName', 'Wolfeboro,'),), (('organizationName', 'Python Software Foundation'),), (('commonName', 'www.python.org'),)), 'subjectAltName': (('DNS', 'www.python.org'), ('DNS', 'python.org'), ('DNS', 'pypi.org'), ('DNS', 'docs.python.org'), ('DNS', 'testpypi.org'), ('DNS', 'bugs.python.org'), ('DNS', 'wiki.python.org'), ('DNS', 'hg.python.org'), ('DNS', 'mail.python.org'), ('DNS', 'packaging.python.org'), ('DNS', 'pythonhosted.org'), ('DNS', 'www.pythonhosted.org'), ('DNS', 'test.pythonhosted.org'), ('DNS', 'us.pycon.org'), ('DNS', 'id.python.org')), 'version': 3} ``` Now the SSL channel is established and the certificate verified, you can proceed to talk with the server: ``` >>> conn.sendall(b"HEAD / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: linuxfr.org\r\n\r\n") >>> pprint.pprint(conn.recv(1024).split(b"\r\n")) [b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK', b'Date: Sat, 18 Oct 2014 18:27:20 GMT', b'Server: nginx', b'Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8', b'X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN', b'Content-Length: 45679', b'Accept-Ranges: bytes', b'Via: 1.1 varnish', b'Age: 2188', b'X-Served-By: cache-lcy1134-LCY', b'X-Cache: HIT', b'X-Cache-Hits: 11', b'Vary: Cookie', b'Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains', b'Connection: close', b'', b''] ``` See the discussion of [Security considerations](#ssl-security) below. ### Server-side operation For server operation, typically you'll need to have a server certificate, and private key, each in a file. You'll first create a context holding the key and the certificate, so that clients can check your authenticity. Then you'll open a socket, bind it to a port, call `listen()` on it, and start waiting for clients to connect: ``` import socket, ssl context = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH) context.load_cert_chain(certfile="mycertfile", keyfile="mykeyfile") bindsocket = socket.socket() bindsocket.bind(('myaddr.mydomain.com', 10023)) bindsocket.listen(5) ``` When a client connects, you'll call `accept()` on the socket to get the new socket from the other end, and use the context's [`SSLContext.wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket")method to create a server-side SSL socket for the connection: ``` while True: newsocket, fromaddr = bindsocket.accept() connstream = context.wrap_socket(newsocket, server_side=True) try: deal_with_client(connstream) finally: connstream.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR) connstream.close() ``` Then you'll read data from the `connstream` and do something with it till you are finished with the client (or the client is finished with you): ``` def deal_with_client(connstream): data = connstream.recv(1024) # empty data means the client is finished with us while data: if not do_something(connstream, data): # we'll assume do_something returns False # when we're finished with client break data = connstream.recv(1024) # finished with client ``` And go back to listening for new client connections (of course, a real server would probably handle each client connection in a separate thread, or put the sockets in [non-blocking mode](#ssl-nonblocking) and use an event loop). ## Notes on non-blocking sockets SSL sockets behave slightly different than regular sockets in non-blocking mode. When working with non-blocking sockets, there are thus several things you need to be aware of: - Most [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket") methods will raise either [`SSLWantWriteError`](#ssl.SSLWantWriteError "ssl.SSLWantWriteError") or [`SSLWantReadError`](#ssl.SSLWantReadError "ssl.SSLWantReadError") instead of [`BlockingIOError`](exceptions.xhtml#BlockingIOError "BlockingIOError") if an I/O operation would block. [`SSLWantReadError`](#ssl.SSLWantReadError "ssl.SSLWantReadError") will be raised if a read operation on the underlying socket is necessary, and [`SSLWantWriteError`](#ssl.SSLWantWriteError "ssl.SSLWantWriteError") for a write operation on the underlying socket. Note that attempts to *write* to an SSL socket may require *reading* from the underlying socket first, and attempts to *read* from the SSL socket may require a prior *write* to the underlying socket. 在 3.5 版更改: In earlier Python versions, the `SSLSocket.send()` method returned zero instead of raising [`SSLWantWriteError`](#ssl.SSLWantWriteError "ssl.SSLWantWriteError") or [`SSLWantReadError`](#ssl.SSLWantReadError "ssl.SSLWantReadError"). - Calling [`select()`](select.xhtml#select.select "select.select") tells you that the OS-level socket can be read from (or written to), but it does not imply that there is sufficient data at the upper SSL layer. For example, only part of an SSL frame might have arrived. Therefore, you must be ready to handle `SSLSocket.recv()`and `SSLSocket.send()` failures, and retry after another call to [`select()`](select.xhtml#select.select "select.select"). - Conversely, since the SSL layer has its own framing, a SSL socket may still have data available for reading without [`select()`](select.xhtml#select.select "select.select")being aware of it. Therefore, you should first call `SSLSocket.recv()` to drain any potentially available data, and then only block on a [`select()`](select.xhtml#select.select "select.select") call if still necessary. (of course, similar provisions apply when using other primitives such as [`poll()`](select.xhtml#select.poll "select.poll"), or those in the [`selectors`](selectors.xhtml#module-selectors "selectors: High-level I/O multiplexing.") module) - The SSL handshake itself will be non-blocking: the [`SSLSocket.do_handshake()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake "ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake") method has to be retried until it returns successfully. Here is a synopsis using [`select()`](select.xhtml#select.select "select.select") to wait for the socket's readiness: ``` while True: try: sock.do_handshake() break except ssl.SSLWantReadError: select.select([sock], [], []) except ssl.SSLWantWriteError: select.select([], [sock], []) ``` 參見 The [`asyncio`](asyncio.xhtml#module-asyncio "asyncio: Asynchronous I/O.") module supports [non-blocking SSL sockets](#ssl-nonblocking) and provides a higher level API. It polls for events using the [`selectors`](selectors.xhtml#module-selectors "selectors: High-level I/O multiplexing.") module and handles [`SSLWantWriteError`](#ssl.SSLWantWriteError "ssl.SSLWantWriteError"), [`SSLWantReadError`](#ssl.SSLWantReadError "ssl.SSLWantReadError") and [`BlockingIOError`](exceptions.xhtml#BlockingIOError "BlockingIOError") exceptions. It runs the SSL handshake asynchronously as well. ## Memory BIO Support 3\.5 新版功能. Ever since the SSL module was introduced in Python 2.6, the [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket")class has provided two related but distinct areas of functionality: - SSL protocol handling - Network IO The network IO API is identical to that provided by [`socket.socket`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket "socket.socket"), from which [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket") also inherits. This allows an SSL socket to be used as a drop-in replacement for a regular socket, making it very easy to add SSL support to an existing application. Combining SSL protocol handling and network IO usually works well, but there are some cases where it doesn't. An example is async IO frameworks that want to use a different IO multiplexing model than the "select/poll on a file descriptor" (readiness based) model that is assumed by [`socket.socket`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket "socket.socket")and by the internal OpenSSL socket IO routines. This is mostly relevant for platforms like Windows where this model is not efficient. For this purpose, a reduced scope variant of [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket") called [`SSLObject`](#ssl.SSLObject "ssl.SSLObject") is provided. *class* `ssl.``SSLObject`A reduced-scope variant of [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket") representing an SSL protocol instance that does not contain any network IO methods. This class is typically used by framework authors that want to implement asynchronous IO for SSL through memory buffers. This class implements an interface on top of a low-level SSL object as implemented by OpenSSL. This object captures the state of an SSL connection but does not provide any network IO itself. IO needs to be performed through separate "BIO" objects which are OpenSSL's IO abstraction layer. This class has no public constructor. An [`SSLObject`](#ssl.SSLObject "ssl.SSLObject") instance must be created using the [`wrap_bio()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_bio "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_bio") method. This method will create the [`SSLObject`](#ssl.SSLObject "ssl.SSLObject") instance and bind it to a pair of BIOs. The *incoming* BIO is used to pass data from Python to the SSL protocol instance, while the *outgoing* BIO is used to pass data the other way around. The following methods are available: - [`context`](#ssl.SSLSocket.context "ssl.SSLSocket.context") - [`server_side`](#ssl.SSLSocket.server_side "ssl.SSLSocket.server_side") - [`server_hostname`](#ssl.SSLSocket.server_hostname "ssl.SSLSocket.server_hostname") - [`session`](#ssl.SSLSocket.session "ssl.SSLSocket.session") - [`session_reused`](#ssl.SSLSocket.session_reused "ssl.SSLSocket.session_reused") - [`read()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.read "ssl.SSLSocket.read") - [`write()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.write "ssl.SSLSocket.write") - [`getpeercert()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert "ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert") - [`selected_npn_protocol()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol "ssl.SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol") - [`cipher()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.cipher "ssl.SSLSocket.cipher") - [`shared_ciphers()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.shared_ciphers "ssl.SSLSocket.shared_ciphers") - [`compression()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.compression "ssl.SSLSocket.compression") - [`pending()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.pending "ssl.SSLSocket.pending") - [`do_handshake()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake "ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake") - [`unwrap()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.unwrap "ssl.SSLSocket.unwrap") - [`get_channel_binding()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.get_channel_binding "ssl.SSLSocket.get_channel_binding") When compared to [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket"), this object lacks the following features: - Any form of network IO; `recv()` and `send()` read and write only to the underlying [`MemoryBIO`](#ssl.MemoryBIO "ssl.MemoryBIO") buffers. - There is no *do\_handshake\_on\_connect* machinery. You must always manually call [`do_handshake()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake "ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake") to start the handshake. - There is no handling of *suppress\_ragged\_eofs*. All end-of-file conditions that are in violation of the protocol are reported via the [`SSLEOFError`](#ssl.SSLEOFError "ssl.SSLEOFError") exception. - The method [`unwrap()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.unwrap "ssl.SSLSocket.unwrap") call does not return anything, unlike for an SSL socket where it returns the underlying socket. - The *server\_name\_callback* callback passed to [`SSLContext.set_servername_callback()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_servername_callback "ssl.SSLContext.set_servername_callback") will get an [`SSLObject`](#ssl.SSLObject "ssl.SSLObject")instance instead of a [`SSLSocket`](#ssl.SSLSocket "ssl.SSLSocket") instance as its first parameter. Some notes related to the use of [`SSLObject`](#ssl.SSLObject "ssl.SSLObject"): - All IO on an [`SSLObject`](#ssl.SSLObject "ssl.SSLObject") is [non-blocking](#ssl-nonblocking). This means that for example [`read()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.read "ssl.SSLSocket.read") will raise an [`SSLWantReadError`](#ssl.SSLWantReadError "ssl.SSLWantReadError") if it needs more data than the incoming BIO has available. - There is no module-level `wrap_bio()` call like there is for [`wrap_socket()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket"). An [`SSLObject`](#ssl.SSLObject "ssl.SSLObject") is always created via an [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext"). 在 3.7 版更改: [`SSLObject`](#ssl.SSLObject "ssl.SSLObject") instances must to created with [`wrap_bio()`](#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_bio "ssl.SSLContext.wrap_bio"). In earlier versions, it was possible to create instances directly. This was never documented or officially supported. An SSLObject communicates with the outside world using memory buffers. The class [`MemoryBIO`](#ssl.MemoryBIO "ssl.MemoryBIO") provides a memory buffer that can be used for this purpose. It wraps an OpenSSL memory BIO (Basic IO) object: *class* `ssl.``MemoryBIO`A memory buffer that can be used to pass data between Python and an SSL protocol instance. `pending`Return the number of bytes currently in the memory buffer. `eof`A boolean indicating whether the memory BIO is current at the end-of-file position. `read`(*n=-1*)Read up to *n* bytes from the memory buffer. If *n* is not specified or negative, all bytes are returned. `write`(*buf*)Write the bytes from *buf* to the memory BIO. The *buf* argument must be an object supporting the buffer protocol. The return value is the number of bytes written, which is always equal to the length of *buf*. `write_eof`()Write an EOF marker to the memory BIO. After this method has been called, it is illegal to call [`write()`](#ssl.MemoryBIO.write "ssl.MemoryBIO.write"). The attribute [`eof`](#ssl.MemoryBIO.eof "ssl.MemoryBIO.eof") will become true after all data currently in the buffer has been read. ## SSL session 3\.6 新版功能. *class* `ssl.``SSLSession`Session object used by [`session`](#ssl.SSLSocket.session "ssl.SSLSocket.session"). `id``time``timeout``ticket_lifetime_hint``has_ticket` ## Security considerations ### Best defaults For **client use**, if you don't have any special requirements for your security policy, it is highly recommended that you use the [`create_default_context()`](#ssl.create_default_context "ssl.create_default_context") function to create your SSL context. It will load the system's trusted CA certificates, enable certificate validation and hostname checking, and try to choose reasonably secure protocol and cipher settings. For example, here is how you would use the [`smtplib.SMTP`](smtplib.xhtml#smtplib.SMTP "smtplib.SMTP") class to create a trusted, secure connection to a SMTP server: ``` >>> import ssl, smtplib >>> smtp = smtplib.SMTP("mail.python.org", port=587) >>> context = ssl.create_default_context() >>> smtp.starttls(context=context) (220, b'2.0.0 Ready to start TLS') ``` If a client certificate is needed for the connection, it can be added with [`SSLContext.load_cert_chain()`](#ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain "ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain"). By contrast, if you create the SSL context by calling the [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext")constructor yourself, it will not have certificate validation nor hostname checking enabled by default. If you do so, please read the paragraphs below to achieve a good security level. ### Manual settings #### Verifying certificates When calling the [`SSLContext`](#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") constructor directly, [`CERT_NONE`](#ssl.CERT_NONE "ssl.CERT_NONE") is the default. Since it does not authenticate the other peer, it can be insecure, especially in client mode where most of time you would like to ensure the authenticity of the server you're talking to. Therefore, when in client mode, it is highly recommended to use [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED"). However, it is in itself not sufficient; you also have to check that the server certificate, which can be obtained by calling [`SSLSocket.getpeercert()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert "ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert"), matches the desired service. For many protocols and applications, the service can be identified by the hostname; in this case, the [`match_hostname()`](#ssl.match_hostname "ssl.match_hostname") function can be used. This common check is automatically performed when [`SSLContext.check_hostname`](#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname "ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname") is enabled. 在 3.7 版更改: Hostname matchings is now performed by OpenSSL. Python no longer uses [`match_hostname()`](#ssl.match_hostname "ssl.match_hostname"). In server mode, if you want to authenticate your clients using the SSL layer (rather than using a higher-level authentication mechanism), you'll also have to specify [`CERT_REQUIRED`](#ssl.CERT_REQUIRED "ssl.CERT_REQUIRED") and similarly check the client certificate. #### Protocol versions SSL versions 2 and 3 are considered insecure and are therefore dangerous to use. If you want maximum compatibility between clients and servers, it is recommended to use [`PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT") or [`PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER") as the protocol version. SSLv2 and SSLv3 are disabled by default. ``` >>> client_context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT) >>> client_context.options |= ssl.OP_NO_TLSv1 >>> client_context.options |= ssl.OP_NO_TLSv1_1 ``` The SSL context created above will only allow TLSv1.2 and later (if supported by your system) connections to a server. [`PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT`](#ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT "ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT")implies certificate validation and hostname checks by default. You have to load certificates into the context. #### Cipher selection If you have advanced security requirements, fine-tuning of the ciphers enabled when negotiating a SSL session is possible through the [`SSLContext.set_ciphers()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers "ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers") method. Starting from Python 3.2.3, the ssl module disables certain weak ciphers by default, but you may want to further restrict the cipher choice. Be sure to read OpenSSL's documentation about the [cipher list format](https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT) \[https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT\]. If you want to check which ciphers are enabled by a given cipher list, use [`SSLContext.get_ciphers()`](#ssl.SSLContext.get_ciphers "ssl.SSLContext.get_ciphers") or the `openssl ciphers` command on your system. ### Multi-processing If using this module as part of a multi-processed application (using, for example the [`multiprocessing`](multiprocessing.xhtml#module-multiprocessing "multiprocessing: Process-based parallelism.") or [`concurrent.futures`](concurrent.futures.xhtml#module-concurrent.futures "concurrent.futures: Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes.") modules), be aware that OpenSSL's internal random number generator does not properly handle forked processes. Applications must change the PRNG state of the parent process if they use any SSL feature with [`os.fork()`](os.xhtml#os.fork "os.fork"). Any successful call of [`RAND_add()`](#ssl.RAND_add "ssl.RAND_add"), [`RAND_bytes()`](#ssl.RAND_bytes "ssl.RAND_bytes") or [`RAND_pseudo_bytes()`](#ssl.RAND_pseudo_bytes "ssl.RAND_pseudo_bytes") is sufficient. ## TLS 1.3 3\.7 新版功能. Python has provisional and experimental support for TLS 1.3 with OpenSSL 1.1.1. The new protocol behaves slightly differently than previous version of TLS/SSL. Some new TLS 1.3 features are not yet available. - TLS 1.3 uses a disjunct set of cipher suites. All AES-GCM and ChaCha20 cipher suites are enabled by default. The method [`SSLContext.set_ciphers()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers "ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers") cannot enable or disable any TLS 1.3 ciphers yet, but [`SSLContext.get_ciphers()`](#ssl.SSLContext.get_ciphers "ssl.SSLContext.get_ciphers") returns them. - Session tickets are no longer sent as part of the initial handshake and are handled differently. [`SSLSocket.session`](#ssl.SSLSocket.session "ssl.SSLSocket.session") and [`SSLSession`](#ssl.SSLSession "ssl.SSLSession")are not compatible with TLS 1.3. - Client-side certificates are also no longer verified during the initial handshake. A server can request a certificate at any time. Clients process certificate requests while they send or receive application data from the server. - TLS 1.3 features like early data, deferred TLS client cert request, signature algorithm configuration, and rekeying are not supported yet. ## LibreSSL support LibreSSL is a fork of OpenSSL 1.0.1. The ssl module has limited support for LibreSSL. Some features are not available when the ssl module is compiled with LibreSSL. - LibreSSL >= 2.6.1 no longer supports NPN. The methods [`SSLContext.set_npn_protocols()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_npn_protocols "ssl.SSLContext.set_npn_protocols") and [`SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol()`](#ssl.SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol "ssl.SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol") are not available. - [`SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths()`](#ssl.SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths "ssl.SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths") ignores the env vars `SSL_CERT_FILE` and `SSL_CERT_PATH` although [`get_default_verify_paths()`](#ssl.get_default_verify_paths "ssl.get_default_verify_paths") still reports them. 參見 Class [`socket.socket`](socket.xhtml#socket.socket "socket.socket")Documentation of underlying [`socket`](socket.xhtml#module-socket "socket: Low-level networking interface.") class [SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: An Introduction](https://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/en/ssl/ssl_intro.html) \[https://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/en/ssl/ssl\_intro.html\]Intro from the Apache HTTP Server documentation [**RFC 1422: Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part II: Certificate-Based Key Management**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1422.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1422.html\]Steve Kent [**RFC 4086: Randomness Requirements for Security**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4086.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4086.html\]Donald E., Jeffrey I. Schiller [**RFC 5280: Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280.html\]D. Cooper [**RFC 5246: The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246.html\]T. Dierks et. al. [**RFC 6066: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6066.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6066.html\]D. Eastlake [IANA TLS: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Parameters](https://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml) \[https://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml\]IANA [**RFC 7525: Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7525.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7525.html\]IETF [Mozilla's Server Side TLS recommendations](https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS) \[https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server\_Side\_TLS\]Mozilla ### 導航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄") - [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") | - [下一頁](select.xhtml "select --- Waiting for I/O completion") | - [上一頁](socket.xhtml "socket --- 底層網絡接口") | -  - [Python](https://www.python.org/) ? - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ? - [Python 標準庫](index.xhtml) ? - [網絡和進程間通信](ipc.xhtml) ? - $('.inline-search').show(0); | ? 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