### 導航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄") - [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") | - [下一頁](filesys.xhtml "文件和目錄訪問") | - [上一頁](functools.xhtml "functools --- 高階函數和可調用對象上的操作") | -  - [Python](https://www.python.org/) ? - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ? - [Python 標準庫](index.xhtml) ? - [函數式編程模塊](functional.xhtml) ? - $('.inline-search').show(0); | # [`operator`](#module-operator "operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators.") --- 標準運算符替代函數 **源代碼:** [Lib/operator.py](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/operator.py) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/operator.py\] - - - - - - [`operator`](#module-operator "operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators.") 模塊提供了一套與Python的內置運算符對應的高效率函數。例如，`operator.add(x, y)` 與表達式 `x+y` 相同。 許多函數名與特殊方法名相同，只是沒有雙下劃線。為了向后兼容性，也保留了許多包含雙下劃線的函數。為了表述清楚，建議使用沒有雙下劃線的函數。 函數包含的種類有：對象的比較運算、邏輯運算、數學運算以及序列運算。 對象比較函數適用于所有的對象，函數名根據它們對應的比較運算符命名。 `operator.``lt`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``le`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``eq`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``ne`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``ge`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``gt`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__lt__`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__le__`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__eq__`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__ne__`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__ge__`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__gt__`(*a*, *b*)在 *a* 和 *b* 之間進行全比較。具體的，`lt(a, b)` 與 `a < b` 相同， `le(a, b)` 與 `a <= b` 相同，`eq(a, b)` 與 `a == b` 相同，`ne(a, b)` 與 `a != b` 相同，`gt(a, b)` 與 `a > b` 相同，`ge(a, b)``與 ``a >= b` 相同。注意這些函數可以返回任何值，無論它是否可當作布爾值。關于全比較的更多信息請參考 [比較運算](../reference/expressions.xhtml#comparisons) 。 The logical operations are also generally applicable to all objects, and support truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations: `operator.``not_`(*obj*)`operator.``__not__`(*obj*)Return the outcome of [`not`](../reference/expressions.xhtml#not) *obj*. (Note that there is no [`__not__()`](#operator.__not__ "operator.__not__") method for object instances; only the interpreter core defines this operation. The result is affected by the [`__bool__()`](../reference/datamodel.xhtml#object.__bool__ "object.__bool__") and [`__len__()`](../reference/datamodel.xhtml#object.__len__ "object.__len__") methods.) `operator.``truth`(*obj*)Return [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True") if *obj* is true, and [`False`](constants.xhtml#False "False") otherwise. This is equivalent to using the [`bool`](functions.xhtml#bool "bool") constructor. `operator.``is_`(*a*, *b*)Return `a is b`. Tests object identity. `operator.``is_not`(*a*, *b*)Return `a is not b`. Tests object identity. The mathematical and bitwise operations are the most numerous: `operator.``abs`(*obj*)`operator.``__abs__`(*obj*)Return the absolute value of *obj*. `operator.``add`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__add__`(*a*, *b*)Return `a + b`, for *a* and *b* numbers. `operator.``and_`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__and__`(*a*, *b*)Return the bitwise and of *a* and *b*. `operator.``floordiv`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__floordiv__`(*a*, *b*)Return `a // b`. `operator.``index`(*a*)`operator.``__index__`(*a*)Return *a* converted to an integer. Equivalent to `a.__index__()`. `operator.``inv`(*obj*)`operator.``invert`(*obj*)`operator.``__inv__`(*obj*)`operator.``__invert__`(*obj*)Return the bitwise inverse of the number *obj*. This is equivalent to `~obj`. `operator.``lshift`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__lshift__`(*a*, *b*)Return *a* shifted left by *b*. `operator.``mod`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__mod__`(*a*, *b*)Return `a % b`. `operator.``mul`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__mul__`(*a*, *b*)Return `a * b`, for *a* and *b* numbers. `operator.``matmul`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__matmul__`(*a*, *b*)Return `a @ b`. 3\.5 新版功能. `operator.``neg`(*obj*)`operator.``__neg__`(*obj*)Return *obj* negated (`-obj`). `operator.``or_`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__or__`(*a*, *b*)Return the bitwise or of *a* and *b*. `operator.``pos`(*obj*)`operator.``__pos__`(*obj*)Return *obj* positive (`+obj`). `operator.``pow`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__pow__`(*a*, *b*)Return `a ** b`, for *a* and *b* numbers. `operator.``rshift`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__rshift__`(*a*, *b*)Return *a* shifted right by *b*. `operator.``sub`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__sub__`(*a*, *b*)Return `a - b`. `operator.``truediv`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__truediv__`(*a*, *b*)Return `a / b` where 2/3 is .66 rather than 0. This is also known as "true" division. `operator.``xor`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__xor__`(*a*, *b*)Return the bitwise exclusive or of *a* and *b*. Operations which work with sequences (some of them with mappings too) include: `operator.``concat`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__concat__`(*a*, *b*)Return `a + b` for *a* and *b* sequences. `operator.``contains`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__contains__`(*a*, *b*)Return the outcome of the test `b in a`. Note the reversed operands. `operator.``countOf`(*a*, *b*)Return the number of occurrences of *b* in *a*. `operator.``delitem`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__delitem__`(*a*, *b*)Remove the value of *a* at index *b*. `operator.``getitem`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__getitem__`(*a*, *b*)Return the value of *a* at index *b*. `operator.``indexOf`(*a*, *b*)Return the index of the first of occurrence of *b* in *a*. `operator.``setitem`(*a*, *b*, *c*)`operator.``__setitem__`(*a*, *b*, *c*)Set the value of *a* at index *b* to *c*. `operator.``length_hint`(*obj*, *default=0*)Return an estimated length for the object *o*. First try to return its actual length, then an estimate using [`object.__length_hint__()`](../reference/datamodel.xhtml#object.__length_hint__ "object.__length_hint__"), and finally return the default value. 3\.4 新版功能. The [`operator`](#module-operator "operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators.") module also defines tools for generalized attribute and item lookups. These are useful for making fast field extractors as arguments for [`map()`](functions.xhtml#map "map"), [`sorted()`](functions.xhtml#sorted "sorted"), [`itertools.groupby()`](itertools.xhtml#itertools.groupby "itertools.groupby"), or other functions that expect a function argument. `operator.``attrgetter`(*attr*)`operator.``attrgetter`(*\*attrs*)Return a callable object that fetches *attr* from its operand. If more than one attribute is requested, returns a tuple of attributes. The attribute names can also contain dots. For example: - After `f = attrgetter('name')`, the call `f(b)` returns `b.name`. - After `f = attrgetter('name', 'date')`, the call `f(b)` returns `(b.name, b.date)`. - After `f = attrgetter('name.first', 'name.last')`, the call `f(b)`returns `(b.name.first, b.name.last)`. 等價于: ``` def attrgetter(*items): if any(not isinstance(item, str) for item in items): raise TypeError('attribute name must be a string') if len(items) == 1: attr = items[0] def g(obj): return resolve_attr(obj, attr) else: def g(obj): return tuple(resolve_attr(obj, attr) for attr in items) return g def resolve_attr(obj, attr): for name in attr.split("."): obj = getattr(obj, name) return obj ``` `operator.``itemgetter`(*item*)`operator.``itemgetter`(*\*items*)Return a callable object that fetches *item* from its operand using the operand's [`__getitem__()`](#operator.__getitem__ "operator.__getitem__") method. If multiple items are specified, returns a tuple of lookup values. For example: - After `f = itemgetter(2)`, the call `f(r)` returns `r[2]`. - After `g = itemgetter(2, 5, 3)`, the call `g(r)` returns `(r[2], r[5], r[3])`. 等價于: ``` def itemgetter(*items): if len(items) == 1: item = items[0] def g(obj): return obj[item] else: def g(obj): return tuple(obj[item] for item in items) return g ``` The items can be any type accepted by the operand's [`__getitem__()`](#operator.__getitem__ "operator.__getitem__")method. Dictionaries accept any hashable value. Lists, tuples, and strings accept an index or a slice: ``` >>> itemgetter(1)('ABCDEFG') 'B' >>> itemgetter(1,3,5)('ABCDEFG') ('B', 'D', 'F') >>> itemgetter(slice(2,None))('ABCDEFG') 'CDEFG' ``` ``` >>> soldier = dict(rank='captain', name='dotterbart') >>> itemgetter('rank')(soldier) 'captain' ``` Example of using [`itemgetter()`](#operator.itemgetter "operator.itemgetter") to retrieve specific fields from a tuple record: ``` >>> inventory = [('apple', 3), ('banana', 2), ('pear', 5), ('orange', 1)] >>> getcount = itemgetter(1) >>> list(map(getcount, inventory)) [3, 2, 5, 1] >>> sorted(inventory, key=getcount) [('orange', 1), ('banana', 2), ('apple', 3), ('pear', 5)] ``` `operator.``methodcaller`(*name*\[, *args...*\])Return a callable object that calls the method *name* on its operand. If additional arguments and/or keyword arguments are given, they will be given to the method as well. For example: - After `f = methodcaller('name')`, the call `f(b)` returns `b.name()`. - After `f = methodcaller('name', 'foo', bar=1)`, the call `f(b)`returns `b.name('foo', bar=1)`. 等價于: ``` def methodcaller(name, *args, **kwargs): def caller(obj): return getattr(obj, name)(*args, **kwargs) return caller ``` ## Mapping Operators to Functions This table shows how abstract operations correspond to operator symbols in the Python syntax and the functions in the [`operator`](#module-operator "operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators.") module. 運算 Syntax Function Addition `a + b` `add(a, b)` Concatenation `seq1 + seq2` `concat(seq1, seq2)` Containment Test `obj in seq` `contains(seq, obj)` Division `a / b` `truediv(a, b)` Division `a // b` `floordiv(a, b)` Bitwise And `a & b` `and_(a, b)` Bitwise Exclusive Or `a ^ b` `xor(a, b)` Bitwise Inversion `~ a` `invert(a)` Bitwise Or `a | b` `or_(a, b)` Exponentiation `a ** b` `pow(a, b)` Identity `a is b` `is_(a, b)` Identity `a is not b` `is_not(a, b)` Indexed Assignment `obj[k] = v` `setitem(obj, k, v)` Indexed Deletion `del obj[k]` `delitem(obj, k)` Indexing `obj[k]` `getitem(obj, k)` Left Shift `a << b` `lshift(a, b)` Modulo `a % b` `mod(a, b)` Multiplication `a * b` `mul(a, b)` Matrix Multiplication `a @ b` `matmul(a, b)` Negation (Arithmetic) `- a` `neg(a)` Negation (Logical) `not a` `not_(a)` Positive `+ a` `pos(a)` Right Shift `a >> b` `rshift(a, b)` Slice Assignment `seq[i:j] = values` `setitem(seq, slice(i, j), values)` Slice Deletion `del seq[i:j]` `delitem(seq, slice(i, j))` Slicing `seq[i:j]` `getitem(seq, slice(i, j))` String Formatting `s % obj` `mod(s, obj)` Subtraction `a - b` `sub(a, b)` Truth Test `obj` `truth(obj)` Ordering `a < b` `lt(a, b)` Ordering `a <= b` `le(a, b)` Equality `a == b` `eq(a, b)` Difference `a != b` `ne(a, b)` Ordering `a >= b` `ge(a, b)` Ordering `a > b` `gt(a, b)` ## In-place Operators Many operations have an "in-place" version. Listed below are functions providing a more primitive access to in-place operators than the usual syntax does; for example, the [statement](../glossary.xhtml#term-statement)`x += y` is equivalent to `x = operator.iadd(x, y)`. Another way to put it is to say that `z = operator.iadd(x, y)` is equivalent to the compound statement `z = x; z += y`. In those examples, note that when an in-place method is called, the computation and assignment are performed in two separate steps. The in-place functions listed below only do the first step, calling the in-place method. The second step, assignment, is not handled. For immutable targets such as strings, numbers, and tuples, the updated value is computed, but not assigned back to the input variable: ``` >>> a = 'hello' >>> iadd(a, ' world') 'hello world' >>> a 'hello' ``` For mutable targets such as lists and dictionaries, the in-place method will perform the update, so no subsequent assignment is necessary: ``` >>> s = ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'] >>> iadd(s, [' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd']) ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd'] >>> s ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd'] ``` `operator.``iadd`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__iadd__`(*a*, *b*)`a = iadd(a, b)` is equivalent to `a += b`. `operator.``iand`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__iand__`(*a*, *b*)`a = iand(a, b)` is equivalent to `a &= b`. `operator.``iconcat`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__iconcat__`(*a*, *b*)`a = iconcat(a, b)` is equivalent to `a += b` for *a* and *b* sequences. `operator.``ifloordiv`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__ifloordiv__`(*a*, *b*)`a = ifloordiv(a, b)` is equivalent to `a //= b`. `operator.``ilshift`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__ilshift__`(*a*, *b*)`a = ilshift(a, b)` is equivalent to `a <<= b`. `operator.``imod`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__imod__`(*a*, *b*)`a = imod(a, b)` is equivalent to `a %= b`. `operator.``imul`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__imul__`(*a*, *b*)`a = imul(a, b)` is equivalent to `a *= b`. `operator.``imatmul`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__imatmul__`(*a*, *b*)`a = imatmul(a, b)` is equivalent to `a @= b`. 3\.5 新版功能. `operator.``ior`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__ior__`(*a*, *b*)`a = ior(a, b)` is equivalent to `a |= b`. `operator.``ipow`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__ipow__`(*a*, *b*)`a = ipow(a, b)` is equivalent to `a **= b`. `operator.``irshift`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__irshift__`(*a*, *b*)`a = irshift(a, b)` is equivalent to `a >>= b`. `operator.``isub`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__isub__`(*a*, *b*)`a = isub(a, b)` is equivalent to `a -= b`. `operator.``itruediv`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__itruediv__`(*a*, *b*)`a = itruediv(a, b)` is equivalent to `a /= b`. `operator.``ixor`(*a*, *b*)`operator.``__ixor__`(*a*, *b*)`a = ixor(a, b)` is equivalent to `a ^= b`. ### 導航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄") - [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") | - [下一頁](filesys.xhtml "文件和目錄訪問") | - [上一頁](functools.xhtml "functools --- 高階函數和可調用對象上的操作") | -  - [Python](https://www.python.org/) ? - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ? - [Python 標準庫](index.xhtml) ? - [函數式編程模塊](functional.xhtml) ? - $('.inline-search').show(0); | ? 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