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# [`urllib.parse`](#module-urllib.parse "urllib.parse: Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.") --- Parse URLs into components
**Source code:** [Lib/urllib/parse.py](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/urllib/parse.py) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/urllib/parse.py\]
- - - - - -
This module defines a standard interface to break Uniform Resource Locator (URL) strings up in components (addressing scheme, network location, path etc.), to combine the components back into a URL string, and to convert a "relative URL" to an absolute URL given a "base URL."
The module has been designed to match the Internet RFC on Relative Uniform Resource Locators. It supports the following URL schemes: `file`, `ftp`, `gopher`, `hdl`, `http`, `https`, `imap`, `mailto`, `mms`, `news`, `nntp`, `prospero`, `rsync`, `rtsp`, `rtspu`, `sftp`, `shttp`, `sip`, `sips`, `snews`, `svn`, `svn+ssh`, `telnet`, `wais`, `ws`, `wss`.
The [`urllib.parse`](#module-urllib.parse "urllib.parse: Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.") module defines functions that fall into two broad categories: URL parsing and URL quoting. These are covered in detail in the following sections.
## URL Parsing
The URL parsing functions focus on splitting a URL string into its components, or on combining URL components into a URL string.
`urllib.parse.``urlparse`(*urlstring*, *scheme=''*, *allow\_fragments=True*)Parse a URL into six components, returning a 6-item [named tuple](../glossary.xhtml#term-named-tuple). This corresponds to the general structure of a URL: `scheme://netloc/path;parameters?query#fragment`. Each tuple item is a string, possibly empty. The components are not broken up in smaller parts (for example, the network location is a single string), and % escapes are not expanded. The delimiters as shown above are not part of the result, except for a leading slash in the *path* component, which is retained if present. For example:
```
>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
>>> o = urlparse('http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
>>> o # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> o.scheme
'http'
>>> o.port
80
>>> o.geturl()
'http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html'
```
Following the syntax specifications in [**RFC 1808**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1808.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1808.html\], urlparse recognizes a netloc only if it is properly introduced by '//'. Otherwise the input is presumed to be a relative URL and thus to start with a path component.
```
>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
>>> urlparse('//www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> urlparse('www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html')
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> urlparse('help/Python.html')
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='help/Python.html', params='',
query='', fragment='')
```
The *scheme* argument gives the default addressing scheme, to be used only if the URL does not specify one. It should be the same type (text or bytes) as *urlstring*, except that the default value `''` is always allowed, and is automatically converted to `b''` if appropriate.
If the *allow\_fragments* argument is false, fragment identifiers are not recognized. Instead, they are parsed as part of the path, parameters or query component, and `fragment` is set to the empty string in the return value.
The return value is a [named tuple](../glossary.xhtml#term-named-tuple), which means that its items can be accessed by index or as named attributes, which are:
屬性
索引
值
Value if not present
`scheme`
0
URL scheme specifier
*scheme* parameter
`netloc`
1
Network location part
empty string
`path`
2
Hierarchical path
empty string
`params`
3
Parameters for last path element
empty string
`query`
4
Query component
empty string
`fragment`
5
Fragment identifier
empty string
`username`
User name
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
`password`
Password
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
`hostname`
Host name (lower case)
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
`port`
Port number as integer, if present
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
Reading the `port` attribute will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") if an invalid port is specified in the URL. See section [Structured Parse Results](#urlparse-result-object) for more information on the result object.
Unmatched square brackets in the `netloc` attribute will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError").
Characters in the `netloc` attribute that decompose under NFKC normalization (as used by the IDNA encoding) into any of `/`, `?`, `#`, `@`, or `:` will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError"). If the URL is decomposed before parsing, no error will be raised.
As is the case with all named tuples, the subclass has a few additional methods and attributes that are particularly useful. One such method is `_replace()`. The `_replace()` method will return a new ParseResult object replacing specified fields with new values.
```
>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
>>> u = urlparse('//www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
>>> u
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> u._replace(scheme='http')
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
```
在 3.2 版更改: Added IPv6 URL parsing capabilities.
在 3.3 版更改: The fragment is now parsed for all URL schemes (unless *allow\_fragment* is false), in accordance with [**RFC 3986**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html\]. Previously, a whitelist of schemes that support fragments existed.
在 3.6 版更改: Out-of-range port numbers now raise [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError"), instead of returning [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None").
在 3.7.3 版更改: Characters that affect netloc parsing under NFKC normalization will now raise [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError").
`urllib.parse.``parse_qs`(*qs*, *keep\_blank\_values=False*, *strict\_parsing=False*, *encoding='utf-8'*, *errors='replace'*, *max\_num\_fields=None*)Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type *application/x-www-form-urlencoded*). Data are returned as a dictionary. The dictionary keys are the unique query variable names and the values are lists of values for each name.
The optional argument *keep\_blank\_values* is a flag indicating whether blank values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were not included.
The optional argument *strict\_parsing* is a flag indicating what to do with parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true, errors raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") exception.
The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to decode percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the [`bytes.decode()`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes.decode "bytes.decode") method.
The optional argument *max\_num\_fields* is the maximum number of fields to read. If set, then throws a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") if there are more than *max\_num\_fields* fields read.
Use the [`urllib.parse.urlencode()`](#urllib.parse.urlencode "urllib.parse.urlencode") function (with the `doseq`parameter set to `True`) to convert such dictionaries into query strings.
在 3.2 版更改: Add *encoding* and *errors* parameters.
在 3.7.2 版更改: Added *max\_num\_fields* parameter.
`urllib.parse.``parse_qsl`(*qs*, *keep\_blank\_values=False*, *strict\_parsing=False*, *encoding='utf-8'*, *errors='replace'*, *max\_num\_fields=None*)Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type *application/x-www-form-urlencoded*). Data are returned as a list of name, value pairs.
The optional argument *keep\_blank\_values* is a flag indicating whether blank values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were not included.
The optional argument *strict\_parsing* is a flag indicating what to do with parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true, errors raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") exception.
The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to decode percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the [`bytes.decode()`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes.decode "bytes.decode") method.
The optional argument *max\_num\_fields* is the maximum number of fields to read. If set, then throws a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") if there are more than *max\_num\_fields* fields read.
Use the [`urllib.parse.urlencode()`](#urllib.parse.urlencode "urllib.parse.urlencode") function to convert such lists of pairs into query strings.
在 3.2 版更改: Add *encoding* and *errors* parameters.
在 3.7.2 版更改: Added *max\_num\_fields* parameter.
`urllib.parse.``urlunparse`(*parts*)Construct a URL from a tuple as returned by `urlparse()`. The *parts*argument can be any six-item iterable. This may result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a `?` with an empty query; the RFC states that these are equivalent).
`urllib.parse.``urlsplit`(*urlstring*, *scheme=''*, *allow\_fragments=True*)This is similar to [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse"), but does not split the params from the URL. This should generally be used instead of [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse") if the more recent URL syntax allowing parameters to be applied to each segment of the *path* portion of the URL (see [**RFC 2396**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html\]) is wanted. A separate function is needed to separate the path segments and parameters. This function returns a 5-item [named tuple](../glossary.xhtml#term-named-tuple):
```
(addressing scheme, network location, path, query, fragment identifier).
```
The return value is a [named tuple](../glossary.xhtml#term-named-tuple), its items can be accessed by index or as named attributes:
屬性
索引
值
Value if not present
`scheme`
0
URL scheme specifier
*scheme* parameter
`netloc`
1
Network location part
empty string
`path`
2
Hierarchical path
empty string
`query`
3
Query component
empty string
`fragment`
4
Fragment identifier
empty string
`username`
User name
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
`password`
Password
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
`hostname`
Host name (lower case)
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
`port`
Port number as integer, if present
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
Reading the `port` attribute will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") if an invalid port is specified in the URL. See section [Structured Parse Results](#urlparse-result-object) for more information on the result object.
Unmatched square brackets in the `netloc` attribute will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError").
Characters in the `netloc` attribute that decompose under NFKC normalization (as used by the IDNA encoding) into any of `/`, `?`, `#`, `@`, or `:` will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError"). If the URL is decomposed before parsing, no error will be raised.
在 3.6 版更改: Out-of-range port numbers now raise [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError"), instead of returning [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None").
在 3.7.3 版更改: Characters that affect netloc parsing under NFKC normalization will now raise [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError").
`urllib.parse.``urlunsplit`(*parts*)Combine the elements of a tuple as returned by [`urlsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlsplit "urllib.parse.urlsplit") into a complete URL as a string. The *parts* argument can be any five-item iterable. This may result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ? with an empty query; the RFC states that these are equivalent).
`urllib.parse.``urljoin`(*base*, *url*, *allow\_fragments=True*)Construct a full ("absolute") URL by combining a "base URL" (*base*) with another URL (*url*). Informally, this uses components of the base URL, in particular the addressing scheme, the network location and (part of) the path, to provide missing components in the relative URL. For example:
```
>>> from urllib.parse import urljoin
>>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html', 'FAQ.html')
'http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/FAQ.html'
```
The *allow\_fragments* argument has the same meaning and default as for [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse").
注解
If *url* is an absolute URL (that is, starting with `//` or `scheme://`), the *url*'s host name and/or scheme will be present in the result. For example:
```
>>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
... '//www.python.org/%7Eguido')
'http://www.python.org/%7Eguido'
```
If you do not want that behavior, preprocess the *url* with [`urlsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlsplit "urllib.parse.urlsplit") and [`urlunsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlunsplit "urllib.parse.urlunsplit"), removing possible *scheme* and *netloc* parts.
在 3.5 版更改: Behaviour updated to match the semantics defined in [**RFC 3986**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html\].
`urllib.parse.``urldefrag`(*url*)If *url* contains a fragment identifier, return a modified version of *url*with no fragment identifier, and the fragment identifier as a separate string. If there is no fragment identifier in *url*, return *url* unmodified and an empty string.
The return value is a [named tuple](../glossary.xhtml#term-named-tuple), its items can be accessed by index or as named attributes:
屬性
索引
值
Value if not present
`url`
0
URL with no fragment
empty string
`fragment`
1
Fragment identifier
empty string
See section [Structured Parse Results](#urlparse-result-object) for more information on the result object.
在 3.2 版更改: Result is a structured object rather than a simple 2-tuple.
## Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes
The URL parsing functions were originally designed to operate on character strings only. In practice, it is useful to be able to manipulate properly quoted and encoded URLs as sequences of ASCII bytes. Accordingly, the URL parsing functions in this module all operate on [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") and [`bytearray`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytearray "bytearray") objects in addition to [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") objects.
If [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") data is passed in, the result will also contain only [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") data. If [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") or [`bytearray`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytearray "bytearray") data is passed in, the result will contain only [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") data.
Attempting to mix [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") data with [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") or [`bytearray`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytearray "bytearray") in a single function call will result in a [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError") being raised, while attempting to pass in non-ASCII byte values will trigger [`UnicodeDecodeError`](exceptions.xhtml#UnicodeDecodeError "UnicodeDecodeError").
To support easier conversion of result objects between [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") and [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes"), all return values from URL parsing functions provide either an `encode()` method (when the result contains [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str")data) or a `decode()` method (when the result contains [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes")data). The signatures of these methods match those of the corresponding [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") and [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") methods (except that the default encoding is `'ascii'` rather than `'utf-8'`). Each produces a value of a corresponding type that contains either [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") data (for `encode()` methods) or [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") data (for `decode()` methods).
Applications that need to operate on potentially improperly quoted URLs that may contain non-ASCII data will need to do their own decoding from bytes to characters before invoking the URL parsing methods.
The behaviour described in this section applies only to the URL parsing functions. The URL quoting functions use their own rules when producing or consuming byte sequences as detailed in the documentation of the individual URL quoting functions.
在 3.2 版更改: URL parsing functions now accept ASCII encoded byte sequences
## Structured Parse Results
The result objects from the [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse"), [`urlsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlsplit "urllib.parse.urlsplit") and [`urldefrag()`](#urllib.parse.urldefrag "urllib.parse.urldefrag") functions are subclasses of the [`tuple`](stdtypes.xhtml#tuple "tuple") type. These subclasses add the attributes listed in the documentation for those functions, the encoding and decoding support described in the previous section, as well as an additional method:
`urllib.parse.SplitResult.``geturl`()Return the re-combined version of the original URL as a string. This may differ from the original URL in that the scheme may be normalized to lower case and empty components may be dropped. Specifically, empty parameters, queries, and fragment identifiers will be removed.
For [`urldefrag()`](#urllib.parse.urldefrag "urllib.parse.urldefrag") results, only empty fragment identifiers will be removed. For [`urlsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlsplit "urllib.parse.urlsplit") and [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse") results, all noted changes will be made to the URL returned by this method.
The result of this method remains unchanged if passed back through the original parsing function:
```
>>> from urllib.parse import urlsplit
>>> url = 'HTTP://www.Python.org/doc/#'
>>> r1 = urlsplit(url)
>>> r1.geturl()
'http://www.Python.org/doc/'
>>> r2 = urlsplit(r1.geturl())
>>> r2.geturl()
'http://www.Python.org/doc/'
```
The following classes provide the implementations of the structured parse results when operating on [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") objects:
*class* `urllib.parse.``DefragResult`(*url*, *fragment*)Concrete class for [`urldefrag()`](#urllib.parse.urldefrag "urllib.parse.urldefrag") results containing [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str")data. The `encode()` method returns a [`DefragResultBytes`](#urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes "urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes")instance.
3\.2 新版功能.
*class* `urllib.parse.``ParseResult`(*scheme*, *netloc*, *path*, *params*, *query*, *fragment*)Concrete class for [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse") results containing [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str")data. The `encode()` method returns a [`ParseResultBytes`](#urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes "urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes")instance.
*class* `urllib.parse.``SplitResult`(*scheme*, *netloc*, *path*, *query*, *fragment*)Concrete class for [`urlsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlsplit "urllib.parse.urlsplit") results containing [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str")data. The `encode()` method returns a [`SplitResultBytes`](#urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes "urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes")instance.
The following classes provide the implementations of the parse results when operating on [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") or [`bytearray`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytearray "bytearray") objects:
*class* `urllib.parse.``DefragResultBytes`(*url*, *fragment*)Concrete class for [`urldefrag()`](#urllib.parse.urldefrag "urllib.parse.urldefrag") results containing [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes")data. The `decode()` method returns a [`DefragResult`](#urllib.parse.DefragResult "urllib.parse.DefragResult")instance.
3\.2 新版功能.
*class* `urllib.parse.``ParseResultBytes`(*scheme*, *netloc*, *path*, *params*, *query*, *fragment*)Concrete class for [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse") results containing [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes")data. The `decode()` method returns a [`ParseResult`](#urllib.parse.ParseResult "urllib.parse.ParseResult")instance.
3\.2 新版功能.
*class* `urllib.parse.``SplitResultBytes`(*scheme*, *netloc*, *path*, *query*, *fragment*)Concrete class for [`urlsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlsplit "urllib.parse.urlsplit") results containing [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes")data. The `decode()` method returns a [`SplitResult`](#urllib.parse.SplitResult "urllib.parse.SplitResult")instance.
3\.2 新版功能.
## URL Quoting
The URL quoting functions focus on taking program data and making it safe for use as URL components by quoting special characters and appropriately encoding non-ASCII text. They also support reversing these operations to recreate the original data from the contents of a URL component if that task isn't already covered by the URL parsing functions above.
`urllib.parse.``quote`(*string*, *safe='/'*, *encoding=None*, *errors=None*)Replace special characters in *string* using the `%xx` escape. Letters, digits, and the characters `'_.-~'` are never quoted. By default, this function is intended for quoting the path section of URL. The optional *safe*parameter specifies additional ASCII characters that should not be quoted --- its default value is `'/'`.
*string* may be either a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") or a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes").
在 3.7 版更改: Moved from [**RFC 2396**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html\] to [**RFC 3986**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html\] for quoting URL strings. "~" is now included in the set of reserved characters.
The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to deal with non-ASCII characters, as accepted by the [`str.encode()`](stdtypes.xhtml#str.encode "str.encode") method. *encoding* defaults to `'utf-8'`. *errors* defaults to `'strict'`, meaning unsupported characters raise a [`UnicodeEncodeError`](exceptions.xhtml#UnicodeEncodeError "UnicodeEncodeError"). *encoding* and *errors* must not be supplied if *string* is a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes"), or a [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError") is raised.
Note that `quote(string, safe, encoding, errors)` is equivalent to `quote_from_bytes(string.encode(encoding, errors), safe)`.
Example: `quote('/El Ni?o/')` yields `'/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/'`.
`urllib.parse.``quote_plus`(*string*, *safe=''*, *encoding=None*, *errors=None*)Like [`quote()`](#urllib.parse.quote "urllib.parse.quote"), but also replace spaces by plus signs, as required for quoting HTML form values when building up a query string to go into a URL. Plus signs in the original string are escaped unless they are included in *safe*. It also does not have *safe* default to `'/'`.
Example: `quote_plus('/El Ni?o/')` yields `'%2FEl+Ni%C3%B1o%2F'`.
`urllib.parse.``quote_from_bytes`(*bytes*, *safe='/'*)Like [`quote()`](#urllib.parse.quote "urllib.parse.quote"), but accepts a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object rather than a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str"), and does not perform string-to-bytes encoding.
Example: `quote_from_bytes(b'a&\xef')` yields `'a%26%EF'`.
`urllib.parse.``unquote`(*string*, *encoding='utf-8'*, *errors='replace'*)Replace `%xx` escapes by their single-character equivalent. The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to decode percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the [`bytes.decode()`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes.decode "bytes.decode") method.
*string* must be a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str").
*encoding* defaults to `'utf-8'`. *errors* defaults to `'replace'`, meaning invalid sequences are replaced by a placeholder character.
Example: `unquote('/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/')` yields `'/El Ni?o/'`.
`urllib.parse.``unquote_plus`(*string*, *encoding='utf-8'*, *errors='replace'*)Like [`unquote()`](#urllib.parse.unquote "urllib.parse.unquote"), but also replace plus signs by spaces, as required for unquoting HTML form values.
*string* must be a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str").
Example: `unquote_plus('/El+Ni%C3%B1o/')` yields `'/El Ni?o/'`.
`urllib.parse.``unquote_to_bytes`(*string*)Replace `%xx` escapes by their single-octet equivalent, and return a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object.
*string* may be either a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") or a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes").
If it is a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str"), unescaped non-ASCII characters in *string*are encoded into UTF-8 bytes.
Example: `unquote_to_bytes('a%26%EF')` yields `b'a&\xef'`.
`urllib.parse.``urlencode`(*query*, *doseq=False*, *safe=''*, *encoding=None*, *errors=None*, *quote\_via=quote\_plus*)Convert a mapping object or a sequence of two-element tuples, which may contain [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") or [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") objects, to a percent-encoded ASCII text string. If the resultant string is to be used as a *data* for POST operation with the [`urlopen()`](urllib.request.xhtml#urllib.request.urlopen "urllib.request.urlopen") function, then it should be encoded to bytes, otherwise it would result in a [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError").
The resulting string is a series of `key=value` pairs separated by `'&'`characters, where both *key* and *value* are quoted using the *quote\_via*function. By default, [`quote_plus()`](#urllib.parse.quote_plus "urllib.parse.quote_plus") is used to quote the values, which means spaces are quoted as a `'+'` character and '/' characters are encoded as `%2F`, which follows the standard for GET requests (`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`). An alternate function that can be passed as *quote\_via* is [`quote()`](#urllib.parse.quote "urllib.parse.quote"), which will encode spaces as `%20`and not encode '/' characters. For maximum control of what is quoted, use `quote` and specify a value for *safe*.
When a sequence of two-element tuples is used as the *query*argument, the first element of each tuple is a key and the second is a value. The value element in itself can be a sequence and in that case, if the optional parameter *doseq* is evaluates to `True`, individual `key=value` pairs separated by `'&'` are generated for each element of the value sequence for the key. The order of parameters in the encoded string will match the order of parameter tuples in the sequence.
The *safe*, *encoding*, and *errors* parameters are passed down to *quote\_via* (the *encoding* and *errors* parameters are only passed when a query element is a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str")).
To reverse this encoding process, [`parse_qs()`](#urllib.parse.parse_qs "urllib.parse.parse_qs") and [`parse_qsl()`](#urllib.parse.parse_qsl "urllib.parse.parse_qsl") are provided in this module to parse query strings into Python data structures.
Refer to [urllib examples](urllib.request.xhtml#urllib-examples) to find out how urlencode method can be used for generating query string for a URL or data for POST.
在 3.2 版更改: Query parameter supports bytes and string objects.
3\.5 新版功能: *quote\_via* parameter.
參見
[**RFC 3986**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html\] - Uniform Resource IdentifiersThis is the current standard (STD66). Any changes to urllib.parse module should conform to this. Certain deviations could be observed, which are mostly for backward compatibility purposes and for certain de-facto parsing requirements as commonly observed in major browsers.
[**RFC 2732**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2732.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2732.html\] - Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's.This specifies the parsing requirements of IPv6 URLs.
[**RFC 2396**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html\] - Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic SyntaxDocument describing the generic syntactic requirements for both Uniform Resource Names (URNs) and Uniform Resource Locators (URLs).
[**RFC 2368**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2368.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2368.html\] - The mailto URL scheme.Parsing requirements for mailto URL schemes.
[**RFC 1808**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1808.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1808.html\] - Relative Uniform Resource LocatorsThis Request For Comments includes the rules for joining an absolute and a relative URL, including a fair number of "Abnormal Examples" which govern the treatment of border cases.
[**RFC 1738**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1738.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1738.html\] - Uniform Resource Locators (URL)This specifies the formal syntax and semantics of absolute URLs.
### 導航
- [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄")
- [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") |
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- [Python](https://www.python.org/) ?
- zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ?
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- [互聯網協議和支持](internet.xhtml) ?
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Python 軟件基金會是一個非盈利組織。 [請捐助。](https://www.python.org/psf/donations/)
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- Python文檔內容
- Python 有什么新變化？
- Python 3.7 有什么新變化
- 摘要 - 發布重點
- 新的特性
- 其他語言特性修改
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- C API 的改變
- 構建的改變
- 性能優化
- 其他 CPython 實現的改變
- 已棄用的 Python 行為
- 已棄用的 Python 模塊、函數和方法
- 已棄用的 C API 函數和類型
- 平臺支持的移除
- API 與特性的移除
- 移除的模塊
- Windows 專屬的改變
- 移植到 Python 3.7
- Python 3.7.1 中的重要變化
- Python 3.7.2 中的重要變化
- Python 3.6 有什么新變化A
- 摘要 - 發布重點
- 新的特性
- 其他語言特性修改
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- 性能優化
- Build and C API Changes
- 其他改進
- 棄用
- 移除
- 移植到Python 3.6
- Python 3.6.2 中的重要變化
- Python 3.6.4 中的重要變化
- Python 3.6.5 中的重要變化
- Python 3.6.7 中的重要變化
- Python 3.5 有什么新變化
- 摘要 - 發布重點
- 新的特性
- 其他語言特性修改
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- Other module-level changes
- 性能優化
- Build and C API Changes
- 棄用
- 移除
- Porting to Python 3.5
- Notable changes in Python 3.5.4
- What's New In Python 3.4
- 摘要 - 發布重點
- 新的特性
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- CPython Implementation Changes
- 棄用
- 移除
- Porting to Python 3.4
- Changed in 3.4.3
- What's New In Python 3.3
- 摘要 - 發布重點
- PEP 405: Virtual Environments
- PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages
- PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation
- PEP 393: Flexible String Representation
- PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows
- PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
- PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator
- PEP 409: Suppressing exception context
- PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals
- PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions
- PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary
- PEP 362: Function Signature Object
- PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation
- Using importlib as the Implementation of Import
- 其他語言特性修改
- A Finer-Grained Import Lock
- Builtin functions and types
- 新增模塊
- 改進的模塊
- 性能優化
- Build and C API Changes
- 棄用
- Porting to Python 3.3
- What's New In Python 3.2
- PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI
- PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module
- PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging
- PEP 3148: The concurrent.futures module
- PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories
- PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files
- PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- 多線程
- 性能優化
- Unicode
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- Porting to Python 3.2
- What's New In Python 3.1
- PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- 性能優化
- IDLE
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 3.1
- What's New In Python 3.0
- Common Stumbling Blocks
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- Changes Already Present In Python 2.6
- Library Changes
- PEP 3101: A New Approach To String Formatting
- Changes To Exceptions
- Miscellaneous Other Changes
- Build and C API Changes
- 性能
- Porting To Python 3.0
- What's New in Python 2.7
- The Future for Python 2.x
- Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- 其他語言特性修改
- New and Improved Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
- Acknowledgements
- Python 2.6 有什么新變化
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The 'with' statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user site-packages Directory
- PEP 371: The multiprocessing Package
- PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105: print As a Function
- PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- 其他語言特性修改
- New and Improved Modules
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.6
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.5
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343: The 'with' statement
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The 'index' method
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.4
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.3
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279: enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- 其他語言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.2
- 概述
- PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
- PEP 234: Iterators
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator
- Unicode Changes
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- New and Improved Modules
- Interpreter Changes and Fixes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.1
- 概述
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: future Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.0
- 概述
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- 列表推導式
- Augmented Assignment
- 字符串的方法
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML Modules
- Module changes
- New modules
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- Acknowledgements
- 更新日志
- Python 下一版
- Python 3.7.3 最終版
- Python 3.7.3 發布候選版 1
- Python 3.7.2 最終版
- Python 3.7.2 發布候選版 1
- Python 3.7.1 最終版
- Python 3.7.1 RC 2版本
- Python 3.7.1 發布候選版 1
- Python 3.7.0 正式版
- Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.7.0 beta 5
- Python 3.7.0 beta 4
- Python 3.7.0 beta 3
- Python 3.7.0 beta 2
- Python 3.7.0 beta 1
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.6.6 final
- Python 3.6.6 RC 1
- Python 3.6.5 final
- Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.4 final
- Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.3 final
- Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.2 final
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.1 final
- Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 final
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 beta 4
- Python 3.6.0 beta 3
- Python 3.6.0 beta 2
- Python 3.6.0 beta 1
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.5.5 final
- Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.4 final
- Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.3 final
- Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.2 final
- Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.1 final
- Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 final
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 beta 4
- Python 3.5.0 beta 3
- Python 3.5.0 beta 2
- Python 3.5.0 beta 1
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 1
- Python 教程
- 課前甜點
- 使用 Python 解釋器
- 調用解釋器
- 解釋器的運行環境
- Python 的非正式介紹
- Python 作為計算器使用
- 走向編程的第一步
- 其他流程控制工具
- if 語句
- for 語句
- range() 函數
- break 和 continue 語句，以及循環中的 else 子句
- pass 語句
- 定義函數
- 函數定義的更多形式
- 小插曲：編碼風格
- 數據結構
- 列表的更多特性
- del 語句
- 元組和序列
- 集合
- 字典
- 循環的技巧
- 深入條件控制
- 序列和其它類型的比較
- 模塊
- 有關模塊的更多信息
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- dir() 函數
- 包
- 輸入輸出
- 更漂亮的輸出格式
- 讀寫文件
- 錯誤和異常
- 語法錯誤
- 異常
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- 拋出異常
- 用戶自定義異常
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- 類
- 名稱和對象
- Python 作用域和命名空間
- 初探類
- 補充說明
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- 標準庫簡介
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- 字符串模式匹配
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- 日期和時間
- 數據壓縮
- 性能測量
- 質量控制
- 自帶電池
- 標準庫簡介 —— 第二部分
- 格式化輸出
- 模板
- 使用二進制數據記錄格式
- 多線程
- 日志
- 弱引用
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- 十進制浮點運算
- 虛擬環境和包
- 概述
- 創建虛擬環境
- 使用pip管理包
- 接下來？
- 交互式編輯和編輯歷史
- Tab 補全和編輯歷史
- 默認交互式解釋器的替代品
- 浮點算術：爭議和限制
- 表示性錯誤
- 附錄
- 交互模式
- 安裝和使用 Python
- 命令行與環境
- 命令行
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- 在Unix平臺中使用Python
- 獲取最新版本的Python
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- 與Python相關的路徑和文件
- 雜項
- 編輯器和集成開發環境
- 在Windows上使用 Python
- 完整安裝程序
- Microsoft Store包
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- 可嵌入的包
- 替代捆綁包
- 配置Python
- 適用于Windows的Python啟動器
- 查找模塊
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- 在Windows上編譯Python
- 其他平臺
- 在蘋果系統上使用 Python
- 獲取和安裝 MacPython
- IDE
- 安裝額外的 Python 包
- Mac 上的圖形界面編程
- 在 Mac 上分發 Python 應用程序
- 其他資源
- Python 語言參考
- 概述
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- 標注
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- 行結構
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- 標識符和關鍵字
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- 數據模型
- 對象、值與類型
- 標準類型層級結構
- 特殊方法名稱
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- 程序的結構
- 命名與綁定
- 異常
- 導入系統
- importlib
- 包
- 搜索
- 加載
- 基于路徑的查找器
- 替換標準導入系統
- Package Relative Imports
- 有關 main 的特殊事項
- 開放問題項
- 參考文獻
- 表達式
- 算術轉換
- 原子
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- await 表達式
- 冪運算符
- 一元算術和位運算
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- 移位運算
- 二元位運算
- 比較運算
- 布爾運算
- 條件表達式
- lambda 表達式
- 表達式列表
- 求值順序
- 運算符優先級
- 簡單語句
- 表達式語句
- 賦值語句
- assert 語句
- pass 語句
- del 語句
- return 語句
- yield 語句
- raise 語句
- break 語句
- continue 語句
- import 語句
- global 語句
- nonlocal 語句
- 復合語句
- if 語句
- while 語句
- for 語句
- try 語句
- with 語句
- 函數定義
- 類定義
- 協程
- 最高層級組件
- 完整的 Python 程序
- 文件輸入
- 交互式輸入
- 表達式輸入
- 完整的語法規范
- Python 標準庫
- 概述
- 可用性注釋
- 內置函數
- 內置常量
- 由 site 模塊添加的常量
- 內置類型
- 邏輯值檢測
- 布爾運算 — and, or, not
- 比較
- 數字類型 — int, float, complex
- 迭代器類型
- 序列類型 — list, tuple, range
- 文本序列類型 — str
- 二進制序列類型 — bytes, bytearray, memoryview
- 集合類型 — set, frozenset
- 映射類型 — dict
- 上下文管理器類型
- 其他內置類型
- 特殊屬性
- 內置異常
- 基類
- 具體異常
- 警告
- 異常層次結構
- 文本處理服務
- string — 常見的字符串操作
- re — 正則表達式操作
- 模塊 difflib 是一個計算差異的助手
- textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
- unicodedata — Unicode 數據庫
- stringprep — Internet String Preparation
- readline — GNU readline interface
- rlcompleter — GNU readline的完成函數
- 二進制數據服務
- struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
- codecs — Codec registry and base classes
- 數據類型
- datetime — 基礎日期/時間數據類型
- calendar — General calendar-related functions
- collections — 容器數據類型
- collections.abc — 容器的抽象基類
- heapq — 堆隊列算法
- bisect — Array bisection algorithm
- array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
- weakref — 弱引用
- types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
- copy — 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 復制操作
- pprint — 數據美化輸出
- reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
- enum — Support for enumerations
- 數字和數學模塊
- numbers — 數字的抽象基類
- math — 數學函數
- cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
- decimal — 十進制定點和浮點運算
- fractions — 分數
- random — 生成偽隨機數
- statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
- 函數式編程模塊
- itertools — 為高效循環而創建迭代器的函數
- functools — 高階函數和可調用對象上的操作
- operator — 標準運算符替代函數
- 文件和目錄訪問
- pathlib — 面向對象的文件系統路徑
- os.path — 常見路徑操作
- fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- stat — Interpreting stat() results
- filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
- tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
- glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
- linecache — Random access to text lines
- shutil — High-level file operations
- macpath — Mac OS 9 路徑操作函數
- 數據持久化
- pickle —— Python 對象序列化
- copyreg — Register pickle support functions
- shelve — Python object persistence
- marshal — Internal Python object serialization
- dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
- sqlite3 — SQLite 數據庫 DB-API 2.0 接口模塊
- 數據壓縮和存檔
- zlib — 與 gzip 兼容的壓縮
- gzip — 對 gzip 格式的支持
- bz2 — 對 bzip2 壓縮算法的支持
- lzma — 用 LZMA 算法壓縮
- zipfile — 在 ZIP 歸檔中工作
- tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
- 文件格式
- csv — CSV 文件讀寫
- configparser — Configuration file parser
- netrc — netrc file processing
- xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
- plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
- 加密服務
- hashlib — 安全哈希與消息摘要
- hmac — 基于密鑰的消息驗證
- secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
- 通用操作系統服務
- os — 操作系統接口模塊
- io — 處理流的核心工具
- time — 時間的訪問和轉換
- argparse — 命令行選項、參數和子命令解析器
- getopt — C-style parser for command line options
- 模塊 logging — Python 的日志記錄工具
- logging.config — 日志記錄配置
- logging.handlers — Logging handlers
- getpass — 便攜式密碼輸入工具
- curses — 終端字符單元顯示的處理
- curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
- curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
- curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
- platform — Access to underlying platform's identifying data
- errno — Standard errno system symbols
- ctypes — Python 的外部函數庫
- 并發執行
- threading — 基于線程的并行
- multiprocessing — 基于進程的并行
- concurrent 包
- concurrent.futures — 啟動并行任務
- subprocess — 子進程管理
- sched — 事件調度器
- queue — 一個同步的隊列類
- _thread — 底層多線程 API
- _dummy_thread — _thread 的替代模塊
- dummy_threading — 可直接替代 threading 模塊。
- contextvars — Context Variables
- Context Variables
- Manual Context Management
- asyncio support
- 網絡和進程間通信
- asyncio — 異步 I/O
- socket — 底層網絡接口
- ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
- select — Waiting for I/O completion
- selectors — 高級 I/O 復用庫
- asyncore — 異步socket處理器
- asynchat — 異步 socket 指令/響應 處理器
- signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
- mmap — Memory-mapped file support
- 互聯網數據處理
- email — 電子郵件與 MIME 處理包
- json — JSON 編碼和解碼器
- mailcap — Mailcap file handling
- mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
- mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
- base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 數據編碼
- binhex — 對binhex4文件進行編碼和解碼
- binascii — 二進制和 ASCII 碼互轉
- quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
- 結構化標記處理工具
- html — 超文本標記語言支持
- html.parser — 簡單的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器
- html.entities — HTML 一般實體的定義
- XML處理模塊
- xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
- xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
- xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
- xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
- xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
- xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
- xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
- xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
- xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 互聯網協議和支持
- webbrowser — 方便的Web瀏覽器控制器
- cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
- cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
- urllib — URL 處理模塊
- urllib.request — 用于打開 URL 的可擴展庫
- urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
- urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
- urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
- http — HTTP 模塊
- http.client — HTTP協議客戶端
- ftplib — FTP protocol client
- poplib — POP3 protocol client
- imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
- nntplib — NNTP protocol client
- smtplib —SMTP協議客戶端
- smtpd — SMTP Server
- telnetlib — Telnet client
- uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
- socketserver — A framework for network servers
- http.server — HTTP 服務器
- http.cookies — HTTP state management
- http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
- xmlrpc — XMLRPC 服務端與客戶端模塊
- xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
- xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
- ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- 多媒體服務
- audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
- aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- sunau — 讀寫 Sun AU 文件
- wave — 讀寫WAV格式文件
- chunk — Read IFF chunked data
- colorsys — Conversions between color systems
- imghdr — 推測圖像類型
- sndhdr — 推測聲音文件的類型
- ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 國際化
- gettext — 多語種國際化服務
- locale — 國際化服務
- 程序框架
- turtle — 海龜繪圖
- cmd — 支持面向行的命令解釋器
- shlex — Simple lexical analysis
- Tk圖形用戶界面(GUI)
- tkinter — Tcl/Tk的Python接口
- tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
- tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
- tkinter.scrolledtext — 滾動文字控件
- IDLE
- 其他圖形用戶界面（GUI）包
- 開發工具
- typing — 類型標注支持
- pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
- doctest — Test interactive Python examples
- unittest — 單元測試框架
- unittest.mock — mock object library
- unittest.mock 上手指南
- 2to3 - 自動將 Python 2 代碼轉為 Python 3 代碼
- test — Regression tests package for Python
- test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
- test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution tests
- 調試和分析
- bdb — Debugger framework
- faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
- pdb — The Python Debugger
- The Python Profilers
- timeit — 測量小代碼片段的執行時間
- trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
- tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
- 軟件打包和分發
- distutils — 構建和安裝 Python 模塊
- ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
- venv — 創建虛擬環境
- zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives
- Python運行時服務
- sys — 系統相關的參數和函數
- sysconfig — Provide access to Python's configuration information
- builtins — 內建對象
- main — 頂層腳本環境
- warnings — Warning control
- dataclasses — 數據類
- contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
- abc — 抽象基類
- atexit — 退出處理器
- traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
- future — Future 語句定義
- gc — 垃圾回收器接口
- inspect — 檢查對象
- site — Site-specific configuration hook
- 自定義 Python 解釋器
- code — Interpreter base classes
- codeop — Compile Python code
- 導入模塊
- zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
- pkgutil — Package extension utility
- modulefinder — 查找腳本使用的模塊
- runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
- importlib — The implementation of import
- Python 語言服務
- parser — Access Python parse trees
- ast — 抽象語法樹
- symtable — Access to the compiler's symbol tables
- symbol — 與 Python 解析樹一起使用的常量
- token — 與Python解析樹一起使用的常量
- keyword — 檢驗Python關鍵字
- tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
- tabnanny — 模糊縮進檢測
- pyclbr — Python class browser support
- py_compile — Compile Python source files
- compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
- dis — Python 字節碼反匯編器
- pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
- 雜項服務
- formatter — Generic output formatting
- Windows系統相關模塊
- msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
- msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- winreg — Windows 注冊表訪問
- winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
- Unix 專有服務
- posix — The most common POSIX system calls
- pwd — 用戶密碼數據庫
- spwd — The shadow password database
- grp — The group database
- crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
- termios — POSIX style tty control
- tty — 終端控制功能
- pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
- fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
- pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
- resource — Resource usage information
- nis — Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
- Unix syslog 庫例程
- 被取代的模塊
- optparse — Parser for command line options
- imp — Access the import internals
- 未創建文檔的模塊
- 平臺特定模塊
- 擴展和嵌入 Python 解釋器
- 推薦的第三方工具
- 不使用第三方工具創建擴展
- 使用 C 或 C++ 擴展 Python
- 自定義擴展類型：教程
- 定義擴展類型：已分類主題
- 構建C/C++擴展
- 在Windows平臺編譯C和C++擴展
- 在更大的應用程序中嵌入 CPython 運行時
- Embedding Python in Another Application
- Python/C API 參考手冊
- 概述
- 代碼標準
- 包含文件
- 有用的宏
- 對象、類型和引用計數
- 異常
- 嵌入Python
- 調試構建
- 穩定的應用程序二進制接口
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- 異常處理
- Printing and clearing
- 拋出異常
- Issuing warnings
- Querying the error indicator
- Signal Handling
- Exception Classes
- Exception Objects
- Unicode Exception Objects
- Recursion Control
- 標準異常
- 標準警告類別
- 工具
- 操作系統實用程序
- 系統功能
- 過程控制
- 導入模塊
- Data marshalling support
- 語句解釋及變量編譯
- 字符串轉換與格式化
- 反射
- 編解碼器注冊與支持功能
- 抽象對象層
- Object Protocol
- 數字協議
- Sequence Protocol
- Mapping Protocol
- 迭代器協議
- 緩沖協議
- Old Buffer Protocol
- 具體的對象層
- 基本對象
- 數值對象
- 序列對象
- 容器對象
- 函數對象
- 其他對象
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- 在Python初始化之前
- 全局配置變量
- Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
- Process-wide parameters
- Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
- Sub-interpreter support
- Asynchronous Notifications
- Profiling and Tracing
- Advanced Debugger Support
- Thread Local Storage Support
- 內存管理
- 概述
- 原始內存接口
- Memory Interface
- 對象分配器
- 默認內存分配器
- Customize Memory Allocators
- The pymalloc allocator
- tracemalloc C API
- 示例
- 對象實現支持
- 在堆中分配對象
- Common Object Structures
- Type 對象
- Number Object Structures
- Mapping Object Structures
- Sequence Object Structures
- Buffer Object Structures
- Async Object Structures
- 使對象類型支持循環垃圾回收
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 分發 Python 模塊
- 關鍵術語
- 開源許可與協作
- 安裝工具
- 閱讀指南
- 我該如何...？
- ...為我的項目選擇一個名字？
- ...創建和分發二進制擴展？
- 安裝 Python 模塊
- 關鍵術語
- 基本使用
- 我應如何 ...？
- ... 在 Python 3.4 之前的 Python 版本中安裝 pip ？
- ... 只為當前用戶安裝軟件包？
- ... 安裝科學計算類 Python 軟件包？
- ... 使用并行安裝的多個 Python 版本？
- 常見的安裝問題
- 在 Linux 的系統 Python 版本上安裝
- 未安裝 pip
- 安裝二進制編譯擴展
- Python 常用指引
- 將 Python 2 代碼遷移到 Python 3
- 簡要說明
- 詳情
- 將擴展模塊移植到 Python 3
- 條件編譯
- 對象API的更改
- 模塊初始化和狀態
- CObject 替換為 Capsule
- 其他選項
- Curses Programming with Python
- What is curses?
- Starting and ending a curses application
- Windows and Pads
- Displaying Text
- User Input
- For More Information
- 實現描述器
- 摘要
- 定義和簡介
- 描述器協議
- 發起調用描述符
- 描述符示例
- Properties
- 函數和方法
- Static Methods and Class Methods
- 函數式編程指引
- 概述
- 迭代器
- 生成器表達式和列表推導式
- 生成器
- 內置函數
- itertools 模塊
- The functools module
- Small functions and the lambda expression
- Revision History and Acknowledgements
- 引用文獻
- 日志 HOWTO
- 日志基礎教程
- 進階日志教程
- 日志級別
- 有用的處理程序
- 記錄日志中引發的異常
- 使用任意對象作為消息
- 優化
- 日志操作手冊
- 在多個模塊中使用日志
- 在多線程中使用日志
- 使用多個日志處理器和多種格式化
- 在多個地方記錄日志
- 日志服務器配置示例
- 處理日志處理器的阻塞
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing LogRecord
- Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example
- An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with dictConfig()
- Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with dictConfig()
- Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- 正則表達式HOWTO
- 概述
- 簡單模式
- 使用正則表達式
- 更多模式能力
- 修改字符串
- 常見問題
- 反饋
- 套接字編程指南
- 套接字
- 創建套接字
- 使用一個套接字
- 斷開連接
- 非阻塞的套接字
- 排序指南
- 基本排序
- 關鍵函數
- Operator 模塊函數
- 升序和降序
- 排序穩定性和排序復雜度
- 使用裝飾-排序-去裝飾的舊方法
- 使用 cmp 參數的舊方法
- 其它
- Unicode 指南
- Unicode 概述
- Python's Unicode Support
- Reading and Writing Unicode Data
- Acknowledgements
- 如何使用urllib包獲取網絡資源
- 概述
- Fetching URLs
- 處理異常
- info and geturl
- Openers and Handlers
- Basic Authentication
- Proxies
- Sockets and Layers
- 腳注
- Argparse 教程
- 概念
- 基礎
- 位置參數介紹
- Introducing Optional arguments
- Combining Positional and Optional arguments
- Getting a little more advanced
- Conclusion
- ipaddress模塊介紹
- 創建 Address/Network/Interface 對象
- 審查 Address/Network/Interface 對象
- Network 作為 Address 列表
- 比較
- 將IP地址與其他模塊一起使用
- 實例創建失敗時獲取更多詳細信息
- Argument Clinic How-To
- The Goals Of Argument Clinic
- Basic Concepts And Usage
- Converting Your First Function
- Advanced Topics
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 檢測CPython
- Enabling the static markers
- Static DTrace probes
- Static SystemTap markers
- Available static markers
- SystemTap Tapsets
- 示例
- Python 常見問題
- Python常見問題
- 一般信息
- 現實世界中的 Python
- 編程常見問題
- 一般問題
- 核心語言
- 數字和字符串
- 性能
- 序列（元組/列表）
- 對象
- 模塊
- 設計和歷史常見問題
- 為什么Python使用縮進來分組語句？
- 為什么簡單的算術運算得到奇怪的結果？
- 為什么浮點計算不準確？
- 為什么Python字符串是不可變的？
- 為什么必須在方法定義和調用中顯式使用“self”？
- 為什么不能在表達式中賦值？
- 為什么Python對某些功能（例如list.index()）使用方法來實現，而其他功能（例如len(List)）使用函數實現？
- 為什么 join()是一個字符串方法而不是列表或元組方法？
- 異常有多快？
- 為什么Python中沒有switch或case語句？
- 難道不能在解釋器中模擬線程，而非得依賴特定于操作系統的線程實現嗎？
- 為什么lambda表達式不能包含語句？
- 可以將Python編譯為機器代碼，C或其他語言嗎？
- Python如何管理內存？
- 為什么CPython不使用更傳統的垃圾回收方案？
- CPython退出時為什么不釋放所有內存？
- 為什么有單獨的元組和列表數據類型？
- 列表是如何在CPython中實現的？
- 字典是如何在CPython中實現的？
- 為什么字典key必須是不可變的？
- 為什么 list.sort() 沒有返回排序列表？
- 如何在Python中指定和實施接口規范？
- 為什么沒有goto？
- 為什么原始字符串（r-strings）不能以反斜杠結尾？
- 為什么Python沒有屬性賦值的“with”語句？
- 為什么 if/while/def/class語句需要冒號？
- 為什么Python在列表和元組的末尾允許使用逗號？
- 代碼庫和插件 FAQ
- 通用的代碼庫問題
- 通用任務
- 線程相關
- 輸入輸出
- 網絡 / Internet 編程
- 數據庫
- 數學和數字
- 擴展/嵌入常見問題
- 可以使用C語言中創建自己的函數嗎？
- 可以使用C++語言中創建自己的函數嗎？
- C很難寫，有沒有其他選擇？
- 如何從C執行任意Python語句？
- 如何從C中評估任意Python表達式？
- 如何從Python對象中提取C的值？
- 如何使用Py_BuildValue()創建任意長度的元組？
- 如何從C調用對象的方法？
- 如何捕獲PyErr_Print()（或打印到stdout / stderr的任何內容）的輸出？
- 如何從C訪問用Python編寫的模塊？
- 如何從Python接口到C ++對象？
- 我使用Setup文件添加了一個模塊，為什么make失敗了？
- 如何調試擴展？
- 我想在Linux系統上編譯一個Python模塊，但是缺少一些文件。為什么?
- 如何區分“輸入不完整”和“輸入無效”？
- 如何找到未定義的g++符號__builtin_new或__pure_virtual？
- 能否創建一個對象類，其中部分方法在C中實現，而其他方法在Python中實現（例如通過繼承）？
- Python在Windows上的常見問題
- 我怎樣在Windows下運行一個Python程序？
- 我怎么讓 Python 腳本可執行？
- 為什么有時候 Python 程序會啟動緩慢？
- 我怎樣使用Python腳本制作可執行文件？
- *.pyd 文件和DLL文件相同嗎？
- 我怎樣將Python嵌入一個Windows程序？
- 如何讓編輯器不要在我的 Python 源代碼中插入 tab ？
- 如何在不阻塞的情況下檢查按鍵？
- 圖形用戶界面（GUI）常見問題
- 圖形界面常見問題
- Python 是否有平臺無關的圖形界面工具包？
- 有哪些Python的GUI工具是某個平臺專用的？
- 有關Tkinter的問題
- “為什么我的電腦上安裝了 Python ？”
- 什么是Python？
- 為什么我的電腦上安裝了 Python ？
- 我能刪除 Python 嗎？
- 術語對照表
- 文檔說明
- Python 文檔貢獻者
- 解決 Bug
- 文檔錯誤
- 使用 Python 的錯誤追蹤系統
- 開始為 Python 貢獻您的知識
- 版權
- 歷史和許可證
- 軟件歷史
- 訪問Python或以其他方式使用Python的條款和條件
- Python 3.7.3 的 PSF 許可協議
- Python 2.0 的 BeOpen.com 許可協議
- Python 1.6.1 的 CNRI 許可協議
- Python 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 許可協議
- 集成軟件的許可和認可
- Mersenne Twister
- 套接字
- Asynchronous socket services
- Cookie management
- Execution tracing
- UUencode and UUdecode functions
- XML Remote Procedure Calls
- test_epoll
- Select kqueue
- SipHash24
- strtod and dtoa
- OpenSSL
- expat
- libffi
- zlib
- cfuhash
- libmpdec