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                ??碼云GVP開源項目 12k star Uniapp+ElementUI 功能強大 支持多語言、二開方便! 廣告
                ### 導航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄") - [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") | - [下一頁](ftplib.xhtml "ftplib --- FTP protocol client") | - [上一頁](http.xhtml "http --- HTTP 模塊") | - ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/a721fc7ec672275e257bbbfde49a4d4e_16x16.png) - [Python](https://www.python.org/) ? - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ? - [Python 標準庫](index.xhtml) ? - [互聯網協議和支持](internet.xhtml) ? - $('.inline-search').show(0); | # http.client --- HTTP協議客戶端 **源碼:** [Lib/http/client.py](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/http/client.py) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/http/client.py\] - - - - - - 這個模塊定義了實現 HTTP 和 HTTPS 協議客戶端的類。 它通常不直接使用 --- 模塊 [`urllib.request`](urllib.request.xhtml#module-urllib.request "urllib.request: Extensible library for opening URLs.") 用它來處理使用 HTTP 和 HTTPS 的 URL。 參見 [Requests 包](http://docs.python-requests.org/) \[http://docs.python-requests.org/\] 推薦用于更高層級的 HTTP 客戶端接口。 注解 HTTPS 支持僅在 Python 啟動了 SSL 支持進行編譯時(通過 [`ssl`](ssl.xhtml#module-ssl "ssl: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects") 模塊)可用。 該模塊支持以下類: *class* `http.client.``HTTPConnection`(*host*, *port=None*, \[*timeout*, \]*source\_address=None*, *blocksize=8192*)[`HTTPConnection`](#http.client.HTTPConnection "http.client.HTTPConnection") 的實例代表與 HTTP 的一個連接事務。 它的實例化應當傳入一個主機和可選的端口號。 如果沒有傳入端口號,如果主機字符串的形式為 `主機:端口` 則會從中提取端口,否則將使用默認的 HTTP 端口(80)。 如果給出了可選的 *timeout* 參數,則阻塞操作(例如連接嘗試)將在指定的秒數之后超時(如果未給出,則使用全局默認超時設置)。 可選的 *source\_address* 參數可以為一個 (主機, 端口) 元組,用作進行 HTTP 連接的源地址。 可選的 *blocksize* 參數可以字節為單位設置緩沖區的大小,用來發送文件類消息體。 舉個例子,以下調用都是創建連接到同一主機和端口的服務器的實例: ``` >>> h1 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org') >>> h2 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org:80') >>> h3 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org', 80) >>> h4 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org', 80, timeout=10) ``` 在 3.2 版更改: 添加了 *source\_address*。 在 3.4 版更改: 刪除了 *strict* 參數,不再支持 HTTP 0.9 風格的“簡單響應”。 在 3.7 版更改: 添加了 *blocksize* 參數。 *class* `http.client.``HTTPSConnection`(*host*, *port=None*, *key\_file=None*, *cert\_file=None*, \[*timeout*, \]*source\_address=None*, *\**, *context=None*, *check\_hostname=None*, *blocksize=8192*)[`HTTPConnection`](#http.client.HTTPConnection "http.client.HTTPConnection") 的子類,使用 SSL 與安全服務器進行通信。 默認端口為 `443`。 如果指定了 *context*,它必須為一個描述 SSL 各選項的 [`ssl.SSLContext`](ssl.xhtml#ssl.SSLContext "ssl.SSLContext") 實例。 請參閱 [Security considerations](ssl.xhtml#ssl-security) 了解有關最佳實踐的更多信息。 在 3.2 版更改: 添加了 *source\_address*, *context* 和 *check\_hostname*。 在 3.2 版更改: 這個類目前會在可能的情況下(即如果 [`ssl.HAS_SNI`](ssl.xhtml#ssl.HAS_SNI "ssl.HAS_SNI") 為真值)支持 HTTPS 虛擬主機。 在 3.4 版更改: 刪除了 *strict* 參數,不再支持 HTTP 0.9 風格的“簡單響應”。 在 3.4.3 版更改: 目前這個類在默認情況下會執行所有必要的證書和主機檢查。 要回復到先前的非驗證行為,可以將 `ssl._create_unverified_context()` 傳遞給 *context* 參數。 3\.6 版后已移除: *key\_file* 和 *cert\_file* 已棄用并轉而推薦 *context*。 請改用 [`ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain()`](ssl.xhtml#ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain "ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain") 或讓 [`ssl.create_default_context()`](ssl.xhtml#ssl.create_default_context "ssl.create_default_context") 為你選擇系統所信任的 CA 證書。 *check\_hostname* 參數也已棄用;應當改用 *context* 的 [`ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname`](ssl.xhtml#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname "ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname") 屬性。 *class* `http.client.``HTTPResponse`(*sock*, *debuglevel=0*, *method=None*, *url=None*)在成功連接后返回類的實例,而不是由用戶直接實例化。 在 3.4 版更改: 刪除了 *strict* 參數,不再支持HTTP 0.9 風格的“簡單響應”。 下列異常可以適當地被引發: *exception* `http.client.``HTTPException`此模塊中其他異常的基類。 它是 [`Exception`](exceptions.xhtml#Exception "Exception") 的一個子類。 *exception* `http.client.``NotConnected`[`HTTPException`](#http.client.HTTPException "http.client.HTTPException") 的一個子類。 *exception* `http.client.``InvalidURL`[`HTTPException`](#http.client.HTTPException "http.client.HTTPException") 的一個子類,如果給出了一個非數字或為空值的端口就會被引發。 *exception* `http.client.``UnknownProtocol`[`HTTPException`](#http.client.HTTPException "http.client.HTTPException") 的一個子類。 *exception* `http.client.``UnknownTransferEncoding`[`HTTPException`](#http.client.HTTPException "http.client.HTTPException") 的一個子類。 *exception* `http.client.``UnimplementedFileMode`[`HTTPException`](#http.client.HTTPException "http.client.HTTPException") 的一個子類。 *exception* `http.client.``IncompleteRead`[`HTTPException`](#http.client.HTTPException "http.client.HTTPException") 的一個子類。 *exception* `http.client.``ImproperConnectionState`[`HTTPException`](#http.client.HTTPException "http.client.HTTPException") 的一個子類。 *exception* `http.client.``CannotSendRequest`[`ImproperConnectionState`](#http.client.ImproperConnectionState "http.client.ImproperConnectionState") 的一個子類。 *exception* `http.client.``CannotSendHeader`[`ImproperConnectionState`](#http.client.ImproperConnectionState "http.client.ImproperConnectionState") 的一個子類。 *exception* `http.client.``ResponseNotReady`[`ImproperConnectionState`](#http.client.ImproperConnectionState "http.client.ImproperConnectionState") 的一個子類。 *exception* `http.client.``BadStatusLine`[`HTTPException`](#http.client.HTTPException "http.client.HTTPException") 的一個子類。 如果服務器反饋了一個我們不理解的 HTTP 狀態碼就會被引發。 *exception* `http.client.``LineTooLong`[`HTTPException`](#http.client.HTTPException "http.client.HTTPException") 的一個子類。 如果在 HTTP 協議中從服務器接收到過長的行就會被引發。 *exception* `http.client.``RemoteDisconnected`[`ConnectionResetError`](exceptions.xhtml#ConnectionResetError "ConnectionResetError") 和 [`BadStatusLine`](#http.client.BadStatusLine "http.client.BadStatusLine") 的一個子類。 當嘗試讀取響應時的結果是未從連接讀取到數據時由 [`HTTPConnection.getresponse()`](#http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse "http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse") 引發,表明遠端已關閉連接。 3\.5 新版功能: 在此之前引發的異常為 [`BadStatusLine`](#http.client.BadStatusLine "http.client.BadStatusLine")`('')`。 此模塊中定義的常量為: `http.client.``HTTP_PORT`HTTP 協議默認的端口號 (總是 `80`)。 `http.client.``HTTPS_PORT`HTTPS 協議默認的端口號 (總是 `443`)。 `http.client.``responses`This dictionary maps the HTTP 1.1 status codes to the W3C names. Example: `http.client.responses[http.client.NOT_FOUND]` is `'Not Found'`. See [HTTP 狀態碼](http.xhtml#http-status-codes) for a list of HTTP status codes that are available in this module as constants. ## HTTPConnection Objects [`HTTPConnection`](#http.client.HTTPConnection "http.client.HTTPConnection") instances have the following methods: `HTTPConnection.``request`(*method*, *url*, *body=None*, *headers={}*, *\**, *encode\_chunked=False*)This will send a request to the server using the HTTP request method *method* and the selector *url*. If *body* is specified, the specified data is sent after the headers are finished. It may be a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str"), a [bytes-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-bytes-like-object), an open [file object](../glossary.xhtml#term-file-object), or an iterable of [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes"). If *body*is a string, it is encoded as ISO-8859-1, the default for HTTP. If it is a bytes-like object, the bytes are sent as is. If it is a [file object](../glossary.xhtml#term-file-object), the contents of the file is sent; this file object should support at least the `read()` method. If the file object is an instance of [`io.TextIOBase`](io.xhtml#io.TextIOBase "io.TextIOBase"), the data returned by the `read()`method will be encoded as ISO-8859-1, otherwise the data returned by `read()` is sent as is. If *body* is an iterable, the elements of the iterable are sent as is until the iterable is exhausted. The *headers* argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with the request. If *headers* contains neither Content-Length nor Transfer-Encoding, but there is a request body, one of those header fields will be added automatically. If *body* is `None`, the Content-Length header is set to `0` for methods that expect a body (`PUT`, `POST`, and `PATCH`). If *body* is a string or a bytes-like object that is not also a [file](../glossary.xhtml#term-file-object), the Content-Length header is set to its length. Any other type of *body* (files and iterables in general) will be chunk-encoded, and the Transfer-Encoding header will automatically be set instead of Content-Length. The *encode\_chunked* argument is only relevant if Transfer-Encoding is specified in *headers*. If *encode\_chunked* is `False`, the HTTPConnection object assumes that all encoding is handled by the calling code. If it is `True`, the body will be chunk-encoded. 注解 Chunked transfer encoding has been added to the HTTP protocol version 1.1. Unless the HTTP server is known to handle HTTP 1.1, the caller must either specify the Content-Length, or must pass a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") or bytes-like object that is not also a file as the body representation. 3\.2 新版功能: *body* can now be an iterable. 在 3.6 版更改: If neither Content-Length nor Transfer-Encoding are set in *headers*, file and iterable *body* objects are now chunk-encoded. The *encode\_chunked* argument was added. No attempt is made to determine the Content-Length for file objects. `HTTPConnection.``getresponse`()Should be called after a request is sent to get the response from the server. Returns an [`HTTPResponse`](#http.client.HTTPResponse "http.client.HTTPResponse") instance. 注解 Note that you must have read the whole response before you can send a new request to the server. 在 3.5 版更改: If a [`ConnectionError`](exceptions.xhtml#ConnectionError "ConnectionError") or subclass is raised, the [`HTTPConnection`](#http.client.HTTPConnection "http.client.HTTPConnection") object will be ready to reconnect when a new request is sent. `HTTPConnection.``set_debuglevel`(*level*)Set the debugging level. The default debug level is `0`, meaning no debugging output is printed. Any value greater than `0` will cause all currently defined debug output to be printed to stdout. The `debuglevel`is passed to any new [`HTTPResponse`](#http.client.HTTPResponse "http.client.HTTPResponse") objects that are created. 3\.1 新版功能. `HTTPConnection.``set_tunnel`(*host*, *port=None*, *headers=None*)Set the host and the port for HTTP Connect Tunnelling. This allows running the connection through a proxy server. The host and port arguments specify the endpoint of the tunneled connection (i.e. the address included in the CONNECT request, *not* the address of the proxy server). The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with the CONNECT request. For example, to tunnel through a HTTPS proxy server running locally on port 8080, we would pass the address of the proxy to the [`HTTPSConnection`](#http.client.HTTPSConnection "http.client.HTTPSConnection")constructor, and the address of the host that we eventually want to reach to the [`set_tunnel()`](#http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel "http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel") method: ``` >>> import http.client >>> conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("localhost", 8080) >>> conn.set_tunnel("www.python.org") >>> conn.request("HEAD","/index.html") ``` 3\.2 新版功能. `HTTPConnection.``connect`()Connect to the server specified when the object was created. By default, this is called automatically when making a request if the client does not already have a connection. `HTTPConnection.``close`()Close the connection to the server. `HTTPConnection.``blocksize`Buffer size in bytes for sending a file-like message body. 3\.7 新版功能. As an alternative to using the `request()` method described above, you can also send your request step by step, by using the four functions below. `HTTPConnection.``putrequest`(*method*, *url*, *skip\_host=False*, *skip\_accept\_encoding=False*)This should be the first call after the connection to the server has been made. It sends a line to the server consisting of the *method* string, the *url* string, and the HTTP version (`HTTP/1.1`). To disable automatic sending of `Host:` or `Accept-Encoding:` headers (for example to accept additional content encodings), specify *skip\_host* or *skip\_accept\_encoding*with non-False values. `HTTPConnection.``putheader`(*header*, *argument*\[, *...*\])Send an [**RFC 822**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822.html\]-style header to the server. It sends a line to the server consisting of the header, a colon and a space, and the first argument. If more arguments are given, continuation lines are sent, each consisting of a tab and an argument. `HTTPConnection.``endheaders`(*message\_body=None*, *\**, *encode\_chunked=False*)Send a blank line to the server, signalling the end of the headers. The optional *message\_body* argument can be used to pass a message body associated with the request. If *encode\_chunked* is `True`, the result of each iteration of *message\_body* will be chunk-encoded as specified in [**RFC 7230**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230.html\], Section 3.3.1. How the data is encoded is dependent on the type of *message\_body*. If *message\_body* implements the [buffer interface](../c-api/buffer.xhtml#bufferobjects) the encoding will result in a single chunk. If *message\_body* is a [`collections.abc.Iterable`](collections.abc.xhtml#collections.abc.Iterable "collections.abc.Iterable"), each iteration of *message\_body* will result in a chunk. If *message\_body* is a [file object](../glossary.xhtml#term-file-object), each call to `.read()` will result in a chunk. The method automatically signals the end of the chunk-encoded data immediately after *message\_body*. 注解 Due to the chunked encoding specification, empty chunks yielded by an iterator body will be ignored by the chunk-encoder. This is to avoid premature termination of the read of the request by the target server due to malformed encoding. 3\.6 新版功能: Chunked encoding support. The *encode\_chunked* parameter was added. `HTTPConnection.``send`(*data*)Send data to the server. This should be used directly only after the [`endheaders()`](#http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders "http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders") method has been called and before [`getresponse()`](#http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse "http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse") is called. ## HTTPResponse Objects An [`HTTPResponse`](#http.client.HTTPResponse "http.client.HTTPResponse") instance wraps the HTTP response from the server. It provides access to the request headers and the entity body. The response is an iterable object and can be used in a with statement. 在 3.5 版更改: The [`io.BufferedIOBase`](io.xhtml#io.BufferedIOBase "io.BufferedIOBase") interface is now implemented and all of its reader operations are supported. `HTTPResponse.``read`(\[*amt*\])Reads and returns the response body, or up to the next *amt* bytes. `HTTPResponse.``readinto`(*b*)Reads up to the next len(b) bytes of the response body into the buffer *b*. Returns the number of bytes read. 3\.3 新版功能. `HTTPResponse.``getheader`(*name*, *default=None*)Return the value of the header *name*, or *default* if there is no header matching *name*. If there is more than one header with the name *name*, return all of the values joined by ', '. If 'default' is any iterable other than a single string, its elements are similarly returned joined by commas. `HTTPResponse.``getheaders`()Return a list of (header, value) tuples. `HTTPResponse.``fileno`()Return the `fileno` of the underlying socket. `HTTPResponse.``msg`A `http.client.HTTPMessage` instance containing the response headers. `http.client.HTTPMessage` is a subclass of [`email.message.Message`](email.compat32-message.xhtml#email.message.Message "email.message.Message"). `HTTPResponse.``version`HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1. `HTTPResponse.``status`Status code returned by server. `HTTPResponse.``reason`Reason phrase returned by server. `HTTPResponse.``debuglevel`A debugging hook. If [`debuglevel`](#http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel "http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel") is greater than zero, messages will be printed to stdout as the response is read and parsed. `HTTPResponse.``closed`Is `True` if the stream is closed. ## 示例 Here is an example session that uses the `GET` method: ``` >>> import http.client >>> conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("www.python.org") >>> conn.request("GET", "/") >>> r1 = conn.getresponse() >>> print(r1.status, r1.reason) 200 OK >>> data1 = r1.read() # This will return entire content. >>> # The following example demonstrates reading data in chunks. >>> conn.request("GET", "/") >>> r1 = conn.getresponse() >>> while not r1.closed: ... print(r1.read(200)) # 200 bytes b'<!doctype html>\n<!--[if"... ... >>> # Example of an invalid request >>> conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("docs.python.org") >>> conn.request("GET", "/parrot.spam") >>> r2 = conn.getresponse() >>> print(r2.status, r2.reason) 404 Not Found >>> data2 = r2.read() >>> conn.close() ``` Here is an example session that uses the `HEAD` method. Note that the `HEAD` method never returns any data. ``` >>> import http.client >>> conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("www.python.org") >>> conn.request("HEAD", "/") >>> res = conn.getresponse() >>> print(res.status, res.reason) 200 OK >>> data = res.read() >>> print(len(data)) 0 >>> data == b'' True ``` Here is an example session that shows how to `POST` requests: ``` >>> import http.client, urllib.parse >>> params = urllib.parse.urlencode({'@number': 12524, '@type': 'issue', '@action': 'show'}) >>> headers = {"Content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", ... "Accept": "text/plain"} >>> conn = http.client.HTTPConnection("bugs.python.org") >>> conn.request("POST", "", params, headers) >>> response = conn.getresponse() >>> print(response.status, response.reason) 302 Found >>> data = response.read() >>> data b'Redirecting to <a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue12524">http://bugs.python.org/issue12524</a>' >>> conn.close() ``` Client side `HTTP PUT` requests are very similar to `POST` requests. The difference lies only the server side where HTTP server will allow resources to be created via `PUT` request. It should be noted that custom HTTP methods +are also handled in [`urllib.request.Request`](urllib.request.xhtml#urllib.request.Request "urllib.request.Request") by sending the appropriate +method attribute.Here is an example session that shows how to do `PUT`request using http.client: ``` >>> # This creates an HTTP message >>> # with the content of BODY as the enclosed representation >>> # for the resource http://localhost:8080/file ... >>> import http.client >>> BODY = "***filecontents***" >>> conn = http.client.HTTPConnection("localhost", 8080) >>> conn.request("PUT", "/file", BODY) >>> response = conn.getresponse() >>> print(response.status, response.reason) 200, OK ``` ## HTTPMessage Objects An `http.client.HTTPMessage` instance holds the headers from an HTTP response. It is implemented using the [`email.message.Message`](email.compat32-message.xhtml#email.message.Message "email.message.Message") class. ### 導航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄") - [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") | - [下一頁](ftplib.xhtml "ftplib --- FTP protocol client") | - [上一頁](http.xhtml "http --- HTTP 模塊") | - ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/a721fc7ec672275e257bbbfde49a4d4e_16x16.png) - [Python](https://www.python.org/) ? - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ? - [Python 標準庫](index.xhtml) ? - [互聯網協議和支持](internet.xhtml) ? - $('.inline-search').show(0); | ? [版權所有](../copyright.xhtml) 2001-2019, Python Software Foundation. Python 軟件基金會是一個非盈利組織。 [請捐助。](https://www.python.org/psf/donations/) 最后更新于 5月 21, 2019. [發現了問題](../bugs.xhtml)? 使用[Sphinx](http://sphinx.pocoo.org/)1.8.4 創建。
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