### 導航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄") - [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") | - [下一頁](unittest.mock.xhtml "unittest.mock --- mock object library") | - [上一頁](doctest.xhtml "doctest --- Test interactive Python examples") | -  - [Python](https://www.python.org/) ? - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ? - [Python 標準庫](index.xhtml) ? - [開發工具](development.xhtml) ? - $('.inline-search').show(0); | # [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") --- 單元測試框架 **源代碼：** ：路徑：Lib/unittest/\_\_init\_\_.py - - - - - - （如果你已經對測試的概念比較熟悉了，你可能想直接跳轉到這一部分 [斷言方法](#assert-methods)。） [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") 單元測試框架是受到 JUnit 的啟發，與其他語言中的主流單元測試框架有著相似的風格。其支持測試自動化，配置共享和關機代碼測試。支持將測試樣例聚合到測試集中，并將測試與報告框架獨立。 為了實現這些，[`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") 通過面向對象的方式支持了一些重要的概念。 測試腳手架*test fixture* 表示為了開展一項或多項測試所需要進行的準備工作，以及所有相關的清理操作。舉個例子，這可能包含創建臨時或代理的數據庫、目錄，再或者啟動一個服務器進程。 測試用例一個測試用例是一個獨立的測試單元。它檢查輸入特定的數據時的響應。 [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") 提供一個基類： [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") ，用于新建測試用例。 測試套件A *test suite* is a collection of test cases, test suites, or both. It is used to aggregate tests that should be executed together. 測試運行器（test runner）測試運行器是一個用于執行和輸出測試結果的組件。這個運行器可能使用圖形接口、文本接口，或返回一個特定的值表示運行測試的結果。 參見 [`doctest`](doctest.xhtml#module-doctest "doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings.") --- 文檔測試模塊另一個風格完全不同的測試模塊。 [Simple Smalltalk Testing: With Patterns](https://web.archive.org/web/20150315073817/http://www.xprogramming.com/testfram.htm) \[https://web.archive.org/web/20150315073817/http://www.xprogramming.com/testfram.htm\]Kent Beck's original paper on testing frameworks using the pattern shared by [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."). [Nose](https://nose.readthedocs.io/) \[https://nose.readthedocs.io/\] and [pytest](https://docs.pytest.org/) \[https://docs.pytest.org/\]Third-party unittest frameworks with a lighter-weight syntax for writing tests. For example, `assert func(10) == 42`. [The Python Testing Tools Taxonomy](https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonTestingToolsTaxonomy) \[https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonTestingToolsTaxonomy\]An extensive list of Python testing tools including functional testing frameworks and mock object libraries. [Testing in Python Mailing List](http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python) \[http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python\]A special-interest-group for discussion of testing, and testing tools, in Python. The script `Tools/unittestgui/unittestgui.py` in the Python source distribution is a GUI tool for test discovery and execution. This is intended largely for ease of use for those new to unit testing. For production environments it is recommended that tests be driven by a continuous integration system such as [Buildbot](https://buildbot.net/) \[https://buildbot.net/\], [Jenkins](https://jenkins.io/) \[https://jenkins.io/\]or [Hudson](http://hudson-ci.org/) \[http://hudson-ci.org/\]. ## 基本實例 [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") 模塊提供了一系列創建和運行測試的工具。這一段落演示了這些工具的一小部分，但也足以滿足大部分用戶的需求。 這是一段簡短的代碼，來測試三種字符串方法： ``` import unittest class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase): def test_upper(self): self.assertEqual('foo'.upper(), 'FOO') def test_isupper(self): self.assertTrue('FOO'.isupper()) self.assertFalse('Foo'.isupper()) def test_split(self): s = 'hello world' self.assertEqual(s.split(), ['hello', 'world']) # check that s.split fails when the separator is not a string with self.assertRaises(TypeError): s.split(2) if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main() ``` 繼承 [`unittest.TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") 就創建了一個測試樣例。上述三個獨立的測試是三個類的方法，這些方法的命名都以 `test` 開頭。 這個命名約定告訴測試運行者類的哪些方法表示測試。 每個測試的關鍵是：調用 [`assertEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertEqual") 來檢查預期的輸出； 調用 [`assertTrue()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertTrue "unittest.TestCase.assertTrue") 或 [`assertFalse()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertFalse "unittest.TestCase.assertFalse") 來驗證一個條件；調用 [`assertRaises()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises "unittest.TestCase.assertRaises") 來驗證拋出了一個特定的異常。使用這些方法而不是 [`assert`](../reference/simple_stmts.xhtml#assert) 語句是為了讓測試運行者能聚合所有的測試結果并產生結果報告。 通過 [`setUp()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUp "unittest.TestCase.setUp") 和 [`tearDown()`](#unittest.TestCase.tearDown "unittest.TestCase.tearDown") 方法，可以設置測試開始前與完成后需要執行的指令。 在 [組織你的測試代碼](#organizing-tests) 中，對此有更為詳細的描述。 最后的代碼塊中，演示了運行測試的一個簡單的方法。 [`unittest.main()`](#unittest.main "unittest.main") 提供了一個測試腳本的命令行接口。當在命令行運行該測試腳本，上文的腳本生成如以下格式的輸出： ``` ... ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 3 tests in 0.000s OK ``` 在調用測試腳本時添加 `-v` 參數使 [`unittest.main()`](#unittest.main "unittest.main") 顯示更為詳細的信息，生成如以下形式的輸出： ``` test_isupper (__main__.TestStringMethods) ... ok test_split (__main__.TestStringMethods) ... ok test_upper (__main__.TestStringMethods) ... ok ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 3 tests in 0.001s OK ``` 以上例子演示了 [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") 中最常用的、足夠滿足許多日常測試需求的特性。文檔的剩余部分詳述該框架的完整特性。 ## 命令行界面 unittest 模塊可以通過命令行運行模塊、類和獨立測試方法的測試。 ``` python -m unittest test_module1 test_module2 python -m unittest test_module.TestClass python -m unittest test_module.TestClass.test_method ``` 你可以傳入模塊名、類或方法名或他們的任意組合。 同樣的，測試模塊可以通過文件路徑指定。 ``` python -m unittest tests/test_something.py ``` 這樣就可以使用 shell 的文件名補全指定測試模塊。所指定的文件仍需要可以被作為模塊導入。路徑通過去除 '.py' 、把分隔符轉換為 '.' 轉換為模塊名。若你需要執行不能被作為模塊導入的測試文件，你需要直接執行該測試文件。 在運行測試時，你可以通過添加 -v 參數獲取更詳細（更多的冗余）的信息。 ``` python -m unittest -v test_module ``` 當運行時不包含參數，開始 [探索性測試](#unittest-test-discovery) 。 ``` python -m unittest ``` 用于獲取命令行選項列表： ``` python -m unittest -h ``` 在 3.2 版更改: 在早期版本中，只支持運行獨立的測試方法，而不支持模塊和類。 ### 命令行選項 **unittest** supports these command-line options: `-b````, ``--buffer```在測試運行時，標準輸出流與標準錯誤流會被放入緩沖區。成功的測試的運行時輸出會被丟棄；測試不通過時，測試運行中的輸出會正常顯示，錯誤會被加入到測試失敗信息。 `-c````, ``--catch```當測試正在運行時， Control-C 會等待當前測試完成，并在完成后報告已執行的測試的結果。當再次按下 Control-C 時，引發平常的 [`KeyboardInterrupt`](exceptions.xhtml#KeyboardInterrupt "KeyboardInterrupt") 異常。 See [Signal Handling](#signal-handling) for the functions that provide this functionality. `-f````, ``--failfast```當出現第一個錯誤或者失敗時，停止運行測試。 `-k```只運行匹配模式或子串的測試方法和類。可以多次使用這個選項，以便包含匹配子串的所有測試用例。 包含通配符（\*）的模式使用 [`fnmatch.fnmatchcase()`](fnmatch.xhtml#fnmatch.fnmatchcase "fnmatch.fnmatchcase") 對測試名稱進行匹配。另外，該匹配是大小寫敏感的。 模式對測試加載器導入的測試方法全名進行匹配。 例如，`-k foo` 可以匹配到 `foo_tests.SomeTest.test_something` 和 `bar_tests.SomeTest.test_foo` ，但是不能匹配到 `bar_tests.FooTest.test_something` 。 `--locals```在回溯中顯示局部變量。 3\.2 新版功能: 添加命令行選項 `-b`, `-c` 和 `-f` 。 3\.5 新版功能: 命令行選項 `--locals` 。 3\.7 新版功能: 命令行選項 `-k` 。 命令行亦可用于探索性測試，以運行一個項目的所有測試或其子集。 ## 探索性測試 3\.2 新版功能. Unittest支持簡單的測試搜索。若需要使用探索性測試，所有的測試文件必須是 [modules](../tutorial/modules.xhtml#tut-modules) 或 [packages](../tutorial/modules.xhtml#tut-packages) （包括 [namespace packages](../glossary.xhtml#term-namespace-package) )并可從項目根目錄導入（即它們的文件名必須是有效的 [identifiers](../reference/lexical_analysis.xhtml#identifiers) ）。 探索性測試在 [`TestLoader.discover()`](#unittest.TestLoader.discover "unittest.TestLoader.discover") 中實現，但也可以通過命令行使用。它在命令行中的基本用法如下： ``` cd project_directory python -m unittest discover ``` 注解 方便起見， `python -m unittest` 與 `python -m unittest discover` 等價。如果你需要向探索性測試傳入參數，必須顯式地使用 `discover` 子命令。 `discover` 有以下選項： `-v````, ``--verbose```更詳細地輸出結果。 `-s````, ``--start-directory`` directory`開始進行搜索的目錄(默認值為當前目錄 `.` )。 `-p````, ``--pattern`` pattern`用于匹配測試文件的模式（默認為 `test*.py` ）。 `-t````, ``--top-level-directory`` directory`指定項目的最上層目錄（通常為開始時所在目錄）。 [`-s`](#cmdoption-unittest-discover-s) ，[`-p`](#cmdoption-unittest-discover-p) 和 [`-t`](#cmdoption-unittest-discover-t) 選項可以按順序作為位置參數傳入。以下兩條命令是等價的： ``` python -m unittest discover -s project_directory -p "*_test.py" python -m unittest discover project_directory "*_test.py" ``` 正如可以傳入路徑那樣，傳入一個包名作為起始目錄也是可行的，如 `myproject.subpackage.test` 。你提供的包名會被導入，它在文件系統中的位置會被作為起始目錄。 警告 探索性測試通過導入測試對測試進行加載。在找到所有你指定的開始目錄下的所有測試文件后，它把路徑轉換為包名并進行導入。如 `foo/bar/baz.py` 會被導入為 `foo.bar.baz` 。 如果你有一個全局安裝的包，并嘗試對這個包的副本進行探索性測試，可能會從錯誤的地方開始導入。如果出現這種情況，測試會輸出警告并退出。 如果你使用包名而不是路徑作為開始目錄，搜索時會假定它導入的是你想要的目錄，所以你不會收到警告。 測試模塊和包可以通過 [load\_tests protocol](#load-tests-protocol) 自定義測試的加載和搜索。 在 3.4 版更改: 探索性測試支持命名空間包（ [namespace packages](../glossary.xhtml#term-namespace-package) ）。 ## 組織你的測試代碼 單元測試的構建單位是 *test cases* ：獨立的、包含執行條件與正確性檢查的方案。在 [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") 中，測試用例表示為 [`unittest.TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") 的實例。通過編寫 [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") 的子類或使用 [`FunctionTestCase`](#unittest.FunctionTestCase "unittest.FunctionTestCase") 編寫你自己的測試用例。 一個 [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") 實例的測試代碼必須是完全自含的，因此它可以獨立運行，或與其它任意組合任意數量的測試用例一起運行。 [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") 的最簡單的子類需要實現一個測試方法（例如一個命名以 `test` 開頭的方法）以執行特定的測試代碼： ``` import unittest class DefaultWidgetSizeTestCase(unittest.TestCase): def test_default_widget_size(self): widget = Widget('The widget') self.assertEqual(widget.size(), (50, 50)) ``` 可以看到，為了進行測試，我們使用了基類 [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") 提供的其中一個 `assert*()` 方法。若測試不通過，將會引發一個帶有說明信息的異常，并且 [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") 會將這個測試用例標記為測試不通過。任何其它類型的異常將會被當做錯誤處理。 可能同時存在多個前置操作相同的測試，我們可以把測試的前置操作從測試代碼中拆解出來，并實現測試前置方法 [`setUp()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUp "unittest.TestCase.setUp") 。在運行測試時，測試框架會自動地為每個單獨測試調用前置方法。 ``` import unittest class WidgetTestCase(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.widget = Widget('The widget') def test_default_widget_size(self): self.assertEqual(self.widget.size(), (50,50), 'incorrect default size') def test_widget_resize(self): self.widget.resize(100,150) self.assertEqual(self.widget.size(), (100,150), 'wrong size after resize') ``` 注解 多個測試運行的順序由內置字符串排序方法對測試名進行排序的結果決定。 在測試運行時，若 [`setUp()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUp "unittest.TestCase.setUp") 方法引發異常，測試框架會認為測試發生了錯誤，因此測試方法不會被運行。 相似的，我們提供了一個 [`tearDown()`](#unittest.TestCase.tearDown "unittest.TestCase.tearDown") 方法在測試方法運行后進行清理工作。 ``` import unittest class WidgetTestCase(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.widget = Widget('The widget') def tearDown(self): self.widget.dispose() ``` 若 [`setUp()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUp "unittest.TestCase.setUp") 成功運行，無論測試方法是否成功，都會運行 [`tearDown()`](#unittest.TestCase.tearDown "unittest.TestCase.tearDown") 。 這樣的一個測試代碼運行的環境被稱為 *test fixture* 。一個新的 TestCase 實例作為一個測試腳手架，用于運行各個獨立的測試方法。在運行每個測試時，[`setUp()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUp "unittest.TestCase.setUp") 、[`tearDown()`](#unittest.TestCase.tearDown "unittest.TestCase.tearDown") 和 `__init__()` 會被調用一次。 It is recommended that you use TestCase implementations to group tests together according to the features they test. [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") provides a mechanism for this: the *test suite*, represented by [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.")'s [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") class. In most cases, calling [`unittest.main()`](#unittest.main "unittest.main") will do the right thing and collect all the module's test cases for you and execute them. However, should you want to customize the building of your test suite, you can do it yourself: ``` def suite(): suite = unittest.TestSuite() suite.addTest(WidgetTestCase('test_default_widget_size')) suite.addTest(WidgetTestCase('test_widget_resize')) return suite if __name__ == '__main__': runner = unittest.TextTestRunner() runner.run(suite()) ``` You can place the definitions of test cases and test suites in the same modules as the code they are to test (such as `widget.py`), but there are several advantages to placing the test code in a separate module, such as `test_widget.py`: - The test module can be run standalone from the command line. - The test code can more easily be separated from shipped code. - There is less temptation to change test code to fit the code it tests without a good reason. - Test code should be modified much less frequently than the code it tests. - Tested code can be refactored more easily. - Tests for modules written in C must be in separate modules anyway, so why not be consistent? - If the testing strategy changes, there is no need to change the source code. ## 復用已有的測試代碼 一些用戶希望直接使用 [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") 運行已有的測試代碼，而不需要把已有的每個測試函數轉化為一個 [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") 的子類。 因此， [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") 提供 [`FunctionTestCase`](#unittest.FunctionTestCase "unittest.FunctionTestCase") 類。這個 [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") 的子類可用于打包已有的測試函數，并支持設置前置與后置函數。 假定有一個測試函數： ``` def testSomething(): something = makeSomething() assert something.name is not None # ... ``` 可以創建等價的測試用例如下，其中前置和后置方法是可選的。 ``` testcase = unittest.FunctionTestCase(testSomething, setUp=makeSomethingDB, tearDown=deleteSomethingDB) ``` 注解 Even though [`FunctionTestCase`](#unittest.FunctionTestCase "unittest.FunctionTestCase") can be used to quickly convert an existing test base over to a [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.")-based system, this approach is not recommended. Taking the time to set up proper [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase")subclasses will make future test refactorings infinitely easier. In some cases, the existing tests may have been written using the [`doctest`](doctest.xhtml#module-doctest "doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings.")module. If so, [`doctest`](doctest.xhtml#module-doctest "doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings.") provides a `DocTestSuite` class that can automatically build [`unittest.TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") instances from the existing [`doctest`](doctest.xhtml#module-doctest "doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings.")-based tests. ## Skipping tests and expected failures 3\.1 新版功能. Unittest supports skipping individual test methods and even whole classes of tests. In addition, it supports marking a test as an "expected failure," a test that is broken and will fail, but shouldn't be counted as a failure on a [`TestResult`](#unittest.TestResult "unittest.TestResult"). Skipping a test is simply a matter of using the [`skip()`](#unittest.skip "unittest.skip") [decorator](../glossary.xhtml#term-decorator)or one of its conditional variants. Basic skipping looks like this: ``` class MyTestCase(unittest.TestCase): @unittest.skip("demonstrating skipping") def test_nothing(self): self.fail("shouldn't happen") @unittest.skipIf(mylib.__version__ < (1, 3), "not supported in this library version") def test_format(self): # Tests that work for only a certain version of the library. pass @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "requires Windows") def test_windows_support(self): # windows specific testing code pass ``` This is the output of running the example above in verbose mode: ``` test_format (__main__.MyTestCase) ... skipped 'not supported in this library version' test_nothing (__main__.MyTestCase) ... skipped 'demonstrating skipping' test_windows_support (__main__.MyTestCase) ... skipped 'requires Windows' ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 3 tests in 0.005s OK (skipped=3) ``` Classes can be skipped just like methods: ``` @unittest.skip("showing class skipping") class MySkippedTestCase(unittest.TestCase): def test_not_run(self): pass ``` [`TestCase.setUp()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUp "unittest.TestCase.setUp") can also skip the test. This is useful when a resource that needs to be set up is not available. Expected failures use the [`expectedFailure()`](#unittest.expectedFailure "unittest.expectedFailure") decorator. ``` class ExpectedFailureTestCase(unittest.TestCase): @unittest.expectedFailure def test_fail(self): self.assertEqual(1, 0, "broken") ``` It's easy to roll your own skipping decorators by making a decorator that calls [`skip()`](#unittest.skip "unittest.skip") on the test when it wants it to be skipped. This decorator skips the test unless the passed object has a certain attribute: ``` def skipUnlessHasattr(obj, attr): if hasattr(obj, attr): return lambda func: func return unittest.skip("{!r} doesn't have {!r}".format(obj, attr)) ``` The following decorators implement test skipping and expected failures: `@``unittest.``skip`(*reason*)Unconditionally skip the decorated test. *reason* should describe why the test is being skipped. `@``unittest.``skipIf`(*condition*, *reason*)Skip the decorated test if *condition* is true. `@``unittest.``skipUnless`(*condition*, *reason*)Skip the decorated test unless *condition* is true. `@``unittest.``expectedFailure`Mark the test as an expected failure. If the test fails it will be considered a success. If the test passes, it will be considered a failure. *exception* `unittest.``SkipTest`(*reason*)This exception is raised to skip a test. Usually you can use [`TestCase.skipTest()`](#unittest.TestCase.skipTest "unittest.TestCase.skipTest") or one of the skipping decorators instead of raising this directly. Skipped tests will not have [`setUp()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUp "unittest.TestCase.setUp") or [`tearDown()`](#unittest.TestCase.tearDown "unittest.TestCase.tearDown") run around them. Skipped classes will not have [`setUpClass()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUpClass "unittest.TestCase.setUpClass") or [`tearDownClass()`](#unittest.TestCase.tearDownClass "unittest.TestCase.tearDownClass") run. Skipped modules will not have `setUpModule()` or `tearDownModule()` run. ## Distinguishing test iterations using subtests 3\.4 新版功能. When there are very small differences among your tests, for instance some parameters, unittest allows you to distinguish them inside the body of a test method using the [`subTest()`](#unittest.TestCase.subTest "unittest.TestCase.subTest") context manager. For example, the following test: ``` class NumbersTest(unittest.TestCase): def test_even(self): """ Test that numbers between 0 and 5 are all even. """ for i in range(0, 6): with self.subTest(i=i): self.assertEqual(i % 2, 0) ``` will produce the following output: ``` ====================================================================== FAIL: test_even (__main__.NumbersTest) (i=1) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "subtests.py", line 32, in test_even self.assertEqual(i % 2, 0) AssertionError: 1 != 0 ====================================================================== FAIL: test_even (__main__.NumbersTest) (i=3) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "subtests.py", line 32, in test_even self.assertEqual(i % 2, 0) AssertionError: 1 != 0 ====================================================================== FAIL: test_even (__main__.NumbersTest) (i=5) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "subtests.py", line 32, in test_even self.assertEqual(i % 2, 0) AssertionError: 1 != 0 ``` Without using a subtest, execution would stop after the first failure, and the error would be less easy to diagnose because the value of `i`wouldn't be displayed: ``` ====================================================================== FAIL: test_even (__main__.NumbersTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "subtests.py", line 32, in test_even self.assertEqual(i % 2, 0) AssertionError: 1 != 0 ``` ## Classes and functions This section describes in depth the API of [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."). ### Test cases *class* `unittest.``TestCase`(*methodName='runTest'*)Instances of the [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") class represent the logical test units in the [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") universe. This class is intended to be used as a base class, with specific tests being implemented by concrete subclasses. This class implements the interface needed by the test runner to allow it to drive the tests, and methods that the test code can use to check for and report various kinds of failure. Each instance of [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") will run a single base method: the method named *methodName*. In most uses of [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase"), you will neither change the *methodName* nor reimplement the default `runTest()` method. 在 3.2 版更改: [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") can be instantiated successfully without providing a *methodName*. This makes it easier to experiment with [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase")from the interactive interpreter. [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") instances provide three groups of methods: one group used to run the test, another used by the test implementation to check conditions and report failures, and some inquiry methods allowing information about the test itself to be gathered. Methods in the first group (running the test) are: `setUp`()Method called to prepare the test fixture. This is called immediately before calling the test method; other than [`AssertionError`](exceptions.xhtml#AssertionError "AssertionError") or [`SkipTest`](#unittest.SkipTest "unittest.SkipTest"), any exception raised by this method will be considered an error rather than a test failure. The default implementation does nothing. `tearDown`()Method called immediately after the test method has been called and the result recorded. This is called even if the test method raised an exception, so the implementation in subclasses may need to be particularly careful about checking internal state. Any exception, other than [`AssertionError`](exceptions.xhtml#AssertionError "AssertionError") or [`SkipTest`](#unittest.SkipTest "unittest.SkipTest"), raised by this method will be considered an additional error rather than a test failure (thus increasing the total number of reported errors). This method will only be called if the [`setUp()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUp "unittest.TestCase.setUp") succeeds, regardless of the outcome of the test method. The default implementation does nothing. `setUpClass`()A class method called before tests in an individual class are run. `setUpClass` is called with the class as the only argument and must be decorated as a [`classmethod()`](functions.xhtml#classmethod "classmethod"): ``` @classmethod def setUpClass(cls): ... ``` See [Class and Module Fixtures](#class-and-module-fixtures) for more details. 3\.2 新版功能. `tearDownClass`()A class method called after tests in an individual class have run. `tearDownClass` is called with the class as the only argument and must be decorated as a [`classmethod()`](functions.xhtml#classmethod "classmethod"): ``` @classmethod def tearDownClass(cls): ... ``` See [Class and Module Fixtures](#class-and-module-fixtures) for more details. 3\.2 新版功能. `run`(*result=None*)Run the test, collecting the result into the [`TestResult`](#unittest.TestResult "unittest.TestResult") object passed as *result*. If *result* is omitted or `None`, a temporary result object is created (by calling the [`defaultTestResult()`](#unittest.TestCase.defaultTestResult "unittest.TestCase.defaultTestResult")method) and used. The result object is returned to [`run()`](#unittest.TestCase.run "unittest.TestCase.run")'s caller. The same effect may be had by simply calling the [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase")instance. 在 3.3 版更改: Previous versions of `run` did not return the result. Neither did calling an instance. `skipTest`(*reason*)Calling this during a test method or [`setUp()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUp "unittest.TestCase.setUp") skips the current test. See [Skipping tests and expected failures](#unittest-skipping) for more information. 3\.1 新版功能. `subTest`(*msg=None*, *\*\*params*)Return a context manager which executes the enclosed code block as a subtest. *msg* and *params* are optional, arbitrary values which are displayed whenever a subtest fails, allowing you to identify them clearly. A test case can contain any number of subtest declarations, and they can be arbitrarily nested. See [Distinguishing test iterations using subtests](#subtests) for more information. 3\.4 新版功能. `debug`()Run the test without collecting the result. This allows exceptions raised by the test to be propagated to the caller, and can be used to support running tests under a debugger. The [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") class provides several assert methods to check for and report failures. The following table lists the most commonly used methods (see the tables below for more assert methods): Method Checks that New in [`assertEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertEqual") `a == b` [`assertNotEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual") `a != b` [`assertTrue(x)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertTrue "unittest.TestCase.assertTrue") `bool(x) is True` [`assertFalse(x)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertFalse "unittest.TestCase.assertFalse") `bool(x) is False` [`assertIs(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertIs "unittest.TestCase.assertIs") `a is b` 3\.1 [`assertIsNot(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertIsNot "unittest.TestCase.assertIsNot") `a is not b` 3\.1 [`assertIsNone(x)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertIsNone "unittest.TestCase.assertIsNone") `x is None` 3\.1 [`assertIsNotNone(x)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertIsNotNone "unittest.TestCase.assertIsNotNone") `x is not None` 3\.1 [`assertIn(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertIn "unittest.TestCase.assertIn") `a in b` 3\.1 [`assertNotIn(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertNotIn "unittest.TestCase.assertNotIn") `a not in b` 3\.1 [`assertIsInstance(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertIsInstance "unittest.TestCase.assertIsInstance") `isinstance(a, b)` 3\.2 [`assertNotIsInstance(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertNotIsInstance "unittest.TestCase.assertNotIsInstance") `not isinstance(a, b)` 3\.2 All the assert methods accept a *msg* argument that, if specified, is used as the error message on failure (see also [`longMessage`](#unittest.TestCase.longMessage "unittest.TestCase.longMessage")). Note that the *msg* keyword argument can be passed to [`assertRaises()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises "unittest.TestCase.assertRaises"), [`assertRaisesRegex()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex"), [`assertWarns()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertWarns "unittest.TestCase.assertWarns"), [`assertWarnsRegex()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertWarnsRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertWarnsRegex")only when they are used as a context manager. `assertEqual`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)Test that *first* and *second* are equal. If the values do not compare equal, the test will fail. In addition, if *first* and *second* are the exact same type and one of list, tuple, dict, set, frozenset or str or any type that a subclass registers with [`addTypeEqualityFunc()`](#unittest.TestCase.addTypeEqualityFunc "unittest.TestCase.addTypeEqualityFunc") the type-specific equality function will be called in order to generate a more useful default error message (see also the [list of type-specific methods](#type-specific-methods)). 在 3.1 版更改: Added the automatic calling of type-specific equality function. 在 3.2 版更改: [`assertMultiLineEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual") added as the default type equality function for comparing strings. `assertNotEqual`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)Test that *first* and *second* are not equal. If the values do compare equal, the test will fail. `assertTrue`(*expr*, *msg=None*)`assertFalse`(*expr*, *msg=None*)Test that *expr* is true (or false). Note that this is equivalent to `bool(expr) is True` and not to ``` expr is True ``` (use `assertIs(expr, True)` for the latter). This method should also be avoided when more specific methods are available (e.g. `assertEqual(a, b)` instead of `assertTrue(a == b)`), because they provide a better error message in case of failure. `assertIs`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)`assertIsNot`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)Test that *first* and *second* evaluate (or don't evaluate) to the same object. 3\.1 新版功能. `assertIsNone`(*expr*, *msg=None*)`assertIsNotNone`(*expr*, *msg=None*)Test that *expr* is (or is not) `None`. 3\.1 新版功能. `assertIn`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)`assertNotIn`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)Test that *first* is (or is not) in *second*. 3\.1 新版功能. `assertIsInstance`(*obj*, *cls*, *msg=None*)`assertNotIsInstance`(*obj*, *cls*, *msg=None*)Test that *obj* is (or is not) an instance of *cls* (which can be a class or a tuple of classes, as supported by [`isinstance()`](functions.xhtml#isinstance "isinstance")). To check for the exact type, use [`assertIs(type(obj), cls)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertIs "unittest.TestCase.assertIs"). 3\.2 新版功能. It is also possible to check the production of exceptions, warnings, and log messages using the following methods: Method Checks that New in [`assertRaises(exc, fun, *args, **kwds)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises "unittest.TestCase.assertRaises") `fun(*args, **kwds)` raises *exc* [`assertRaisesRegex(exc, r, fun, *args, **kwds)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex") `fun(*args, **kwds)` raises *exc*and the message matches regex *r* 3\.1 [`assertWarns(warn, fun, *args, **kwds)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertWarns "unittest.TestCase.assertWarns") `fun(*args, **kwds)` raises *warn* 3\.2 [`assertWarnsRegex(warn, r, fun, *args, **kwds)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertWarnsRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertWarnsRegex") `fun(*args, **kwds)` raises *warn*and the message matches regex *r* 3\.2 [`assertLogs(logger, level)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertLogs "unittest.TestCase.assertLogs") The `with` block logs on *logger*with minimum *level* 3\.4 `assertRaises`(*exception*, *callable*, *\*args*, *\*\*kwds*)`assertRaises`(*exception*, *\**, *msg=None*)Test that an exception is raised when *callable* is called with any positional or keyword arguments that are also passed to [`assertRaises()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises "unittest.TestCase.assertRaises"). The test passes if *exception* is raised, is an error if another exception is raised, or fails if no exception is raised. To catch any of a group of exceptions, a tuple containing the exception classes may be passed as *exception*. If only the *exception* and possibly the *msg* arguments are given, return a context manager so that the code under test can be written inline rather than as a function: ``` with self.assertRaises(SomeException): do_something() ``` When used as a context manager, [`assertRaises()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises "unittest.TestCase.assertRaises") accepts the additional keyword argument *msg*. The context manager will store the caught exception object in its `exception` attribute. This can be useful if the intention is to perform additional checks on the exception raised: ``` with self.assertRaises(SomeException) as cm: do_something() the_exception = cm.exception self.assertEqual(the_exception.error_code, 3) ``` 在 3.1 版更改: Added the ability to use [`assertRaises()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises "unittest.TestCase.assertRaises") as a context manager. 在 3.2 版更改: Added the `exception` attribute. 在 3.3 版更改: Added the *msg* keyword argument when used as a context manager. `assertRaisesRegex`(*exception*, *regex*, *callable*, *\*args*, *\*\*kwds*)`assertRaisesRegex`(*exception*, *regex*, *\**, *msg=None*)Like [`assertRaises()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises "unittest.TestCase.assertRaises") but also tests that *regex* matches on the string representation of the raised exception. *regex* may be a regular expression object or a string containing a regular expression suitable for use by [`re.search()`](re.xhtml#re.search "re.search"). Examples: ``` self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "invalid literal for.*XYZ'$", int, 'XYZ') ``` or: ``` with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'literal'): int('XYZ') ``` 3\.1 新版功能: Added under the name `assertRaisesRegexp`. 在 3.2 版更改: Renamed to [`assertRaisesRegex()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex"). 在 3.3 版更改: Added the *msg* keyword argument when used as a context manager. `assertWarns`(*warning*, *callable*, *\*args*, *\*\*kwds*)`assertWarns`(*warning*, *\**, *msg=None*)Test that a warning is triggered when *callable* is called with any positional or keyword arguments that are also passed to [`assertWarns()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertWarns "unittest.TestCase.assertWarns"). The test passes if *warning* is triggered and fails if it isn't. Any exception is an error. To catch any of a group of warnings, a tuple containing the warning classes may be passed as *warnings*. If only the *warning* and possibly the *msg* arguments are given, return a context manager so that the code under test can be written inline rather than as a function: ``` with self.assertWarns(SomeWarning): do_something() ``` When used as a context manager, [`assertWarns()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertWarns "unittest.TestCase.assertWarns") accepts the additional keyword argument *msg*. The context manager will store the caught warning object in its `warning` attribute, and the source line which triggered the warnings in the `filename` and `lineno` attributes. This can be useful if the intention is to perform additional checks on the warning caught: ``` with self.assertWarns(SomeWarning) as cm: do_something() self.assertIn('myfile.py', cm.filename) self.assertEqual(320, cm.lineno) ``` This method works regardless of the warning filters in place when it is called. 3\.2 新版功能. 在 3.3 版更改: Added the *msg* keyword argument when used as a context manager. `assertWarnsRegex`(*warning*, *regex*, *callable*, *\*args*, *\*\*kwds*)`assertWarnsRegex`(*warning*, *regex*, *\**, *msg=None*)Like [`assertWarns()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertWarns "unittest.TestCase.assertWarns") but also tests that *regex* matches on the message of the triggered warning. *regex* may be a regular expression object or a string containing a regular expression suitable for use by [`re.search()`](re.xhtml#re.search "re.search"). Example: ``` self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning, r'legacy_function\(\) is deprecated', legacy_function, 'XYZ') ``` or: ``` with self.assertWarnsRegex(RuntimeWarning, 'unsafe frobnicating'): frobnicate('/etc/passwd') ``` 3\.2 新版功能. 在 3.3 版更改: Added the *msg* keyword argument when used as a context manager. `assertLogs`(*logger=None*, *level=None*)A context manager to test that at least one message is logged on the *logger* or one of its children, with at least the given *level*. If given, *logger* should be a [`logging.Logger`](logging.xhtml#logging.Logger "logging.Logger") object or a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") giving the name of a logger. The default is the root logger, which will catch all messages. If given, *level* should be either a numeric logging level or its string equivalent (for example either `"ERROR"` or `logging.ERROR`). The default is `logging.INFO`. The test passes if at least one message emitted inside the `with`block matches the *logger* and *level* conditions, otherwise it fails. The object returned by the context manager is a recording helper which keeps tracks of the matching log messages. It has two attributes: `records`A list of [`logging.LogRecord`](logging.xhtml#logging.LogRecord "logging.LogRecord") objects of the matching log messages. `output`A list of [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") objects with the formatted output of matching messages. 示例: ``` with self.assertLogs('foo', level='INFO') as cm: logging.getLogger('foo').info('first message') logging.getLogger('foo.bar').error('second message') self.assertEqual(cm.output, ['INFO:foo:first message', 'ERROR:foo.bar:second message']) ``` 3\.4 新版功能. There are also other methods used to perform more specific checks, such as: Method Checks that New in [`assertAlmostEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual") `round(a-b, 7) == 0` [`assertNotAlmostEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual") `round(a-b, 7) != 0` [`assertGreater(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertGreater "unittest.TestCase.assertGreater") `a > b` 3\.1 [`assertGreaterEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertGreaterEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertGreaterEqual") `a >= b` 3\.1 [`assertLess(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertLess "unittest.TestCase.assertLess") `a < b` 3\.1 [`assertLessEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertLessEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertLessEqual") `a <= b` 3\.1 [`assertRegex(s, r)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertRegex") `r.search(s)` 3\.1 [`assertNotRegex(s, r)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegex") `not r.search(s)` 3\.2 [`assertCountEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertCountEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertCountEqual") *a* and *b* have the same elements in the same number, regardless of their order. 3\.2 `assertAlmostEqual`(*first*, *second*, *places=7*, *msg=None*, *delta=None*)`assertNotAlmostEqual`(*first*, *second*, *places=7*, *msg=None*, *delta=None*)Test that *first* and *second* are approximately (or not approximately) equal by computing the difference, rounding to the given number of decimal *places* (default 7), and comparing to zero. Note that these methods round the values to the given number of *decimal places* (i.e. like the [`round()`](functions.xhtml#round "round") function) and not *significant digits*. If *delta* is supplied instead of *places* then the difference between *first* and *second* must be less or equal to (or greater than) *delta*. Supplying both *delta* and *places* raises a [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError"). 在 3.2 版更改: [`assertAlmostEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual") automatically considers almost equal objects that compare equal. [`assertNotAlmostEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual") automatically fails if the objects compare equal. Added the *delta* keyword argument. `assertGreater`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)`assertGreaterEqual`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)`assertLess`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)`assertLessEqual`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)Test that *first* is respectively >, >=, < or <= than *second* depending on the method name. If not, the test will fail: ``` >>> self.assertGreaterEqual(3, 4) AssertionError: "3" unexpectedly not greater than or equal to "4" ``` 3\.1 新版功能. `assertRegex`(*text*, *regex*, *msg=None*)`assertNotRegex`(*text*, *regex*, *msg=None*)Test that a *regex* search matches (or does not match) *text*. In case of failure, the error message will include the pattern and the *text* (or the pattern and the part of *text* that unexpectedly matched). *regex*may be a regular expression object or a string containing a regular expression suitable for use by [`re.search()`](re.xhtml#re.search "re.search"). 3\.1 新版功能: Added under the name `assertRegexpMatches`. 在 3.2 版更改: The method `assertRegexpMatches()` has been renamed to [`assertRegex()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertRegex"). 3\.2 新版功能: [`assertNotRegex()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegex"). 3\.5 新版功能: The name `assertNotRegexpMatches` is a deprecated alias for [`assertNotRegex()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegex"). `assertCountEqual`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)Test that sequence *first* contains the same elements as *second*, regardless of their order. When they don't, an error message listing the differences between the sequences will be generated. Duplicate elements are *not* ignored when comparing *first* and *second*. It verifies whether each element has the same count in both sequences. Equivalent to: `assertEqual(Counter(list(first)), Counter(list(second)))`but works with sequences of unhashable objects as well. 3\.2 新版功能. The [`assertEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertEqual") method dispatches the equality check for objects of the same type to different type-specific methods. These methods are already implemented for most of the built-in types, but it's also possible to register new methods using [`addTypeEqualityFunc()`](#unittest.TestCase.addTypeEqualityFunc "unittest.TestCase.addTypeEqualityFunc"): `addTypeEqualityFunc`(*typeobj*, *function*)Registers a type-specific method called by [`assertEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertEqual") to check if two objects of exactly the same *typeobj* (not subclasses) compare equal. *function* must take two positional arguments and a third msg=None keyword argument just as [`assertEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertEqual") does. It must raise [`self.failureException(msg)`](#unittest.TestCase.failureException "unittest.TestCase.failureException") when inequality between the first two parameters is detected -- possibly providing useful information and explaining the inequalities in details in the error message. 3\.1 新版功能. The list of type-specific methods automatically used by [`assertEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertEqual") are summarized in the following table. Note that it's usually not necessary to invoke these methods directly. Method Used to compare New in [`assertMultiLineEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual") strings 3\.1 [`assertSequenceEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual") sequences 3\.1 [`assertListEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertListEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertListEqual") lists 3\.1 [`assertTupleEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertTupleEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertTupleEqual") tuples 3\.1 [`assertSetEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertSetEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertSetEqual") sets or frozensets 3\.1 [`assertDictEqual(a, b)`](#unittest.TestCase.assertDictEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertDictEqual") dicts 3\.1 `assertMultiLineEqual`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)Test that the multiline string *first* is equal to the string *second*. When not equal a diff of the two strings highlighting the differences will be included in the error message. This method is used by default when comparing strings with [`assertEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"). 3\.1 新版功能. `assertSequenceEqual`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*, *seq\_type=None*)Tests that two sequences are equal. If a *seq\_type* is supplied, both *first* and *second* must be instances of *seq\_type* or a failure will be raised. If the sequences are different an error message is constructed that shows the difference between the two. This method is not called directly by [`assertEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"), but it's used to implement [`assertListEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertListEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertListEqual") and [`assertTupleEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertTupleEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertTupleEqual"). 3\.1 新版功能. `assertListEqual`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)`assertTupleEqual`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)Tests that two lists or tuples are equal. If not, an error message is constructed that shows only the differences between the two. An error is also raised if either of the parameters are of the wrong type. These methods are used by default when comparing lists or tuples with [`assertEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"). 3\.1 新版功能. `assertSetEqual`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)Tests that two sets are equal. If not, an error message is constructed that lists the differences between the sets. This method is used by default when comparing sets or frozensets with [`assertEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"). Fails if either of *first* or *second* does not have a `set.difference()`method. 3\.1 新版功能. `assertDictEqual`(*first*, *second*, *msg=None*)Test that two dictionaries are equal. If not, an error message is constructed that shows the differences in the dictionaries. This method will be used by default to compare dictionaries in calls to [`assertEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"). 3\.1 新版功能. Finally the [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") provides the following methods and attributes: `fail`(*msg=None*)Signals a test failure unconditionally, with *msg* or `None` for the error message. `failureException`This class attribute gives the exception raised by the test method. If a test framework needs to use a specialized exception, possibly to carry additional information, it must subclass this exception in order to "play fair" with the framework. The initial value of this attribute is [`AssertionError`](exceptions.xhtml#AssertionError "AssertionError"). `longMessage`This class attribute determines what happens when a custom failure message is passed as the msg argument to an assertXYY call that fails. `True` is the default value. In this case, the custom message is appended to the end of the standard failure message. When set to `False`, the custom message replaces the standard message. The class setting can be overridden in individual test methods by assigning an instance attribute, self.longMessage, to `True` or `False` before calling the assert methods. The class setting gets reset before each test call. 3\.1 新版功能. `maxDiff`This attribute controls the maximum length of diffs output by assert methods that report diffs on failure. It defaults to 80\*8 characters. Assert methods affected by this attribute are [`assertSequenceEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual") (including all the sequence comparison methods that delegate to it), [`assertDictEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertDictEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertDictEqual") and [`assertMultiLineEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual"). Setting `maxDiff` to `None` means that there is no maximum length of diffs. 3\.2 新版功能. Testing frameworks can use the following methods to collect information on the test: `countTestCases`()Return the number of tests represented by this test object. For [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") instances, this will always be `1`. `defaultTestResult`()Return an instance of the test result class that should be used for this test case class (if no other result instance is provided to the [`run()`](#unittest.TestCase.run "unittest.TestCase.run") method). For [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") instances, this will always be an instance of [`TestResult`](#unittest.TestResult "unittest.TestResult"); subclasses of [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") should override this as necessary. `id`()Return a string identifying the specific test case. This is usually the full name of the test method, including the module and class name. `shortDescription`()Returns a description of the test, or `None` if no description has been provided. The default implementation of this method returns the first line of the test method's docstring, if available, or `None`. 在 3.1 版更改: In 3.1 this was changed to add the test name to the short description even in the presence of a docstring. This caused compatibility issues with unittest extensions and adding the test name was moved to the [`TextTestResult`](#unittest.TextTestResult "unittest.TextTestResult") in Python 3.2. `addCleanup`(*function*, *\*args*, *\*\*kwargs*)Add a function to be called after [`tearDown()`](#unittest.TestCase.tearDown "unittest.TestCase.tearDown") to cleanup resources used during the test. Functions will be called in reverse order to the order they are added (LIFO). They are called with any arguments and keyword arguments passed into [`addCleanup()`](#unittest.TestCase.addCleanup "unittest.TestCase.addCleanup") when they are added. If [`setUp()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUp "unittest.TestCase.setUp") fails, meaning that [`tearDown()`](#unittest.TestCase.tearDown "unittest.TestCase.tearDown") is not called, then any cleanup functions added will still be called. 3\.1 新版功能. `doCleanups`()This method is called unconditionally after [`tearDown()`](#unittest.TestCase.tearDown "unittest.TestCase.tearDown"), or after [`setUp()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUp "unittest.TestCase.setUp") if [`setUp()`](#unittest.TestCase.setUp "unittest.TestCase.setUp") raises an exception. It is responsible for calling all the cleanup functions added by [`addCleanup()`](#unittest.TestCase.addCleanup "unittest.TestCase.addCleanup"). If you need cleanup functions to be called *prior* to [`tearDown()`](#unittest.TestCase.tearDown "unittest.TestCase.tearDown") then you can call [`doCleanups()`](#unittest.TestCase.doCleanups "unittest.TestCase.doCleanups")yourself. [`doCleanups()`](#unittest.TestCase.doCleanups "unittest.TestCase.doCleanups") pops methods off the stack of cleanup functions one at a time, so it can be called at any time. 3\.1 新版功能. *class* `unittest.``FunctionTestCase`(*testFunc*, *setUp=None*, *tearDown=None*, *description=None*)This class implements the portion of the [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") interface which allows the test runner to drive the test, but does not provide the methods which test code can use to check and report errors. This is used to create test cases using legacy test code, allowing it to be integrated into a [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.")-based test framework. #### Deprecated aliases For historical reasons, some of the [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") methods had one or more aliases that are now deprecated. The following table lists the correct names along with their deprecated aliases: > Method Name > > Deprecated alias > > Deprecated alias > > [`assertEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertEqual") > > failUnlessEqual > > assertEquals > > [`assertNotEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual") > > failIfEqual > > assertNotEquals > > [`assertTrue()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertTrue "unittest.TestCase.assertTrue") > > failUnless > > assert\_ > > [`assertFalse()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertFalse "unittest.TestCase.assertFalse") > > failIf > > [`assertRaises()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises "unittest.TestCase.assertRaises") > > failUnlessRaises > > [`assertAlmostEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual") > > failUnlessAlmostEqual > > assertAlmostEquals > > [`assertNotAlmostEqual()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual "unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual") > > failIfAlmostEqual > > assertNotAlmostEquals > > [`assertRegex()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertRegex") > > assertRegexpMatches > > [`assertNotRegex()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegex") > > assertNotRegexpMatches > > [`assertRaisesRegex()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex") > > assertRaisesRegexp > > 3\.1 版后已移除: The fail\* aliases listed in the second column have been deprecated. > > > > 3\.2 版后已移除: The assert\* aliases listed in the third column have been deprecated. > > > > 3\.2 版后已移除: `assertRegexpMatches` and `assertRaisesRegexp` have been renamed to [`assertRegex()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertRegex") and [`assertRaisesRegex()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex"). > > > > 3\.5 版后已移除: The `assertNotRegexpMatches` name is deprecated in favor of [`assertNotRegex()`](#unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegex "unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegex"). ### Grouping tests *class* `unittest.``TestSuite`(*tests=()*)This class represents an aggregation of individual test cases and test suites. The class presents the interface needed by the test runner to allow it to be run as any other test case. Running a [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") instance is the same as iterating over the suite, running each test individually. If *tests* is given, it must be an iterable of individual test cases or other test suites that will be used to build the suite initially. Additional methods are provided to add test cases and suites to the collection later on. [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") objects behave much like [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") objects, except they do not actually implement a test. Instead, they are used to aggregate tests into groups of tests that should be run together. Some additional methods are available to add tests to [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") instances: `addTest`(*test*)Add a [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") or [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") to the suite. `addTests`(*tests*)Add all the tests from an iterable of [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") and [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite")instances to this test suite. This is equivalent to iterating over *tests*, calling [`addTest()`](#unittest.TestSuite.addTest "unittest.TestSuite.addTest") for each element. [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") shares the following methods with [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase"): `run`(*result*)Run the tests associated with this suite, collecting the result into the test result object passed as *result*. Note that unlike [`TestCase.run()`](#unittest.TestCase.run "unittest.TestCase.run"), [`TestSuite.run()`](#unittest.TestSuite.run "unittest.TestSuite.run") requires the result object to be passed in. `debug`()Run the tests associated with this suite without collecting the result. This allows exceptions raised by the test to be propagated to the caller and can be used to support running tests under a debugger. `countTestCases`()Return the number of tests represented by this test object, including all individual tests and sub-suites. `__iter__`()Tests grouped by a [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") are always accessed by iteration. Subclasses can lazily provide tests by overriding [`__iter__()`](#unittest.TestSuite.__iter__ "unittest.TestSuite.__iter__"). Note that this method may be called several times on a single suite (for example when counting tests or comparing for equality) so the tests returned by repeated iterations before [`TestSuite.run()`](#unittest.TestSuite.run "unittest.TestSuite.run") must be the same for each call iteration. After [`TestSuite.run()`](#unittest.TestSuite.run "unittest.TestSuite.run"), callers should not rely on the tests returned by this method unless the caller uses a subclass that overrides `TestSuite._removeTestAtIndex()` to preserve test references. 在 3.2 版更改: In earlier versions the [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") accessed tests directly rather than through iteration, so overriding [`__iter__()`](#unittest.TestSuite.__iter__ "unittest.TestSuite.__iter__") wasn't sufficient for providing tests. 在 3.4 版更改: In earlier versions the [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") held references to each [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") after [`TestSuite.run()`](#unittest.TestSuite.run "unittest.TestSuite.run"). Subclasses can restore that behavior by overriding `TestSuite._removeTestAtIndex()`. In the typical usage of a [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") object, the [`run()`](#unittest.TestSuite.run "unittest.TestSuite.run") method is invoked by a `TestRunner` rather than by the end-user test harness. ### Loading and running tests *class* `unittest.``TestLoader`The [`TestLoader`](#unittest.TestLoader "unittest.TestLoader") class is used to create test suites from classes and modules. Normally, there is no need to create an instance of this class; the [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") module provides an instance that can be shared as [`unittest.defaultTestLoader`](#unittest.defaultTestLoader "unittest.defaultTestLoader"). Using a subclass or instance, however, allows customization of some configurable properties. [`TestLoader`](#unittest.TestLoader "unittest.TestLoader") objects have the following attributes: `errors`A list of the non-fatal errors encountered while loading tests. Not reset by the loader at any point. Fatal errors are signalled by the relevant a method raising an exception to the caller. Non-fatal errors are also indicated by a synthetic test that will raise the original error when run. 3\.5 新版功能. [`TestLoader`](#unittest.TestLoader "unittest.TestLoader") objects have the following methods: `loadTestsFromTestCase`(*testCaseClass*)Return a suite of all test cases contained in the [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase")-derived `testCaseClass`. A test case instance is created for each method named by [`getTestCaseNames()`](#unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames "unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames"). By default these are the method names beginning with `test`. If [`getTestCaseNames()`](#unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames "unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames") returns no methods, but the `runTest()` method is implemented, a single test case is created for that method instead. `loadTestsFromModule`(*module*, *pattern=None*)Return a suite of all test cases contained in the given module. This method searches *module* for classes derived from [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") and creates an instance of the class for each test method defined for the class. 注解 While using a hierarchy of [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase")-derived classes can be convenient in sharing fixtures and helper functions, defining test methods on base classes that are not intended to be instantiated directly does not play well with this method. Doing so, however, can be useful when the fixtures are different and defined in subclasses. If a module provides a `load_tests` function it will be called to load the tests. This allows modules to customize test loading. This is the [load\_tests protocol](#load-tests-protocol). The *pattern* argument is passed as the third argument to `load_tests`. 在 3.2 版更改: Support for `load_tests` added. 在 3.5 版更改: The undocumented and unofficial *use\_load\_tests* default argument is deprecated and ignored, although it is still accepted for backward compatibility. The method also now accepts a keyword-only argument *pattern* which is passed to `load_tests` as the third argument. `loadTestsFromName`(*name*, *module=None*)Return a suite of all test cases given a string specifier. The specifier *name* is a "dotted name" that may resolve either to a module, a test case class, a test method within a test case class, a [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") instance, or a callable object which returns a [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") or [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") instance. These checks are applied in the order listed here; that is, a method on a possible test case class will be picked up as "a test method within a test case class", rather than "a callable object". For example, if you have a module `SampleTests` containing a [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase")-derived class `SampleTestCase` with three test methods (`test_one()`, `test_two()`, and `test_three()`), the specifier `'SampleTests.SampleTestCase'` would cause this method to return a suite which will run all three test methods. Using the specifier `'SampleTests.SampleTestCase.test_two'` would cause it to return a test suite which will run only the `test_two()` test method. The specifier can refer to modules and packages which have not been imported; they will be imported as a side-effect. The method optionally resolves *name* relative to the given *module*. 在 3.5 版更改: If an [`ImportError`](exceptions.xhtml#ImportError "ImportError") or [`AttributeError`](exceptions.xhtml#AttributeError "AttributeError") occurs while traversing *name* then a synthetic test that raises that error when run will be returned. These errors are included in the errors accumulated by self.errors. `loadTestsFromNames`(*names*, *module=None*)Similar to [`loadTestsFromName()`](#unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromName "unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromName"), but takes a sequence of names rather than a single name. The return value is a test suite which supports all the tests defined for each name. `getTestCaseNames`(*testCaseClass*)Return a sorted sequence of method names found within *testCaseClass*; this should be a subclass of [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase"). `discover`(*start\_dir*, *pattern='test\*.py'*, *top\_level\_dir=None*)Find all the test modules by recursing into subdirectories from the specified start directory, and return a TestSuite object containing them. Only test files that match *pattern* will be loaded. (Using shell style pattern matching.) Only module names that are importable (i.e. are valid Python identifiers) will be loaded. All test modules must be importable from the top level of the project. If the start directory is not the top level directory then the top level directory must be specified separately. If importing a module fails, for example due to a syntax error, then this will be recorded as a single error and discovery will continue. If the import failure is due to [`SkipTest`](#unittest.SkipTest "unittest.SkipTest") being raised, it will be recorded as a skip instead of an error. If a package (a directory containing a file named `__init__.py`) is found, the package will be checked for a `load_tests` function. If this exists then it will be called `package.load_tests(loader, tests, pattern)`. Test discovery takes care to ensure that a package is only checked for tests once during an invocation, even if the load\_tests function itself calls `loader.discover`. If `load_tests` exists then discovery does *not* recurse into the package, `load_tests` is responsible for loading all tests in the package. The pattern is deliberately not stored as a loader attribute so that packages can continue discovery themselves. *top\_level\_dir* is stored so `load_tests` does not need to pass this argument in to `loader.discover()`. *start\_dir* can be a dotted module name as well as a directory. 3\.2 新版功能. 在 3.4 版更改: Modules that raise [`SkipTest`](#unittest.SkipTest "unittest.SkipTest") on import are recorded as skips, not errors. Discovery works for [namespace packages](../glossary.xhtml#term-namespace-package). Paths are sorted before being imported so that execution order is the same even if the underlying file system's ordering is not dependent on file name. 在 3.5 版更改: Found packages are now checked for `load_tests` regardless of whether their path matches *pattern*, because it is impossible for a package name to match the default pattern. The following attributes of a [`TestLoader`](#unittest.TestLoader "unittest.TestLoader") can be configured either by subclassing or assignment on an instance: `testMethodPrefix`String giving the prefix of method names which will be interpreted as test methods. The default value is `'test'`. This affects [`getTestCaseNames()`](#unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames "unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames") and all the `loadTestsFrom*()`methods. `sortTestMethodsUsing`Function to be used to compare method names when sorting them in [`getTestCaseNames()`](#unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames "unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames") and all the `loadTestsFrom*()` methods. `suiteClass`Callable object that constructs a test suite from a list of tests. No methods on the resulting object are needed. The default value is the [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") class. This affects all the `loadTestsFrom*()` methods. `testNamePatterns`List of Unix shell-style wildcard test name patterns that test methods have to match to be included in test suites (see `-v` option). If this attribute is not `None` (the default), all test methods to be included in test suites must match one of the patterns in this list. Note that matches are always performed using [`fnmatch.fnmatchcase()`](fnmatch.xhtml#fnmatch.fnmatchcase "fnmatch.fnmatchcase"), so unlike patterns passed to the `-v` option, simple substring patterns will have to be converted using `*` wildcards. This affects all the `loadTestsFrom*()` methods. 3\.7 新版功能. *class* `unittest.``TestResult`This class is used to compile information about which tests have succeeded and which have failed. A [`TestResult`](#unittest.TestResult "unittest.TestResult") object stores the results of a set of tests. The [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") and [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") classes ensure that results are properly recorded; test authors do not need to worry about recording the outcome of tests. Testing frameworks built on top of [`unittest`](#module-unittest "unittest: Unit testing framework for Python.") may want access to the [`TestResult`](#unittest.TestResult "unittest.TestResult") object generated by running a set of tests for reporting purposes; a [`TestResult`](#unittest.TestResult "unittest.TestResult") instance is returned by the `TestRunner.run()` method for this purpose. [`TestResult`](#unittest.TestResult "unittest.TestResult") instances have the following attributes that will be of interest when inspecting the results of running a set of tests: `errors`A list containing 2-tuples of [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") instances and strings holding formatted tracebacks. Each tuple represents a test which raised an unexpected exception. `failures`A list containing 2-tuples of [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") instances and strings holding formatted tracebacks. Each tuple represents a test where a failure was explicitly signalled using the `TestCase.assert*()` methods. `skipped`A list containing 2-tuples of [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") instances and strings holding the reason for skipping the test. 3\.1 新版功能. `expectedFailures`A list containing 2-tuples of [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") instances and strings holding formatted tracebacks. Each tuple represents an expected failure of the test case. `unexpectedSuccesses`A list containing [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") instances that were marked as expected failures, but succeeded. `shouldStop`Set to `True` when the execution of tests should stop by [`stop()`](#unittest.TestResult.stop "unittest.TestResult.stop"). `testsRun`The total number of tests run so far. `buffer`If set to true, `sys.stdout` and `sys.stderr` will be buffered in between [`startTest()`](#unittest.TestResult.startTest "unittest.TestResult.startTest") and [`stopTest()`](#unittest.TestResult.stopTest "unittest.TestResult.stopTest") being called. Collected output will only be echoed onto the real `sys.stdout` and `sys.stderr` if the test fails or errors. Any output is also attached to the failure / error message. 3\.2 新版功能. `failfast`If set to true [`stop()`](#unittest.TestResult.stop "unittest.TestResult.stop") will be called on the first failure or error, halting the test run. 3\.2 新版功能. `tb_locals`If set to true then local variables will be shown in tracebacks. 3\.5 新版功能. `wasSuccessful`()Return `True` if all tests run so far have passed, otherwise returns `False`. 在 3.4 版更改: Returns `False` if there were any [`unexpectedSuccesses`](#unittest.TestResult.unexpectedSuccesses "unittest.TestResult.unexpectedSuccesses")from tests marked with the [`expectedFailure()`](#unittest.expectedFailure "unittest.expectedFailure") decorator. `stop`()This method can be called to signal that the set of tests being run should be aborted by setting the [`shouldStop`](#unittest.TestResult.shouldStop "unittest.TestResult.shouldStop") attribute to `True`. `TestRunner` objects should respect this flag and return without running any additional tests. For example, this feature is used by the [`TextTestRunner`](#unittest.TextTestRunner "unittest.TextTestRunner") class to stop the test framework when the user signals an interrupt from the keyboard. Interactive tools which provide `TestRunner`implementations can use this in a similar manner. The following methods of the [`TestResult`](#unittest.TestResult "unittest.TestResult") class are used to maintain the internal data structures, and may be extended in subclasses to support additional reporting requirements. This is particularly useful in building tools which support interactive reporting while tests are being run. `startTest`(*test*)Called when the test case *test* is about to be run. `stopTest`(*test*)Called after the test case *test* has been executed, regardless of the outcome. `startTestRun`()Called once before any tests are executed. 3\.1 新版功能. `stopTestRun`()Called once after all tests are executed. 3\.1 新版功能. `addError`(*test*, *err*)Called when the test case *test* raises an unexpected exception. *err* is a tuple of the form returned by [`sys.exc_info()`](sys.xhtml#sys.exc_info "sys.exc_info"): ``` (type, value, traceback) ``` . The default implementation appends a tuple `(test, formatted_err)` to the instance's [`errors`](#unittest.TestResult.errors "unittest.TestResult.errors") attribute, where *formatted\_err* is a formatted traceback derived from *err*. `addFailure`(*test*, *err*)Called when the test case *test* signals a failure. *err* is a tuple of the form returned by [`sys.exc_info()`](sys.xhtml#sys.exc_info "sys.exc_info"): `(type, value, traceback)`. The default implementation appends a tuple `(test, formatted_err)` to the instance's [`failures`](#unittest.TestResult.failures "unittest.TestResult.failures") attribute, where *formatted\_err* is a formatted traceback derived from *err*. `addSuccess`(*test*)Called when the test case *test* succeeds. The default implementation does nothing. `addSkip`(*test*, *reason*)Called when the test case *test* is skipped. *reason* is the reason the test gave for skipping. The default implementation appends a tuple `(test, reason)` to the instance's [`skipped`](#unittest.TestResult.skipped "unittest.TestResult.skipped") attribute. `addExpectedFailure`(*test*, *err*)Called when the test case *test* fails, but was marked with the [`expectedFailure()`](#unittest.expectedFailure "unittest.expectedFailure") decorator. The default implementation appends a tuple `(test, formatted_err)` to the instance's [`expectedFailures`](#unittest.TestResult.expectedFailures "unittest.TestResult.expectedFailures") attribute, where *formatted\_err*is a formatted traceback derived from *err*. `addUnexpectedSuccess`(*test*)Called when the test case *test* was marked with the [`expectedFailure()`](#unittest.expectedFailure "unittest.expectedFailure") decorator, but succeeded. The default implementation appends the test to the instance's [`unexpectedSuccesses`](#unittest.TestResult.unexpectedSuccesses "unittest.TestResult.unexpectedSuccesses") attribute. `addSubTest`(*test*, *subtest*, *outcome*)Called when a subtest finishes. *test* is the test case corresponding to the test method. *subtest* is a custom [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") instance describing the subtest. If *outcome* is [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None"), the subtest succeeded. Otherwise, it failed with an exception where *outcome* is a tuple of the form returned by [`sys.exc_info()`](sys.xhtml#sys.exc_info "sys.exc_info"): `(type, value, traceback)`. The default implementation does nothing when the outcome is a success, and records subtest failures as normal failures. 3\.4 新版功能. *class* `unittest.``TextTestResult`(*stream*, *descriptions*, *verbosity*)A concrete implementation of [`TestResult`](#unittest.TestResult "unittest.TestResult") used by the [`TextTestRunner`](#unittest.TextTestRunner "unittest.TextTestRunner"). 3\.2 新版功能: This class was previously named `_TextTestResult`. The old name still exists as an alias but is deprecated. `unittest.``defaultTestLoader`Instance of the [`TestLoader`](#unittest.TestLoader "unittest.TestLoader") class intended to be shared. If no customization of the [`TestLoader`](#unittest.TestLoader "unittest.TestLoader") is needed, this instance can be used instead of repeatedly creating new instances. *class* `unittest.``TextTestRunner`(*stream=None*, *descriptions=True*, *verbosity=1*, *failfast=False*, *buffer=False*, *resultclass=None*, *warnings=None*, *\**, *tb\_locals=False*)A basic test runner implementation that outputs results to a stream. If *stream*is `None`, the default, [`sys.stderr`](sys.xhtml#sys.stderr "sys.stderr") is used as the output stream. This class has a few configurable parameters, but is essentially very simple. Graphical applications which run test suites should provide alternate implementations. Such implementations should accept `**kwargs` as the interface to construct runners changes when features are added to unittest. By default this runner shows [`DeprecationWarning`](exceptions.xhtml#DeprecationWarning "DeprecationWarning"), [`PendingDeprecationWarning`](exceptions.xhtml#PendingDeprecationWarning "PendingDeprecationWarning"), [`ResourceWarning`](exceptions.xhtml#ResourceWarning "ResourceWarning") and [`ImportWarning`](exceptions.xhtml#ImportWarning "ImportWarning") even if they are [ignored by default](warnings.xhtml#warning-ignored). Deprecation warnings caused by [deprecated unittest methods](#deprecated-aliases) are also special-cased and, when the warning filters are `'default'` or `'always'`, they will appear only once per-module, in order to avoid too many warning messages. This behavior can be overridden using Python's `-Wd` or `-Wa` options (see [Warning control](../using/cmdline.xhtml#using-on-warnings)) and leaving *warnings* to `None`. 在 3.2 版更改: Added the `warnings` argument. 在 3.2 版更改: The default stream is set to [`sys.stderr`](sys.xhtml#sys.stderr "sys.stderr") at instantiation time rather than import time. 在 3.5 版更改: Added the tb\_locals parameter. `_makeResult`()This method returns the instance of `TestResult` used by [`run()`](#unittest.TextTestRunner.run "unittest.TextTestRunner.run"). It is not intended to be called directly, but can be overridden in subclasses to provide a custom `TestResult`. `_makeResult()` instantiates the class or callable passed in the `TextTestRunner` constructor as the `resultclass` argument. It defaults to [`TextTestResult`](#unittest.TextTestResult "unittest.TextTestResult") if no `resultclass` is provided. The result class is instantiated with the following arguments: ``` stream, descriptions, verbosity ``` `run`(*test*)This method is the main public interface to the `TextTestRunner`. This method takes a [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") or [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") instance. A [`TestResult`](#unittest.TestResult "unittest.TestResult") is created by calling [`_makeResult()`](#unittest.TextTestRunner._makeResult "unittest.TextTestRunner._makeResult") and the test(s) are run and the results printed to stdout. `unittest.``main`(*module='\_\_main\_\_'*, *defaultTest=None*, *argv=None*, *testRunner=None*, *testLoader=unittest.defaultTestLoader*, *exit=True*, *verbosity=1*, *failfast=None*, *catchbreak=None*, *buffer=None*, *warnings=None*)A command-line program that loads a set of tests from *module* and runs them; this is primarily for making test modules conveniently executable. The simplest use for this function is to include the following line at the end of a test script: ``` if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main() ``` You can run tests with more detailed information by passing in the verbosity argument: ``` if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main(verbosity=2) ``` The *defaultTest* argument is either the name of a single test or an iterable of test names to run if no test names are specified via *argv*. If not specified or `None` and no test names are provided via *argv*, all tests found in *module* are run. The *argv* argument can be a list of options passed to the program, with the first element being the program name. If not specified or `None`, the values of [`sys.argv`](sys.xhtml#sys.argv "sys.argv") are used. The *testRunner* argument can either be a test runner class or an already created instance of it. By default `main` calls [`sys.exit()`](sys.xhtml#sys.exit "sys.exit") with an exit code indicating success or failure of the tests run. The *testLoader* argument has to be a [`TestLoader`](#unittest.TestLoader "unittest.TestLoader") instance, and defaults to [`defaultTestLoader`](#unittest.defaultTestLoader "unittest.defaultTestLoader"). `main` supports being used from the interactive interpreter by passing in the argument `exit=False`. This displays the result on standard output without calling [`sys.exit()`](sys.xhtml#sys.exit "sys.exit"): ``` >>> from unittest import main >>> main(module='test_module', exit=False) ``` The *failfast*, *catchbreak* and *buffer* parameters have the same effect as the same-name [command-line options](#command-line-options). The *warnings* argument specifies the [warning filter](warnings.xhtml#warning-filter)that should be used while running the tests. If it's not specified, it will remain `None` if a `-W` option is passed to **python**(see [Warning control](../using/cmdline.xhtml#using-on-warnings)), otherwise it will be set to `'default'`. Calling `main` actually returns an instance of the `TestProgram` class. This stores the result of the tests run as the `result` attribute. 在 3.1 版更改: The *exit* parameter was added. 在 3.2 版更改: The *verbosity*, *failfast*, *catchbreak*, *buffer*and *warnings* parameters were added. 在 3.4 版更改: The *defaultTest* parameter was changed to also accept an iterable of test names. #### load\_tests Protocol 3\.2 新版功能. Modules or packages can customize how tests are loaded from them during normal test runs or test discovery by implementing a function called `load_tests`. If a test module defines `load_tests` it will be called by [`TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule()`](#unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule "unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule") with the following arguments: ``` load_tests(loader, standard_tests, pattern) ``` where *pattern* is passed straight through from `loadTestsFromModule`. It defaults to `None`. It should return a [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite"). *loader* is the instance of [`TestLoader`](#unittest.TestLoader "unittest.TestLoader") doing the loading. *standard\_tests* are the tests that would be loaded by default from the module. It is common for test modules to only want to add or remove tests from the standard set of tests. The third argument is used when loading packages as part of test discovery. A typical `load_tests` function that loads tests from a specific set of [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") classes may look like: ``` test_cases = (TestCase1, TestCase2, TestCase3) def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern): suite = TestSuite() for test_class in test_cases: tests = loader.loadTestsFromTestCase(test_class) suite.addTests(tests) return suite ``` If discovery is started in a directory containing a package, either from the command line or by calling [`TestLoader.discover()`](#unittest.TestLoader.discover "unittest.TestLoader.discover"), then the package `__init__.py` will be checked for `load_tests`. If that function does not exist, discovery will recurse into the package as though it were just another directory. Otherwise, discovery of the package's tests will be left up to `load_tests` which is called with the following arguments: ``` load_tests(loader, standard_tests, pattern) ``` This should return a [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite") representing all the tests from the package. (`standard_tests` will only contain tests collected from `__init__.py`.) Because the pattern is passed into `load_tests` the package is free to continue (and potentially modify) test discovery. A 'do nothing' `load_tests` function for a test package would look like: ``` def load_tests(loader, standard_tests, pattern): # top level directory cached on loader instance this_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__) package_tests = loader.discover(start_dir=this_dir, pattern=pattern) standard_tests.addTests(package_tests) return standard_tests ``` 在 3.5 版更改: Discovery no longer checks package names for matching *pattern* due to the impossibility of package names matching the default pattern. ## Class and Module Fixtures Class and module level fixtures are implemented in [`TestSuite`](#unittest.TestSuite "unittest.TestSuite"). When the test suite encounters a test from a new class then `tearDownClass()`from the previous class (if there is one) is called, followed by `setUpClass()` from the new class. Similarly if a test is from a different module from the previous test then `tearDownModule` from the previous module is run, followed by `setUpModule` from the new module. After all the tests have run the final `tearDownClass` and `tearDownModule` are run. Note that shared fixtures do not play well with \[potential\] features like test parallelization and they break test isolation. They should be used with care. The default ordering of tests created by the unittest test loaders is to group all tests from the same modules and classes together. This will lead to `setUpClass` / `setUpModule` (etc) being called exactly once per class and module. If you randomize the order, so that tests from different modules and classes are adjacent to each other, then these shared fixture functions may be called multiple times in a single test run. Shared fixtures are not intended to work with suites with non-standard ordering. A `BaseTestSuite` still exists for frameworks that don't want to support shared fixtures. If there are any exceptions raised during one of the shared fixture functions the test is reported as an error. Because there is no corresponding test instance an `_ErrorHolder` object (that has the same interface as a [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase")) is created to represent the error. If you are just using the standard unittest test runner then this detail doesn't matter, but if you are a framework author it may be relevant. ### setUpClass and tearDownClass These must be implemented as class methods: ``` import unittest class Test(unittest.TestCase): @classmethod def setUpClass(cls): cls._connection = createExpensiveConnectionObject() @classmethod def tearDownClass(cls): cls._connection.destroy() ``` If you want the `setUpClass` and `tearDownClass` on base classes called then you must call up to them yourself. The implementations in [`TestCase`](#unittest.TestCase "unittest.TestCase") are empty. If an exception is raised during a `setUpClass` then the tests in the class are not run and the `tearDownClass` is not run. Skipped classes will not have `setUpClass` or `tearDownClass` run. If the exception is a [`SkipTest`](#unittest.SkipTest "unittest.SkipTest") exception then the class will be reported as having been skipped instead of as an error. ### setUpModule and tearDownModule These should be implemented as functions: ``` def setUpModule(): createConnection() def tearDownModule(): closeConnection() ``` If an exception is raised in a `setUpModule` then none of the tests in the module will be run and the `tearDownModule` will not be run. If the exception is a [`SkipTest`](#unittest.SkipTest "unittest.SkipTest") exception then the module will be reported as having been skipped instead of as an error. ## Signal Handling 3\.2 新版功能. The [`-c/--catch`](#cmdoption-unittest-c) command-line option to unittest, along with the `catchbreak` parameter to [`unittest.main()`](#unittest.main "unittest.main"), provide more friendly handling of control-C during a test run. With catch break behavior enabled control-C will allow the currently running test to complete, and the test run will then end and report all the results so far. A second control-c will raise a [`KeyboardInterrupt`](exceptions.xhtml#KeyboardInterrupt "KeyboardInterrupt") in the usual way. The control-c handling signal handler attempts to remain compatible with code or tests that install their own `signal.SIGINT` handler. If the `unittest`handler is called but *isn't* the installed `signal.SIGINT` handler, i.e. it has been replaced by the system under test and delegated to, then it calls the default handler. This will normally be the expected behavior by code that replaces an installed handler and delegates to it. For individual tests that need `unittest` control-c handling disabled the [`removeHandler()`](#unittest.removeHandler "unittest.removeHandler")decorator can be used. There are a few utility functions for framework authors to enable control-c handling functionality within test frameworks. `unittest.``installHandler`()Install the control-c handler. When a `signal.SIGINT` is received (usually in response to the user pressing control-c) all registered results have [`stop()`](#unittest.TestResult.stop "unittest.TestResult.stop") called. `unittest.``registerResult`(*result*)Register a [`TestResult`](#unittest.TestResult "unittest.TestResult") object for control-c handling. Registering a result stores a weak reference to it, so it doesn't prevent the result from being garbage collected. Registering a [`TestResult`](#unittest.TestResult "unittest.TestResult") object has no side-effects if control-c handling is not enabled, so test frameworks can unconditionally register all results they create independently of whether or not handling is enabled. `unittest.``removeResult`(*result*)Remove a registered result. Once a result has been removed then [`stop()`](#unittest.TestResult.stop "unittest.TestResult.stop") will no longer be called on that result object in response to a control-c. `unittest.``removeHandler`(*function=None*)When called without arguments this function removes the control-c handler if it has been installed. This function can also be used as a test decorator to temporarily remove the handler while the test is being executed: ``` @unittest.removeHandler def test_signal_handling(self): ... ``` ### 導航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄") - [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") | - [下一頁](unittest.mock.xhtml "unittest.mock --- mock object library") | - [上一頁](doctest.xhtml "doctest --- Test interactive Python examples") | -  - [Python](https://www.python.org/) ? - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ? - [Python 標準庫](index.xhtml) ? - [開發工具](development.xhtml) ? - $('.inline-search').show(0); | ? [版權所有](../copyright.xhtml) 2001-2019, Python Software Foundation. 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