### 導航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄") - [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") | - [下一頁](intro.xhtml "概述") | - [上一頁](../reference/grammar.xhtml "10. 完整的語法規范") | -  - [Python](https://www.python.org/) ? - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ? - $('.inline-search').show(0); | # Python 標準庫 [Python 語言參考](../reference/index.xhtml#reference-index) 描述了 Python 語言的具體語法和語義，這份庫參考則介紹了與 Python 一同發行的標準庫。它還描述了通常包含在 Python 發行版中的一些可選組件。 Python 標準庫非常龐大，所提供的組件涉及范圍十分廣泛，正如以下內容目錄所顯示的。這個庫包含了多個內置模塊 (以 C 編寫)，Python 程序員必須依靠它們來實現系統級功能，例如文件 I/O，此外還有大量以 Python 編寫的模塊，提供了日常編程中許多問題的標準解決方案。其中有些模塊經過專門設計，通過將特定平臺功能抽象化為平臺中立的 API 來鼓勵和加強 Python 程序的可移植性。 Windows 版本的 Python 安裝程序通常包含整個標準庫，往往還包含許多額外組件。對于類 Unix 操作系統，Python 通常會分成一系列的軟件包，因此可能需要使用操作系統所提供的包管理工具來獲取部分或全部可選組件。 在這個標準庫以外還存在成千上萬并且不斷增加的其他組件 (從單獨的程序、模塊、軟件包直到完整的應用開發框架)，訪問 [Python 包索引](https://pypi.org) \[https://pypi.org\] 即可獲取這些第三方包。 - [概述](intro.xhtml) - [可用性注釋](intro.xhtml#notes-on-availability) - [內置函數](functions.xhtml) - [內置常量](constants.xhtml) - [由 `site` 模塊添加的常量](constants.xhtml#constants-added-by-the-site-module) - [內置類型](stdtypes.xhtml) - [邏輯值檢測](stdtypes.xhtml#truth-value-testing) - [布爾運算 --- `and`, `or`, `not`](stdtypes.xhtml#boolean-operations-and-or-not) - [比較](stdtypes.xhtml#comparisons) - [數字類型 --- `int`, `float`, `complex`](stdtypes.xhtml#numeric-types-int-float-complex) - [迭代器類型](stdtypes.xhtml#iterator-types) - [序列類型 --- `list`, `tuple`, `range`](stdtypes.xhtml#sequence-types-list-tuple-range) - [文本序列類型 --- `str`](stdtypes.xhtml#text-sequence-type-str) - [二進制序列類型 --- `bytes`, `bytearray`, `memoryview`](stdtypes.xhtml#binary-sequence-types-bytes-bytearray-memoryview) - [集合類型 --- `set`, `frozenset`](stdtypes.xhtml#set-types-set-frozenset) - [映射類型 --- `dict`](stdtypes.xhtml#mapping-types-dict) - [上下文管理器類型](stdtypes.xhtml#context-manager-types) - [其他內置類型](stdtypes.xhtml#other-built-in-types) - [特殊屬性](stdtypes.xhtml#special-attributes) - [內置異常](exceptions.xhtml) - [基類](exceptions.xhtml#base-classes) - [具體異常](exceptions.xhtml#concrete-exceptions) - [警告](exceptions.xhtml#warnings) - [異常層次結構](exceptions.xhtml#exception-hierarchy) - [文本處理服務](text.xhtml) - [`string` --- 常見的字符串操作](string.xhtml) - [`re` --- 正則表達式操作](re.xhtml) - [模塊 difflib 是一個計算差異的助手](difflib.xhtml) - [`textwrap` --- Text wrapping and filling](textwrap.xhtml) - [`unicodedata` --- Unicode 數據庫](unicodedata.xhtml) - [`stringprep` --- Internet String Preparation](stringprep.xhtml) - [`readline` --- GNU readline interface](readline.xhtml) - [`rlcompleter` --- GNU readline的完成函數](rlcompleter.xhtml) - [二進制數據服務](binary.xhtml) - [`struct` --- Interpret bytes as packed binary data](struct.xhtml) - [`codecs` --- Codec registry and base classes](codecs.xhtml) - [數據類型](datatypes.xhtml) - [`datetime` --- 基礎日期/時間數據類型](datetime.xhtml) - [`calendar` --- General calendar-related functions](calendar.xhtml) - [`collections` --- 容器數據類型](collections.xhtml) - [`collections.abc` --- 容器的抽象基類](collections.abc.xhtml) - [`heapq` --- 堆隊列算法](heapq.xhtml) - [`bisect` --- Array bisection algorithm](bisect.xhtml) - [`array` --- Efficient arrays of numeric values](array.xhtml) - [`weakref` --- 弱引用](weakref.xhtml) - [`types` --- Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types](types.xhtml) - [`copy` --- 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 復制操作](copy.xhtml) - [`pprint` --- 數據美化輸出](pprint.xhtml) - [`reprlib` --- Alternate `repr()` implementation](reprlib.xhtml) - [`enum` --- Support for enumerations](enum.xhtml) - [數字和數學模塊](numeric.xhtml) - [`numbers` --- 數字的抽象基類](numbers.xhtml) - [`math` --- 數學函數](math.xhtml) - [`cmath` --- Mathematical functions for complex numbers](cmath.xhtml) - [`decimal` --- 十進制定點和浮點運算](decimal.xhtml) - [`fractions` --- 分數](fractions.xhtml) - [`random` --- 生成偽隨機數](random.xhtml) - [`statistics` --- Mathematical statistics functions](statistics.xhtml) - [函數式編程模塊](functional.xhtml) - [`itertools` --- 為高效循環而創建迭代器的函數](itertools.xhtml) - [`functools` --- 高階函數和可調用對象上的操作](functools.xhtml) - [`operator` --- 標準運算符替代函數](operator.xhtml) - [文件和目錄訪問](filesys.xhtml) - [`pathlib` --- 面向對象的文件系統路徑](pathlib.xhtml) - [`os.path` --- 常見路徑操作](os.path.xhtml) - [`fileinput` --- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams](fileinput.xhtml) - [`stat` --- Interpreting `stat()` results](stat.xhtml) - [`filecmp` --- File and Directory Comparisons](filecmp.xhtml) - [`tempfile` --- Generate temporary files and directories](tempfile.xhtml) - [`glob` --- Unix style pathname pattern expansion](glob.xhtml) - [`fnmatch` --- Unix filename pattern matching](fnmatch.xhtml) - [`linecache` --- Random access to text lines](linecache.xhtml) - [`shutil` --- High-level file operations](shutil.xhtml) - [`macpath` --- Mac OS 9 路徑操作函數](macpath.xhtml) - [數據持久化](persistence.xhtml) - [`pickle` —— Python 對象序列化](pickle.xhtml) - [`copyreg` --- Register `pickle` support functions](copyreg.xhtml) - [`shelve` --- Python object persistence](shelve.xhtml) - [`marshal` --- Internal Python object serialization](marshal.xhtml) - [`dbm` --- Interfaces to Unix "databases"](dbm.xhtml) - [`sqlite3` --- SQLite 數據庫 DB-API 2.0 接口模塊](sqlite3.xhtml) - [數據壓縮和存檔](archiving.xhtml) - [`zlib` --- 與 **gzip** 兼容的壓縮](zlib.xhtml) - [`gzip` --- 對 **gzip** 格式的支持](gzip.xhtml) - [`bz2` --- 對 **bzip2** 壓縮算法的支持](bz2.xhtml) - [`lzma` --- 用 LZMA 算法壓縮](lzma.xhtml) - [`zipfile` --- 在 ZIP 歸檔中工作](zipfile.xhtml) - [`tarfile` --- Read and write tar archive files](tarfile.xhtml) - [文件格式](fileformats.xhtml) - [`csv` --- CSV 文件讀寫](csv.xhtml) - [`configparser` --- Configuration file parser](configparser.xhtml) - [`netrc` --- netrc file processing](netrc.xhtml) - [`xdrlib` --- Encode and decode XDR data](xdrlib.xhtml) - [`plistlib` --- Generate and parse Mac OS X `.plist` files](plistlib.xhtml) - [加密服務](crypto.xhtml) - [`hashlib` --- 安全哈希與消息摘要](hashlib.xhtml) - [`hmac` --- 基于密鑰的消息驗證](hmac.xhtml) - [`secrets` --- Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets](secrets.xhtml) - [通用操作系統服務](allos.xhtml) - [`os` --- 操作系統接口模塊](os.xhtml) - [`io` --- 處理流的核心工具](io.xhtml) - [`time` --- 時間的訪問和轉換](time.xhtml) - [`argparse` --- 命令行選項、參數和子命令解析器](argparse.xhtml) - [`getopt` --- C-style parser for command line options](getopt.xhtml) - [模塊 `logging` --- Python 的日志記錄工具](logging.xhtml) - [`logging.config` --- 日志記錄配置](logging.config.xhtml) - [`logging.handlers` --- Logging handlers](logging.handlers.xhtml) - [`getpass` --- 便攜式密碼輸入工具](getpass.xhtml) - [`curses` --- 終端字符單元顯示的處理](curses.xhtml) - [`curses.textpad` --- Text input widget for curses programs](curses.xhtml#module-curses.textpad) - [`curses.ascii` --- Utilities for ASCII characters](curses.ascii.xhtml) - [`curses.panel` --- A panel stack extension for curses](curses.panel.xhtml) - [`platform` --- Access to underlying platform's identifying data](platform.xhtml) - [`errno` --- Standard errno system symbols](errno.xhtml) - [`ctypes` --- Python 的外部函數庫](ctypes.xhtml) - [并發執行](concurrency.xhtml) - [`threading` --- 基于線程的并行](threading.xhtml) - [`multiprocessing` --- 基于進程的并行](multiprocessing.xhtml) - [`concurrent` 包](concurrent.xhtml) - [`concurrent.futures` --- 啟動并行任務](concurrent.futures.xhtml) - [`subprocess` --- 子進程管理](subprocess.xhtml) - [`sched` --- 事件調度器](sched.xhtml) - [`queue` --- 一個同步的隊列類](queue.xhtml) - [`_thread` --- 底層多線程 API](_thread.xhtml) - [`_dummy_thread` --- `_thread` 的替代模塊](_dummy_thread.xhtml) - [`dummy_threading` --- 可直接替代 `threading` 模塊。](dummy_threading.xhtml) - [`contextvars` --- Context Variables](contextvars.xhtml) - [Context Variables](contextvars.xhtml#context-variables) - [Manual Context Management](contextvars.xhtml#manual-context-management) - [asyncio support](contextvars.xhtml#asyncio-support) - [網絡和進程間通信](ipc.xhtml) - [`asyncio` --- 異步 I/O](asyncio.xhtml) - [`socket` --- 底層網絡接口](socket.xhtml) - [`ssl` --- TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects](ssl.xhtml) - [`select` --- Waiting for I/O completion](select.xhtml) - [`selectors` --- 高級 I/O 復用庫](selectors.xhtml) - [`asyncore` --- 異步socket處理器](asyncore.xhtml) - [`asynchat` --- 異步 socket 指令/響應 處理器](asynchat.xhtml) - [`signal` --- Set handlers for asynchronous events](signal.xhtml) - [`mmap` --- Memory-mapped file support](mmap.xhtml) - [互聯網數據處理](netdata.xhtml) - [`email` --- 電子郵件與 MIME 處理包](email.xhtml) - [`json` --- JSON 編碼和解碼器](json.xhtml) - [`mailcap` --- Mailcap file handling](mailcap.xhtml) - [`mailbox` --- Manipulate mailboxes in various formats](mailbox.xhtml) - [`mimetypes` --- Map filenames to MIME types](mimetypes.xhtml) - [`base64` --- Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 數據編碼](base64.xhtml) - [`binhex` --- 對binhex4文件進行編碼和解碼](binhex.xhtml) - [`binascii` --- 二進制和 ASCII 碼互轉](binascii.xhtml) - [`quopri` --- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data](quopri.xhtml) - [`uu` --- Encode and decode uuencode files](uu.xhtml) - [結構化標記處理工具](markup.xhtml) - [`html` --- 超文本標記語言支持](html.xhtml) - [`html.parser` --- 簡單的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器](html.parser.xhtml) - [`html.entities` --- HTML 一般實體的定義](html.entities.xhtml) - [XML處理模塊](xml.xhtml) - [`xml.etree.ElementTree` --- The ElementTree XML API](xml.etree.elementtree.xhtml) - [`xml.dom` --- The Document Object Model API](xml.dom.xhtml) - [`xml.dom.minidom` --- Minimal DOM implementation](xml.dom.minidom.xhtml) - [`xml.dom.pulldom` --- Support for building partial DOM trees](xml.dom.pulldom.xhtml) - [`xml.sax` --- Support for SAX2 parsers](xml.sax.xhtml) - [`xml.sax.handler` --- Base classes for SAX handlers](xml.sax.handler.xhtml) - [`xml.sax.saxutils` --- SAX Utilities](xml.sax.utils.xhtml) - [`xml.sax.xmlreader` --- Interface for XML parsers](xml.sax.reader.xhtml) - [`xml.parsers.expat` --- Fast XML parsing using Expat](pyexpat.xhtml) - [互聯網協議和支持](internet.xhtml) - [`webbrowser` --- 方便的Web瀏覽器控制器](webbrowser.xhtml) - [`cgi` --- Common Gateway Interface support](cgi.xhtml) - [`cgitb` --- Traceback manager for CGI scripts](cgitb.xhtml) - [`wsgiref` --- WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation](wsgiref.xhtml) - [`urllib` --- URL 處理模塊](urllib.xhtml) - [`urllib.request` --- 用于打開 URL 的可擴展庫](urllib.request.xhtml) - [`urllib.response` --- Response classes used by urllib](urllib.request.xhtml#module-urllib.response) - [`urllib.parse` --- Parse URLs into components](urllib.parse.xhtml) - [`urllib.error` --- Exception classes raised by urllib.request](urllib.error.xhtml) - [`urllib.robotparser` --- Parser for robots.txt](urllib.robotparser.xhtml) - [`http` --- HTTP 模塊](http.xhtml) - [http.client --- HTTP協議客戶端](http.client.xhtml) - [`ftplib` --- FTP protocol client](ftplib.xhtml) - [`poplib` --- POP3 protocol client](poplib.xhtml) - [`imaplib` --- IMAP4 protocol client](imaplib.xhtml) - [`nntplib` --- NNTP protocol client](nntplib.xhtml) - [`smtplib` ---SMTP協議客戶端](smtplib.xhtml) - [`smtpd` --- SMTP Server](smtpd.xhtml) - [`telnetlib` --- Telnet client](telnetlib.xhtml) - [`uuid` --- UUID objects according to **RFC 4122**](uuid.xhtml) - [`socketserver` --- A framework for network servers](socketserver.xhtml) - [`http.server` --- HTTP 服務器](http.server.xhtml) - [`http.cookies` --- HTTP state management](http.cookies.xhtml) - [`http.cookiejar` --- Cookie handling for HTTP clients](http.cookiejar.xhtml) - [`xmlrpc` --- XMLRPC 服務端與客戶端模塊](xmlrpc.xhtml) - [`xmlrpc.client` --- XML-RPC client access](xmlrpc.client.xhtml) - [`xmlrpc.server` --- Basic XML-RPC servers](xmlrpc.server.xhtml) - [`ipaddress` --- IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library](ipaddress.xhtml) - [多媒體服務](mm.xhtml) - [`audioop` --- Manipulate raw audio data](audioop.xhtml) - [`aifc` --- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files](aifc.xhtml) - [`sunau` --- 讀寫 Sun AU 文件](sunau.xhtml) - [`wave` --- 讀寫WAV格式文件](wave.xhtml) - [`chunk` --- Read IFF chunked data](chunk.xhtml) - [`colorsys` --- Conversions between color systems](colorsys.xhtml) - [`imghdr` --- 推測圖像類型](imghdr.xhtml) - [`sndhdr` --- 推測聲音文件的類型](sndhdr.xhtml) - [`ossaudiodev` --- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices](ossaudiodev.xhtml) - [國際化](i18n.xhtml) - [`gettext` --- 多語種國際化服務](gettext.xhtml) - [`locale` --- 國際化服務](locale.xhtml) - [程序框架](frameworks.xhtml) - [`turtle` --- 海龜繪圖](turtle.xhtml) - [`cmd` --- 支持面向行的命令解釋器](cmd.xhtml) - [`shlex` --- Simple lexical analysis](shlex.xhtml) - [Tk圖形用戶界面(GUI)](tk.xhtml) - [`tkinter` --- Tcl/Tk的Python接口](tkinter.xhtml) - [`tkinter.ttk` --- Tk themed widgets](tkinter.ttk.xhtml) - [`tkinter.tix` --- Extension widgets for Tk](tkinter.tix.xhtml) - [`tkinter.scrolledtext` --- 滾動文字控件](tkinter.scrolledtext.xhtml) - [IDLE](idle.xhtml) - [其他圖形用戶界面（GUI）包](othergui.xhtml) - [開發工具](development.xhtml) - [`typing` --- 類型標注支持](typing.xhtml) - [`pydoc` --- Documentation generator and online help system](pydoc.xhtml) - [`doctest` --- Test interactive Python examples](doctest.xhtml) - [`unittest` --- 單元測試框架](unittest.xhtml) - [`unittest.mock` --- mock object library](unittest.mock.xhtml) - [`unittest.mock` 上手指南](unittest.mock-examples.xhtml) - [2to3 - 自動將 Python 2 代碼轉為 Python 3 代碼](2to3.xhtml) - [`test` --- Regression tests package for Python](test.xhtml) - [`test.support` --- Utilities for the Python test suite](test.xhtml#module-test.support) - [`test.support.script_helper` --- Utilities for the Python execution tests](test.xhtml#module-test.support.script_helper) - [調試和分析](debug.xhtml) - [`bdb` --- Debugger framework](bdb.xhtml) - [`faulthandler` --- Dump the Python traceback](faulthandler.xhtml) - [`pdb` --- The Python Debugger](pdb.xhtml) - [The Python Profilers](profile.xhtml) - [`timeit` --- 測量小代碼片段的執行時間](timeit.xhtml) - [`trace` --- Trace or track Python statement execution](trace.xhtml) - [`tracemalloc` --- Trace memory allocations](tracemalloc.xhtml) - [軟件打包和分發](distribution.xhtml) - [`distutils` --- 構建和安裝 Python 模塊](distutils.xhtml) - [`ensurepip` --- Bootstrapping the `pip` installer](ensurepip.xhtml) - [`venv` --- 創建虛擬環境](venv.xhtml) - [`zipapp` --- Manage executable Python zip archives](zipapp.xhtml) - [Python運行時服務](python.xhtml) - [`sys` --- 系統相關的參數和函數](sys.xhtml) - [`sysconfig` --- Provide access to Python's configuration information](sysconfig.xhtml) - [`builtins` --- 內建對象](builtins.xhtml) - [`__main__` --- 頂層腳本環境](__main__.xhtml) - [`warnings` --- Warning control](warnings.xhtml) - [`dataclasses` --- 數據類](dataclasses.xhtml) - [`contextlib` --- Utilities for `with`-statement contexts](contextlib.xhtml) - [`abc` --- 抽象基類](abc.xhtml) - [`atexit` --- 退出處理器](atexit.xhtml) - [`traceback` --- Print or retrieve a stack traceback](traceback.xhtml) - [`__future__` --- Future 語句定義](__future__.xhtml) - [`gc` --- 垃圾回收器接口](gc.xhtml) - [`inspect` --- 檢查對象](inspect.xhtml) - [`site` --- Site-specific configuration hook](site.xhtml) - [自定義 Python 解釋器](custominterp.xhtml) - [`code` --- Interpreter base classes](code.xhtml) - [`codeop` --- Compile Python code](codeop.xhtml) - [導入模塊](modules.xhtml) - [`zipimport` --- Import modules from Zip archives](zipimport.xhtml) - [`pkgutil` --- Package extension utility](pkgutil.xhtml) - [`modulefinder` --- 查找腳本使用的模塊](modulefinder.xhtml) - [`runpy` --- Locating and executing Python modules](runpy.xhtml) - [`importlib` --- The implementation of `import`](importlib.xhtml) - [Python 語言服務](language.xhtml) - [`parser` --- Access Python parse trees](parser.xhtml) - [`ast` --- 抽象語法樹](ast.xhtml) - [`symtable` --- Access to the compiler's symbol tables](symtable.xhtml) - [`symbol` --- 與 Python 解析樹一起使用的常量](symbol.xhtml) - [`token` --- 與Python解析樹一起使用的常量](token.xhtml) - [`keyword` --- 檢驗Python關鍵字](keyword.xhtml) - [`tokenize` --- Tokenizer for Python source](tokenize.xhtml) - [`tabnanny` --- 模糊縮進檢測](tabnanny.xhtml) - [`pyclbr` --- Python class browser support](pyclbr.xhtml) - [`py_compile` --- Compile Python source files](py_compile.xhtml) - [`compileall` --- Byte-compile Python libraries](compileall.xhtml) - [`dis` --- Python 字節碼反匯編器](dis.xhtml) - [`pickletools` --- Tools for pickle developers](pickletools.xhtml) - [雜項服務](misc.xhtml) - [`formatter` --- Generic output formatting](formatter.xhtml) - [Windows系統相關模塊](windows.xhtml) - [`msilib` --- Read and write Microsoft Installer files](msilib.xhtml) - [`msvcrt` --- Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime](msvcrt.xhtml) - [`winreg` --- Windows 注冊表訪問](winreg.xhtml) - [`winsound` --- Sound-playing interface for Windows](winsound.xhtml) - [Unix 專有服務](unix.xhtml) - [`posix` --- The most common POSIX system calls](posix.xhtml) - [`pwd` --- 用戶密碼數據庫](pwd.xhtml) - [`spwd` --- The shadow password database](spwd.xhtml) - [`grp` --- The group database](grp.xhtml) - [`crypt` --- Function to check Unix passwords](crypt.xhtml) - [`termios` --- POSIX style tty control](termios.xhtml) - [`tty` --- 終端控制功能](tty.xhtml) - [`pty` --- Pseudo-terminal utilities](pty.xhtml) - [`fcntl` --- The `fcntl` and `ioctl` system calls](fcntl.xhtml) - [`pipes` --- Interface to shell pipelines](pipes.xhtml) - [`resource` --- Resource usage information](resource.xhtml) - [`nis` --- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)](nis.xhtml) - [Unix syslog 庫例程](syslog.xhtml) - [被取代的模塊](superseded.xhtml) - [`optparse` --- Parser for command line options](optparse.xhtml) - [`imp` --- Access the `import` internals](imp.xhtml) - [未創建文檔的模塊](undoc.xhtml) - [平臺特定模塊](undoc.xhtml#platform-specific-modules) ### 導航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄") - [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") | - [下一頁](intro.xhtml "概述") | - [上一頁](../reference/grammar.xhtml "10. 完整的語法規范") | -  - [Python](https://www.python.org/) ? - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ? - $('.inline-search').show(0); | ? 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