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# [`ipaddress`](#module-ipaddress "ipaddress: IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.") --- IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
**Source code:** [Lib/ipaddress.py](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/ipaddress.py) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/ipaddress.py\]
- - - - - -
[`ipaddress`](#module-ipaddress "ipaddress: IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.") provides the capabilities to create, manipulate and operate on IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and networks.
The functions and classes in this module make it straightforward to handle various tasks related to IP addresses, including checking whether or not two hosts are on the same subnet, iterating over all hosts in a particular subnet, checking whether or not a string represents a valid IP address or network definition, and so on.
This is the full module API reference—for an overview and introduction, see [ipaddress模塊介紹](../howto/ipaddress.xhtml#ipaddress-howto).
3\.3 新版功能.
## Convenience factory functions
The [`ipaddress`](#module-ipaddress "ipaddress: IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.") module provides factory functions to conveniently create IP addresses, networks and interfaces:
`ipaddress.``ip_address`(*address*)Return an [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") or [`IPv6Address`](#ipaddress.IPv6Address "ipaddress.IPv6Address") object depending on the IP address passed as argument. Either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses may be supplied; integers less than 2\*\*32 will be considered to be IPv4 by default. A [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised if *address* does not represent a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.
```
>>> ipaddress.ip_address('192.168.0.1')
IPv4Address('192.168.0.1')
>>> ipaddress.ip_address('2001:db8::')
IPv6Address('2001:db8::')
```
`ipaddress.``ip_network`(*address*, *strict=True*)Return an [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network") or [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network") object depending on the IP address passed as argument. *address* is a string or integer representing the IP network. Either IPv4 or IPv6 networks may be supplied; integers less than 2\*\*32 will be considered to be IPv4 by default. *strict*is passed to [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network") or [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network") constructor. A [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised if *address* does not represent a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address, or if the network has host bits set.
```
>>> ipaddress.ip_network('192.168.0.0/28')
IPv4Network('192.168.0.0/28')
```
`ipaddress.``ip_interface`(*address*)Return an [`IPv4Interface`](#ipaddress.IPv4Interface "ipaddress.IPv4Interface") or [`IPv6Interface`](#ipaddress.IPv6Interface "ipaddress.IPv6Interface") object depending on the IP address passed as argument. *address* is a string or integer representing the IP address. Either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses may be supplied; integers less than 2\*\*32 will be considered to be IPv4 by default. A [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised if *address* does not represent a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.
One downside of these convenience functions is that the need to handle both IPv4 and IPv6 formats means that error messages provide minimal information on the precise error, as the functions don't know whether the IPv4 or IPv6 format was intended. More detailed error reporting can be obtained by calling the appropriate version specific class constructors directly.
## IP Addresses
### Address objects
The [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") and [`IPv6Address`](#ipaddress.IPv6Address "ipaddress.IPv6Address") objects share a lot of common attributes. Some attributes that are only meaningful for IPv6 addresses are also implemented by [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") objects, in order to make it easier to write code that handles both IP versions correctly. Address objects are [hashable](../glossary.xhtml#term-hashable), so they can be used as keys in dictionaries.
*class* `ipaddress.``IPv4Address`(*address*)Construct an IPv4 address. An [`AddressValueError`](#ipaddress.AddressValueError "ipaddress.AddressValueError") is raised if *address* is not a valid IPv4 address.
The following constitutes a valid IPv4 address:
1. A string in decimal-dot notation, consisting of four decimal integers in the inclusive range 0--255, separated by dots (e.g. `192.168.0.1`). Each integer represents an octet (byte) in the address. Leading zeroes are tolerated only for values less than 8 (as there is no ambiguity between the decimal and octal interpretations of such strings).
2. An integer that fits into 32 bits.
3. An integer packed into a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object of length 4 (most significant octet first).
```
>>> ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.168.0.1')
IPv4Address('192.168.0.1')
>>> ipaddress.IPv4Address(3232235521)
IPv4Address('192.168.0.1')
>>> ipaddress.IPv4Address(b'\xC0\xA8\x00\x01')
IPv4Address('192.168.0.1')
```
`version`The appropriate version number: `4` for IPv4, `6` for IPv6.
`max_prefixlen`The total number of bits in the address representation for this version: `32` for IPv4, `128` for IPv6.
The prefix defines the number of leading bits in an address that are compared to determine whether or not an address is part of a network.
`compressed``exploded`The string representation in dotted decimal notation. Leading zeroes are never included in the representation.
As IPv4 does not define a shorthand notation for addresses with octets set to zero, these two attributes are always the same as `str(addr)`for IPv4 addresses. Exposing these attributes makes it easier to write display code that can handle both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
`packed`The binary representation of this address - a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object of the appropriate length (most significant octet first). This is 4 bytes for IPv4 and 16 bytes for IPv6.
`reverse_pointer`The name of the reverse DNS PTR record for the IP address, e.g.:
```
>>> ipaddress.ip_address("127.0.0.1").reverse_pointer
'1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa'
>>> ipaddress.ip_address("2001:db8::1").reverse_pointer
'1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa'
```
This is the name that could be used for performing a PTR lookup, not the resolved hostname itself.
3\.5 新版功能.
`is_multicast``True` if the address is reserved for multicast use. See [**RFC 3171**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3171.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3171.html\] (for IPv4) or [**RFC 2373**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373.html\] (for IPv6).
`is_private``True` if the address is allocated for private networks. See [iana-ipv4-special-registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-special-registry/iana-ipv4-special-registry.xhtml) \[https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-special-registry/iana-ipv4-special-registry.xhtml\] (for IPv4) or [iana-ipv6-special-registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-special-registry/iana-ipv6-special-registry.xhtml) \[https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-special-registry/iana-ipv6-special-registry.xhtml\](for IPv6).
`is_global``True` if the address is allocated for public networks. See [iana-ipv4-special-registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-special-registry/iana-ipv4-special-registry.xhtml) \[https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-special-registry/iana-ipv4-special-registry.xhtml\] (for IPv4) or [iana-ipv6-special-registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-special-registry/iana-ipv6-special-registry.xhtml) \[https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-special-registry/iana-ipv6-special-registry.xhtml\](for IPv6).
3\.4 新版功能.
`is_unspecified``True` if the address is unspecified. See [**RFC 5735**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5735.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5735.html\] (for IPv4) or [**RFC 2373**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373.html\] (for IPv6).
`is_reserved``True` if the address is otherwise IETF reserved.
`is_loopback``True` if this is a loopback address. See [**RFC 3330**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3330.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3330.html\] (for IPv4) or [**RFC 2373**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373.html\] (for IPv6).
`is_link_local``True` if the address is reserved for link-local usage. See [**RFC 3927**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3927.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3927.html\].
*class* `ipaddress.``IPv6Address`(*address*)Construct an IPv6 address. An [`AddressValueError`](#ipaddress.AddressValueError "ipaddress.AddressValueError") is raised if *address* is not a valid IPv6 address.
The following constitutes a valid IPv6 address:
1. A string consisting of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits. The groups are separated by colons. This describes an *exploded* (longhand) notation. The string can also be *compressed* (shorthand notation) by various means. See [**RFC 4291**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4291.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4291.html\] for details. For example, `"0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0abc:0007:0def"` can be compressed to `"::abc:7:def"`.
2. An integer that fits into 128 bits.
3. An integer packed into a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object of length 16, big-endian.
```
>>> ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:db8::1000')
IPv6Address('2001:db8::1000')
```
`compressed`The short form of the address representation, with leading zeroes in groups omitted and the longest sequence of groups consisting entirely of zeroes collapsed to a single empty group.
This is also the value returned by `str(addr)` for IPv6 addresses.
`exploded`The long form of the address representation, with all leading zeroes and groups consisting entirely of zeroes included.
For the following attributes, see the corresponding documentation of the [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") class:
`packed``reverse_pointer``version``max_prefixlen``is_multicast``is_private``is_global``is_unspecified``is_reserved``is_loopback``is_link_local`3\.4 新版功能: is\_global
`is_site_local``True` if the address is reserved for site-local usage. Note that the site-local address space has been deprecated by [**RFC 3879**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3879.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3879.html\]. Use [`is_private`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address.is_private "ipaddress.IPv4Address.is_private") to test if this address is in the space of unique local addresses as defined by [**RFC 4193**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4193.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4193.html\].
`ipv4_mapped`For addresses that appear to be IPv4 mapped addresses (starting with `::FFFF/96`), this property will report the embedded IPv4 address. For any other address, this property will be `None`.
`sixtofour`For addresses that appear to be 6to4 addresses (starting with `2002::/16`) as defined by [**RFC 3056**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3056.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3056.html\], this property will report the embedded IPv4 address. For any other address, this property will be `None`.
`teredo`For addresses that appear to be Teredo addresses (starting with `2001::/32`) as defined by [**RFC 4380**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4380.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4380.html\], this property will report the embedded `(server, client)` IP address pair. For any other address, this property will be `None`.
### Conversion to Strings and Integers
To interoperate with networking interfaces such as the socket module, addresses must be converted to strings or integers. This is handled using the [`str()`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") and [`int()`](functions.xhtml#int "int") builtin functions:
```
>>> str(ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.168.0.1'))
'192.168.0.1'
>>> int(ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.168.0.1'))
3232235521
>>> str(ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1'))
'::1'
>>> int(ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1'))
1
```
### 運算符
Address objects support some operators. Unless stated otherwise, operators can only be applied between compatible objects (i.e. IPv4 with IPv4, IPv6 with IPv6).
#### Comparison operators
Address objects can be compared with the usual set of comparison operators. Some examples:
```
>>> IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') > IPv4Address('127.0.0.1')
True
>>> IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') == IPv4Address('127.0.0.1')
False
>>> IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') != IPv4Address('127.0.0.1')
True
```
#### Arithmetic operators
Integers can be added to or subtracted from address objects. Some examples:
```
>>> IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') + 3
IPv4Address('127.0.0.5')
>>> IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') - 3
IPv4Address('126.255.255.255')
>>> IPv4Address('255.255.255.255') + 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ipaddress.AddressValueError: 4294967296 (>= 2**32) is not permitted as an IPv4 address
```
## IP Network definitions
The [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network") and [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network") objects provide a mechanism for defining and inspecting IP network definitions. A network definition consists of a *mask* and a *network address*, and as such defines a range of IP addresses that equal the network address when masked (binary AND) with the mask. For example, a network definition with the mask `255.255.255.0` and the network address `192.168.1.0` consists of IP addresses in the inclusive range `192.168.1.0` to `192.168.1.255`.
### Prefix, net mask and host mask
There are several equivalent ways to specify IP network masks. A *prefix*`/<nbits>` is a notation that denotes how many high-order bits are set in the network mask. A *net mask* is an IP address with some number of high-order bits set. Thus the prefix `/24` is equivalent to the net mask `255.255.255.0` in IPv4, or `ffff:ff00::` in IPv6. In addition, a *host mask* is the logical inverse of a *net mask*, and is sometimes used (for example in Cisco access control lists) to denote a network mask. The host mask equivalent to `/24` in IPv4 is `0.0.0.255`.
### Network objects
All attributes implemented by address objects are implemented by network objects as well. In addition, network objects implement additional attributes. All of these are common between [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network") and [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network"), so to avoid duplication they are only documented for [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network"). Network objects are [hashable](../glossary.xhtml#term-hashable), so they can be used as keys in dictionaries.
*class* `ipaddress.``IPv4Network`(*address*, *strict=True*)Construct an IPv4 network definition. *address* can be one of the following:
1. A string consisting of an IP address and an optional mask, separated by a slash (`/`). The IP address is the network address, and the mask can be either a single number, which means it's a *prefix*, or a string representation of an IPv4 address. If it's the latter, the mask is interpreted as a *net mask* if it starts with a non-zero field, or as a *host mask* if it starts with a zero field, with the single exception of an all-zero mask which is treated as a *net mask*. If no mask is provided, it's considered to be `/32`.
For example, the following *address* specifications are equivalent: `192.168.1.0/24`, `192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0` and `192.168.1.0/0.0.0.255`.
2. An integer that fits into 32 bits. This is equivalent to a single-address network, with the network address being *address* and the mask being `/32`.
3. An integer packed into a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object of length 4, big-endian. The interpretation is similar to an integer *address*.
4. A two-tuple of an address description and a netmask, where the address description is either a string, a 32-bits integer, a 4-bytes packed integer, or an existing IPv4Address object; and the netmask is either an integer representing the prefix length (e.g. `24`) or a string representing the prefix mask (e.g. `255.255.255.0`).
An [`AddressValueError`](#ipaddress.AddressValueError "ipaddress.AddressValueError") is raised if *address* is not a valid IPv4 address. A [`NetmaskValueError`](#ipaddress.NetmaskValueError "ipaddress.NetmaskValueError") is raised if the mask is not valid for an IPv4 address.
If *strict* is `True` and host bits are set in the supplied address, then [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised. Otherwise, the host bits are masked out to determine the appropriate network address.
Unless stated otherwise, all network methods accepting other network/address objects will raise [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError") if the argument's IP version is incompatible to `self`.
在 3.5 版更改: Added the two-tuple form for the *address* constructor parameter.
`version``max_prefixlen`Refer to the corresponding attribute documentation in [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address").
`is_multicast``is_private``is_unspecified``is_reserved``is_loopback``is_link_local`These attributes are true for the network as a whole if they are true for both the network address and the broadcast address.
`network_address`The network address for the network. The network address and the prefix length together uniquely define a network.
`broadcast_address`The broadcast address for the network. Packets sent to the broadcast address should be received by every host on the network.
`hostmask`The host mask, as an [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") object.
`netmask`The net mask, as an [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") object.
`with_prefixlen``compressed``exploded`A string representation of the network, with the mask in prefix notation.
`with_prefixlen` and `compressed` are always the same as `str(network)`. `exploded` uses the exploded form the network address.
`with_netmask`A string representation of the network, with the mask in net mask notation.
`with_hostmask`A string representation of the network, with the mask in host mask notation.
`num_addresses`The total number of addresses in the network.
`prefixlen`Length of the network prefix, in bits.
`hosts`()Returns an iterator over the usable hosts in the network. The usable hosts are all the IP addresses that belong to the network, except the network address itself and the network broadcast address. For networks with a mask length of 31, the network address and network broadcast address are also included in the result.
```
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/29').hosts()) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[IPv4Address('192.0.2.1'), IPv4Address('192.0.2.2'),
IPv4Address('192.0.2.3'), IPv4Address('192.0.2.4'),
IPv4Address('192.0.2.5'), IPv4Address('192.0.2.6')]
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/31').hosts())
[IPv4Address('192.0.2.0'), IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')]
```
`overlaps`(*other*)`True` if this network is partly or wholly contained in *other* or *other* is wholly contained in this network.
`address_exclude`(*network*)Computes the network definitions resulting from removing the given *network* from this one. Returns an iterator of network objects. Raises [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") if *network* is not completely contained in this network.
```
>>> n1 = ip_network('192.0.2.0/28')
>>> n2 = ip_network('192.0.2.1/32')
>>> list(n1.address_exclude(n2)) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.8/29'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.4/30'),
IPv4Network('192.0.2.2/31'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/32')]
```
`subnets`(*prefixlen\_diff=1*, *new\_prefix=None*)The subnets that join to make the current network definition, depending on the argument values. *prefixlen\_diff* is the amount our prefix length should be increased by. *new\_prefix* is the desired new prefix of the subnets; it must be larger than our prefix. One and only one of *prefixlen\_diff* and *new\_prefix* must be set. Returns an iterator of network objects.
```
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').subnets())
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')]
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').subnets(prefixlen_diff=2)) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/26'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.64/26'),
IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/26'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.192/26')]
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').subnets(new_prefix=26)) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/26'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.64/26'),
IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/26'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.192/26')]
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').subnets(new_prefix=23))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
raise ValueError('new prefix must be longer')
ValueError: new prefix must be longer
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').subnets(new_prefix=25))
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')]
```
`supernet`(*prefixlen\_diff=1*, *new\_prefix=None*)The supernet containing this network definition, depending on the argument values. *prefixlen\_diff* is the amount our prefix length should be decreased by. *new\_prefix* is the desired new prefix of the supernet; it must be smaller than our prefix. One and only one of *prefixlen\_diff* and *new\_prefix* must be set. Returns a single network object.
```
>>> ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').supernet()
IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/23')
>>> ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').supernet(prefixlen_diff=2)
IPv4Network('192.0.0.0/22')
>>> ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').supernet(new_prefix=20)
IPv4Network('192.0.0.0/20')
```
`subnet_of`(*other*)Returns *True* if this network is a subnet of *other*.
```
>>> a = ip_network('192.168.1.0/24')
>>> b = ip_network('192.168.1.128/30')
>>> b.subnet_of(a)
True
```
3\.7 新版功能.
`supernet_of`(*other*)Returns *True* if this network is a supernet of *other*.
```
>>> a = ip_network('192.168.1.0/24')
>>> b = ip_network('192.168.1.128/30')
>>> a.supernet_of(b)
True
```
3\.7 新版功能.
`compare_networks`(*other*)Compare this network to *other*. In this comparison only the network addresses are considered; host bits aren't. Returns either `-1`, `0` or `1`.
```
>>> ip_network('192.0.2.1/32').compare_networks(ip_network('192.0.2.2/32'))
-1
>>> ip_network('192.0.2.1/32').compare_networks(ip_network('192.0.2.0/32'))
1
>>> ip_network('192.0.2.1/32').compare_networks(ip_network('192.0.2.1/32'))
0
```
3\.7 版后已移除: It uses the same ordering and comparison algorithm as "<", "==", and ">"
*class* `ipaddress.``IPv6Network`(*address*, *strict=True*)Construct an IPv6 network definition. *address* can be one of the following:
1. A string consisting of an IP address and an optional prefix length, separated by a slash (`/`). The IP address is the network address, and the prefix length must be a single number, the *prefix*. If no prefix length is provided, it's considered to be `/128`.
Note that currently expanded netmasks are not supported. That means `2001:db00::0/24` is a valid argument while `2001:db00::0/ffff:ff00::`not.
2. An integer that fits into 128 bits. This is equivalent to a single-address network, with the network address being *address* and the mask being `/128`.
3. An integer packed into a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object of length 16, big-endian. The interpretation is similar to an integer *address*.
4. A two-tuple of an address description and a netmask, where the address description is either a string, a 128-bits integer, a 16-bytes packed integer, or an existing IPv6Address object; and the netmask is an integer representing the prefix length.
An [`AddressValueError`](#ipaddress.AddressValueError "ipaddress.AddressValueError") is raised if *address* is not a valid IPv6 address. A [`NetmaskValueError`](#ipaddress.NetmaskValueError "ipaddress.NetmaskValueError") is raised if the mask is not valid for an IPv6 address.
If *strict* is `True` and host bits are set in the supplied address, then [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised. Otherwise, the host bits are masked out to determine the appropriate network address.
在 3.5 版更改: Added the two-tuple form for the *address* constructor parameter.
`version``max_prefixlen``is_multicast``is_private``is_unspecified``is_reserved``is_loopback``is_link_local``network_address``broadcast_address``hostmask``netmask``with_prefixlen``compressed``exploded``with_netmask``with_hostmask``num_addresses``prefixlen``hosts`()Returns an iterator over the usable hosts in the network. The usable hosts are all the IP addresses that belong to the network, except the Subnet-Router anycast address. For networks with a mask length of 127, the Subnet-Router anycast address is also included in the result.
`overlaps`(*other*)`address_exclude`(*network*)`subnets`(*prefixlen\_diff=1*, *new\_prefix=None*)`supernet`(*prefixlen\_diff=1*, *new\_prefix=None*)`subnet_of`(*other*)`supernet_of`(*other*)`compare_networks`(*other*)Refer to the corresponding attribute documentation in [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network").
`is_site_local`These attribute is true for the network as a whole if it is true for both the network address and the broadcast address.
### 運算符
Network objects support some operators. Unless stated otherwise, operators can only be applied between compatible objects (i.e. IPv4 with IPv4, IPv6 with IPv6).
#### Logical operators
Network objects can be compared with the usual set of logical operators. Network objects are ordered first by network address, then by net mask.
#### Iteration
Network objects can be iterated to list all the addresses belonging to the network. For iteration, *all* hosts are returned, including unusable hosts (for usable hosts, use the [`hosts()`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network.hosts "ipaddress.IPv4Network.hosts") method). An example:
```
>>> for addr in IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/28'):
... addr
...
IPv4Address('192.0.2.0')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.2')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.3')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.4')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.5')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.6')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.7')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.8')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.9')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.10')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.11')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.12')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.13')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.14')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.15')
```
#### Networks as containers of addresses
Network objects can act as containers of addresses. Some examples:
```
>>> IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/28')[0]
IPv4Address('192.0.2.0')
>>> IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/28')[15]
IPv4Address('192.0.2.15')
>>> IPv4Address('192.0.2.6') in IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/28')
True
>>> IPv4Address('192.0.3.6') in IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/28')
False
```
## Interface objects
Interface objects are [hashable](../glossary.xhtml#term-hashable), so they can be used as keys in dictionaries.
*class* `ipaddress.``IPv4Interface`(*address*)Construct an IPv4 interface. The meaning of *address* is as in the constructor of [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network"), except that arbitrary host addresses are always accepted.
[`IPv4Interface`](#ipaddress.IPv4Interface "ipaddress.IPv4Interface") is a subclass of [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address"), so it inherits all the attributes from that class. In addition, the following attributes are available:
`ip`The address ([`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address")) without network information.
```
>>> interface = IPv4Interface('192.0.2.5/24')
>>> interface.ip
IPv4Address('192.0.2.5')
```
`network`The network ([`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network")) this interface belongs to.
```
>>> interface = IPv4Interface('192.0.2.5/24')
>>> interface.network
IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
```
`with_prefixlen`A string representation of the interface with the mask in prefix notation.
```
>>> interface = IPv4Interface('192.0.2.5/24')
>>> interface.with_prefixlen
'192.0.2.5/24'
```
`with_netmask`A string representation of the interface with the network as a net mask.
```
>>> interface = IPv4Interface('192.0.2.5/24')
>>> interface.with_netmask
'192.0.2.5/255.255.255.0'
```
`with_hostmask`A string representation of the interface with the network as a host mask.
```
>>> interface = IPv4Interface('192.0.2.5/24')
>>> interface.with_hostmask
'192.0.2.5/0.0.0.255'
```
*class* `ipaddress.``IPv6Interface`(*address*)Construct an IPv6 interface. The meaning of *address* is as in the constructor of [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network"), except that arbitrary host addresses are always accepted.
[`IPv6Interface`](#ipaddress.IPv6Interface "ipaddress.IPv6Interface") is a subclass of [`IPv6Address`](#ipaddress.IPv6Address "ipaddress.IPv6Address"), so it inherits all the attributes from that class. In addition, the following attributes are available:
`ip``network``with_prefixlen``with_netmask``with_hostmask`Refer to the corresponding attribute documentation in [`IPv4Interface`](#ipaddress.IPv4Interface "ipaddress.IPv4Interface").
### 運算符
Interface objects support some operators. Unless stated otherwise, operators can only be applied between compatible objects (i.e. IPv4 with IPv4, IPv6 with IPv6).
#### Logical operators
Interface objects can be compared with the usual set of logical operators.
For equality comparison (`==` and `!=`), both the IP address and network must be the same for the objects to be equal. An interface will not compare equal to any address or network object.
For ordering (`<`, `>`, etc) the rules are different. Interface and address objects with the same IP version can be compared, and the address objects will always sort before the interface objects. Two interface objects are first compared by their networks and, if those are the same, then by their IP addresses.
## Other Module Level Functions
The module also provides the following module level functions:
`ipaddress.``v4_int_to_packed`(*address*)Represent an address as 4 packed bytes in network (big-endian) order. *address* is an integer representation of an IPv4 IP address. A [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised if the integer is negative or too large to be an IPv4 IP address.
```
>>> ipaddress.ip_address(3221225985)
IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')
>>> ipaddress.v4_int_to_packed(3221225985)
b'\xc0\x00\x02\x01'
```
`ipaddress.``v6_int_to_packed`(*address*)Represent an address as 16 packed bytes in network (big-endian) order. *address* is an integer representation of an IPv6 IP address. A [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised if the integer is negative or too large to be an IPv6 IP address.
`ipaddress.``summarize_address_range`(*first*, *last*)Return an iterator of the summarized network range given the first and last IP addresses. *first* is the first [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") or [`IPv6Address`](#ipaddress.IPv6Address "ipaddress.IPv6Address") in the range and *last* is the last [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address")or [`IPv6Address`](#ipaddress.IPv6Address "ipaddress.IPv6Address") in the range. A [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError") is raised if *first* or *last* are not IP addresses or are not of the same version. A [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised if *last* is not greater than *first* or if *first* address version is not 4 or 6.
```
>>> [ipaddr for ipaddr in ipaddress.summarize_address_range(
... ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.0'),
... ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.130'))]
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/31'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.130/32')]
```
`ipaddress.``collapse_addresses`(*addresses*)Return an iterator of the collapsed [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network") or [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network") objects. *addresses* is an iterator of [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network") or [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network") objects. A [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError") is raised if *addresses* contains mixed version objects.
```
>>> [ipaddr for ipaddr in
... ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'),
... ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')])]
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')]
```
`ipaddress.``get_mixed_type_key`(*obj*)Return a key suitable for sorting between networks and addresses. Address and Network objects are not sortable by default; they're fundamentally different, so the expression:
```
IPv4Address('192.0.2.0') <= IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
```
doesn't make sense. There are some times however, where you may wish to have [`ipaddress`](#module-ipaddress "ipaddress: IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.") sort these anyway. If you need to do this, you can use this function as the *key* argument to [`sorted()`](functions.xhtml#sorted "sorted").
*obj* is either a network or address object.
## Custom Exceptions
To support more specific error reporting from class constructors, the module defines the following exceptions:
*exception* `ipaddress.``AddressValueError`(*ValueError*)Any value error related to the address.
*exception* `ipaddress.``NetmaskValueError`(*ValueError*)Any value error related to the net mask.
### 導航
- [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄")
- [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") |
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- 在 Mac 上分發 Python 應用程序
- 其他資源
- Python 語言參考
- 概述
- 其他實現
- 標注
- 詞法分析
- 行結構
- 其他形符
- 標識符和關鍵字
- 字面值
- 運算符
- 分隔符
- 數據模型
- 對象、值與類型
- 標準類型層級結構
- 特殊方法名稱
- 協程
- 執行模型
- 程序的結構
- 命名與綁定
- 異常
- 導入系統
- importlib
- 包
- 搜索
- 加載
- 基于路徑的查找器
- 替換標準導入系統
- Package Relative Imports
- 有關 main 的特殊事項
- 開放問題項
- 參考文獻
- 表達式
- 算術轉換
- 原子
- 原型
- await 表達式
- 冪運算符
- 一元算術和位運算
- 二元算術運算符
- 移位運算
- 二元位運算
- 比較運算
- 布爾運算
- 條件表達式
- lambda 表達式
- 表達式列表
- 求值順序
- 運算符優先級
- 簡單語句
- 表達式語句
- 賦值語句
- assert 語句
- pass 語句
- del 語句
- return 語句
- yield 語句
- raise 語句
- break 語句
- continue 語句
- import 語句
- global 語句
- nonlocal 語句
- 復合語句
- if 語句
- while 語句
- for 語句
- try 語句
- with 語句
- 函數定義
- 類定義
- 協程
- 最高層級組件
- 完整的 Python 程序
- 文件輸入
- 交互式輸入
- 表達式輸入
- 完整的語法規范
- Python 標準庫
- 概述
- 可用性注釋
- 內置函數
- 內置常量
- 由 site 模塊添加的常量
- 內置類型
- 邏輯值檢測
- 布爾運算 — and, or, not
- 比較
- 數字類型 — int, float, complex
- 迭代器類型
- 序列類型 — list, tuple, range
- 文本序列類型 — str
- 二進制序列類型 — bytes, bytearray, memoryview
- 集合類型 — set, frozenset
- 映射類型 — dict
- 上下文管理器類型
- 其他內置類型
- 特殊屬性
- 內置異常
- 基類
- 具體異常
- 警告
- 異常層次結構
- 文本處理服務
- string — 常見的字符串操作
- re — 正則表達式操作
- 模塊 difflib 是一個計算差異的助手
- textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
- unicodedata — Unicode 數據庫
- stringprep — Internet String Preparation
- readline — GNU readline interface
- rlcompleter — GNU readline的完成函數
- 二進制數據服務
- struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
- codecs — Codec registry and base classes
- 數據類型
- datetime — 基礎日期/時間數據類型
- calendar — General calendar-related functions
- collections — 容器數據類型
- collections.abc — 容器的抽象基類
- heapq — 堆隊列算法
- bisect — Array bisection algorithm
- array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
- weakref — 弱引用
- types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
- copy — 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 復制操作
- pprint — 數據美化輸出
- reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
- enum — Support for enumerations
- 數字和數學模塊
- numbers — 數字的抽象基類
- math — 數學函數
- cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
- decimal — 十進制定點和浮點運算
- fractions — 分數
- random — 生成偽隨機數
- statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
- 函數式編程模塊
- itertools — 為高效循環而創建迭代器的函數
- functools — 高階函數和可調用對象上的操作
- operator — 標準運算符替代函數
- 文件和目錄訪問
- pathlib — 面向對象的文件系統路徑
- os.path — 常見路徑操作
- fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- stat — Interpreting stat() results
- filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
- tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
- glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
- linecache — Random access to text lines
- shutil — High-level file operations
- macpath — Mac OS 9 路徑操作函數
- 數據持久化
- pickle —— Python 對象序列化
- copyreg — Register pickle support functions
- shelve — Python object persistence
- marshal — Internal Python object serialization
- dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
- sqlite3 — SQLite 數據庫 DB-API 2.0 接口模塊
- 數據壓縮和存檔
- zlib — 與 gzip 兼容的壓縮
- gzip — 對 gzip 格式的支持
- bz2 — 對 bzip2 壓縮算法的支持
- lzma — 用 LZMA 算法壓縮
- zipfile — 在 ZIP 歸檔中工作
- tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
- 文件格式
- csv — CSV 文件讀寫
- configparser — Configuration file parser
- netrc — netrc file processing
- xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
- plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
- 加密服務
- hashlib — 安全哈希與消息摘要
- hmac — 基于密鑰的消息驗證
- secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
- 通用操作系統服務
- os — 操作系統接口模塊
- io — 處理流的核心工具
- time — 時間的訪問和轉換
- argparse — 命令行選項、參數和子命令解析器
- getopt — C-style parser for command line options
- 模塊 logging — Python 的日志記錄工具
- logging.config — 日志記錄配置
- logging.handlers — Logging handlers
- getpass — 便攜式密碼輸入工具
- curses — 終端字符單元顯示的處理
- curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
- curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
- curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
- platform — Access to underlying platform's identifying data
- errno — Standard errno system symbols
- ctypes — Python 的外部函數庫
- 并發執行
- threading — 基于線程的并行
- multiprocessing — 基于進程的并行
- concurrent 包
- concurrent.futures — 啟動并行任務
- subprocess — 子進程管理
- sched — 事件調度器
- queue — 一個同步的隊列類
- _thread — 底層多線程 API
- _dummy_thread — _thread 的替代模塊
- dummy_threading — 可直接替代 threading 模塊。
- contextvars — Context Variables
- Context Variables
- Manual Context Management
- asyncio support
- 網絡和進程間通信
- asyncio — 異步 I/O
- socket — 底層網絡接口
- ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
- select — Waiting for I/O completion
- selectors — 高級 I/O 復用庫
- asyncore — 異步socket處理器
- asynchat — 異步 socket 指令/響應 處理器
- signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
- mmap — Memory-mapped file support
- 互聯網數據處理
- email — 電子郵件與 MIME 處理包
- json — JSON 編碼和解碼器
- mailcap — Mailcap file handling
- mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
- mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
- base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 數據編碼
- binhex — 對binhex4文件進行編碼和解碼
- binascii — 二進制和 ASCII 碼互轉
- quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
- 結構化標記處理工具
- html — 超文本標記語言支持
- html.parser — 簡單的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器
- html.entities — HTML 一般實體的定義
- XML處理模塊
- xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
- xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
- xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
- xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
- xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
- xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
- xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
- xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
- xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 互聯網協議和支持
- webbrowser — 方便的Web瀏覽器控制器
- cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
- cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
- urllib — URL 處理模塊
- urllib.request — 用于打開 URL 的可擴展庫
- urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
- urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
- urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
- http — HTTP 模塊
- http.client — HTTP協議客戶端
- ftplib — FTP protocol client
- poplib — POP3 protocol client
- imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
- nntplib — NNTP protocol client
- smtplib —SMTP協議客戶端
- smtpd — SMTP Server
- telnetlib — Telnet client
- uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
- socketserver — A framework for network servers
- http.server — HTTP 服務器
- http.cookies — HTTP state management
- http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
- xmlrpc — XMLRPC 服務端與客戶端模塊
- xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
- xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
- ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- 多媒體服務
- audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
- aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- sunau — 讀寫 Sun AU 文件
- wave — 讀寫WAV格式文件
- chunk — Read IFF chunked data
- colorsys — Conversions between color systems
- imghdr — 推測圖像類型
- sndhdr — 推測聲音文件的類型
- ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 國際化
- gettext — 多語種國際化服務
- locale — 國際化服務
- 程序框架
- turtle — 海龜繪圖
- cmd — 支持面向行的命令解釋器
- shlex — Simple lexical analysis
- Tk圖形用戶界面(GUI)
- tkinter — Tcl/Tk的Python接口
- tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
- tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
- tkinter.scrolledtext — 滾動文字控件
- IDLE
- 其他圖形用戶界面（GUI）包
- 開發工具
- typing — 類型標注支持
- pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
- doctest — Test interactive Python examples
- unittest — 單元測試框架
- unittest.mock — mock object library
- unittest.mock 上手指南
- 2to3 - 自動將 Python 2 代碼轉為 Python 3 代碼
- test — Regression tests package for Python
- test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
- test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution tests
- 調試和分析
- bdb — Debugger framework
- faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
- pdb — The Python Debugger
- The Python Profilers
- timeit — 測量小代碼片段的執行時間
- trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
- tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
- 軟件打包和分發
- distutils — 構建和安裝 Python 模塊
- ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
- venv — 創建虛擬環境
- zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives
- Python運行時服務
- sys — 系統相關的參數和函數
- sysconfig — Provide access to Python's configuration information
- builtins — 內建對象
- main — 頂層腳本環境
- warnings — Warning control
- dataclasses — 數據類
- contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
- abc — 抽象基類
- atexit — 退出處理器
- traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
- future — Future 語句定義
- gc — 垃圾回收器接口
- inspect — 檢查對象
- site — Site-specific configuration hook
- 自定義 Python 解釋器
- code — Interpreter base classes
- codeop — Compile Python code
- 導入模塊
- zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
- pkgutil — Package extension utility
- modulefinder — 查找腳本使用的模塊
- runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
- importlib — The implementation of import
- Python 語言服務
- parser — Access Python parse trees
- ast — 抽象語法樹
- symtable — Access to the compiler's symbol tables
- symbol — 與 Python 解析樹一起使用的常量
- token — 與Python解析樹一起使用的常量
- keyword — 檢驗Python關鍵字
- tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
- tabnanny — 模糊縮進檢測
- pyclbr — Python class browser support
- py_compile — Compile Python source files
- compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
- dis — Python 字節碼反匯編器
- pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
- 雜項服務
- formatter — Generic output formatting
- Windows系統相關模塊
- msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
- msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- winreg — Windows 注冊表訪問
- winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
- Unix 專有服務
- posix — The most common POSIX system calls
- pwd — 用戶密碼數據庫
- spwd — The shadow password database
- grp — The group database
- crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
- termios — POSIX style tty control
- tty — 終端控制功能
- pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
- fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
- pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
- resource — Resource usage information
- nis — Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
- Unix syslog 庫例程
- 被取代的模塊
- optparse — Parser for command line options
- imp — Access the import internals
- 未創建文檔的模塊
- 平臺特定模塊
- 擴展和嵌入 Python 解釋器
- 推薦的第三方工具
- 不使用第三方工具創建擴展
- 使用 C 或 C++ 擴展 Python
- 自定義擴展類型：教程
- 定義擴展類型：已分類主題
- 構建C/C++擴展
- 在Windows平臺編譯C和C++擴展
- 在更大的應用程序中嵌入 CPython 運行時
- Embedding Python in Another Application
- Python/C API 參考手冊
- 概述
- 代碼標準
- 包含文件
- 有用的宏
- 對象、類型和引用計數
- 異常
- 嵌入Python
- 調試構建
- 穩定的應用程序二進制接口
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- 異常處理
- Printing and clearing
- 拋出異常
- Issuing warnings
- Querying the error indicator
- Signal Handling
- Exception Classes
- Exception Objects
- Unicode Exception Objects
- Recursion Control
- 標準異常
- 標準警告類別
- 工具
- 操作系統實用程序
- 系統功能
- 過程控制
- 導入模塊
- Data marshalling support
- 語句解釋及變量編譯
- 字符串轉換與格式化
- 反射
- 編解碼器注冊與支持功能
- 抽象對象層
- Object Protocol
- 數字協議
- Sequence Protocol
- Mapping Protocol
- 迭代器協議
- 緩沖協議
- Old Buffer Protocol
- 具體的對象層
- 基本對象
- 數值對象
- 序列對象
- 容器對象
- 函數對象
- 其他對象
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- 在Python初始化之前
- 全局配置變量
- Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
- Process-wide parameters
- Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
- Sub-interpreter support
- Asynchronous Notifications
- Profiling and Tracing
- Advanced Debugger Support
- Thread Local Storage Support
- 內存管理
- 概述
- 原始內存接口
- Memory Interface
- 對象分配器
- 默認內存分配器
- Customize Memory Allocators
- The pymalloc allocator
- tracemalloc C API
- 示例
- 對象實現支持
- 在堆中分配對象
- Common Object Structures
- Type 對象
- Number Object Structures
- Mapping Object Structures
- Sequence Object Structures
- Buffer Object Structures
- Async Object Structures
- 使對象類型支持循環垃圾回收
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 分發 Python 模塊
- 關鍵術語
- 開源許可與協作
- 安裝工具
- 閱讀指南
- 我該如何...？
- ...為我的項目選擇一個名字？
- ...創建和分發二進制擴展？
- 安裝 Python 模塊
- 關鍵術語
- 基本使用
- 我應如何 ...？
- ... 在 Python 3.4 之前的 Python 版本中安裝 pip ？
- ... 只為當前用戶安裝軟件包？
- ... 安裝科學計算類 Python 軟件包？
- ... 使用并行安裝的多個 Python 版本？
- 常見的安裝問題
- 在 Linux 的系統 Python 版本上安裝
- 未安裝 pip
- 安裝二進制編譯擴展
- Python 常用指引
- 將 Python 2 代碼遷移到 Python 3
- 簡要說明
- 詳情
- 將擴展模塊移植到 Python 3
- 條件編譯
- 對象API的更改
- 模塊初始化和狀態
- CObject 替換為 Capsule
- 其他選項
- Curses Programming with Python
- What is curses?
- Starting and ending a curses application
- Windows and Pads
- Displaying Text
- User Input
- For More Information
- 實現描述器
- 摘要
- 定義和簡介
- 描述器協議
- 發起調用描述符
- 描述符示例
- Properties
- 函數和方法
- Static Methods and Class Methods
- 函數式編程指引
- 概述
- 迭代器
- 生成器表達式和列表推導式
- 生成器
- 內置函數
- itertools 模塊
- The functools module
- Small functions and the lambda expression
- Revision History and Acknowledgements
- 引用文獻
- 日志 HOWTO
- 日志基礎教程
- 進階日志教程
- 日志級別
- 有用的處理程序
- 記錄日志中引發的異常
- 使用任意對象作為消息
- 優化
- 日志操作手冊
- 在多個模塊中使用日志
- 在多線程中使用日志
- 使用多個日志處理器和多種格式化
- 在多個地方記錄日志
- 日志服務器配置示例
- 處理日志處理器的阻塞
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing LogRecord
- Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example
- An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with dictConfig()
- Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with dictConfig()
- Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- 正則表達式HOWTO
- 概述
- 簡單模式
- 使用正則表達式
- 更多模式能力
- 修改字符串
- 常見問題
- 反饋
- 套接字編程指南
- 套接字
- 創建套接字
- 使用一個套接字
- 斷開連接
- 非阻塞的套接字
- 排序指南
- 基本排序
- 關鍵函數
- Operator 模塊函數
- 升序和降序
- 排序穩定性和排序復雜度
- 使用裝飾-排序-去裝飾的舊方法
- 使用 cmp 參數的舊方法
- 其它
- Unicode 指南
- Unicode 概述
- Python's Unicode Support
- Reading and Writing Unicode Data
- Acknowledgements
- 如何使用urllib包獲取網絡資源
- 概述
- Fetching URLs
- 處理異常
- info and geturl
- Openers and Handlers
- Basic Authentication
- Proxies
- Sockets and Layers
- 腳注
- Argparse 教程
- 概念
- 基礎
- 位置參數介紹
- Introducing Optional arguments
- Combining Positional and Optional arguments
- Getting a little more advanced
- Conclusion
- ipaddress模塊介紹
- 創建 Address/Network/Interface 對象
- 審查 Address/Network/Interface 對象
- Network 作為 Address 列表
- 比較
- 將IP地址與其他模塊一起使用
- 實例創建失敗時獲取更多詳細信息
- Argument Clinic How-To
- The Goals Of Argument Clinic
- Basic Concepts And Usage
- Converting Your First Function
- Advanced Topics
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 檢測CPython
- Enabling the static markers
- Static DTrace probes
- Static SystemTap markers
- Available static markers
- SystemTap Tapsets
- 示例
- Python 常見問題
- Python常見問題
- 一般信息
- 現實世界中的 Python
- 編程常見問題
- 一般問題
- 核心語言
- 數字和字符串
- 性能
- 序列（元組/列表）
- 對象
- 模塊
- 設計和歷史常見問題
- 為什么Python使用縮進來分組語句？
- 為什么簡單的算術運算得到奇怪的結果？
- 為什么浮點計算不準確？
- 為什么Python字符串是不可變的？
- 為什么必須在方法定義和調用中顯式使用“self”？
- 為什么不能在表達式中賦值？
- 為什么Python對某些功能（例如list.index()）使用方法來實現，而其他功能（例如len(List)）使用函數實現？
- 為什么 join()是一個字符串方法而不是列表或元組方法？
- 異常有多快？
- 為什么Python中沒有switch或case語句？
- 難道不能在解釋器中模擬線程，而非得依賴特定于操作系統的線程實現嗎？
- 為什么lambda表達式不能包含語句？
- 可以將Python編譯為機器代碼，C或其他語言嗎？
- Python如何管理內存？
- 為什么CPython不使用更傳統的垃圾回收方案？
- CPython退出時為什么不釋放所有內存？
- 為什么有單獨的元組和列表數據類型？
- 列表是如何在CPython中實現的？
- 字典是如何在CPython中實現的？
- 為什么字典key必須是不可變的？
- 為什么 list.sort() 沒有返回排序列表？
- 如何在Python中指定和實施接口規范？
- 為什么沒有goto？
- 為什么原始字符串（r-strings）不能以反斜杠結尾？
- 為什么Python沒有屬性賦值的“with”語句？
- 為什么 if/while/def/class語句需要冒號？
- 為什么Python在列表和元組的末尾允許使用逗號？
- 代碼庫和插件 FAQ
- 通用的代碼庫問題
- 通用任務
- 線程相關
- 輸入輸出
- 網絡 / Internet 編程
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- 數學和數字
- 擴展/嵌入常見問題
- 可以使用C語言中創建自己的函數嗎？
- 可以使用C++語言中創建自己的函數嗎？
- C很難寫，有沒有其他選擇？
- 如何從C執行任意Python語句？
- 如何從C中評估任意Python表達式？
- 如何從Python對象中提取C的值？
- 如何使用Py_BuildValue()創建任意長度的元組？
- 如何從C調用對象的方法？
- 如何捕獲PyErr_Print()（或打印到stdout / stderr的任何內容）的輸出？
- 如何從C訪問用Python編寫的模塊？
- 如何從Python接口到C ++對象？
- 我使用Setup文件添加了一個模塊，為什么make失敗了？
- 如何調試擴展？
- 我想在Linux系統上編譯一個Python模塊，但是缺少一些文件。為什么?
- 如何區分“輸入不完整”和“輸入無效”？
- 如何找到未定義的g++符號__builtin_new或__pure_virtual？
- 能否創建一個對象類，其中部分方法在C中實現，而其他方法在Python中實現（例如通過繼承）？
- Python在Windows上的常見問題
- 我怎樣在Windows下運行一個Python程序？
- 我怎么讓 Python 腳本可執行？
- 為什么有時候 Python 程序會啟動緩慢？
- 我怎樣使用Python腳本制作可執行文件？
- *.pyd 文件和DLL文件相同嗎？
- 我怎樣將Python嵌入一個Windows程序？
- 如何讓編輯器不要在我的 Python 源代碼中插入 tab ？
- 如何在不阻塞的情況下檢查按鍵？
- 圖形用戶界面（GUI）常見問題
- 圖形界面常見問題
- Python 是否有平臺無關的圖形界面工具包？
- 有哪些Python的GUI工具是某個平臺專用的？
- 有關Tkinter的問題
- “為什么我的電腦上安裝了 Python ？”
- 什么是Python？
- 為什么我的電腦上安裝了 Python ？
- 我能刪除 Python 嗎？
- 術語對照表
- 文檔說明
- Python 文檔貢獻者
- 解決 Bug
- 文檔錯誤
- 使用 Python 的錯誤追蹤系統
- 開始為 Python 貢獻您的知識
- 版權
- 歷史和許可證
- 軟件歷史
- 訪問Python或以其他方式使用Python的條款和條件
- Python 3.7.3 的 PSF 許可協議
- Python 2.0 的 BeOpen.com 許可協議
- Python 1.6.1 的 CNRI 許可協議
- Python 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 許可協議
- 集成軟件的許可和認可
- Mersenne Twister
- 套接字
- Asynchronous socket services
- Cookie management
- Execution tracing
- UUencode and UUdecode functions
- XML Remote Procedure Calls
- test_epoll
- Select kqueue
- SipHash24
- strtod and dtoa
- OpenSSL
- expat
- libffi
- zlib
- cfuhash
- libmpdec