創建功能測試 · Android Training官方培訓課程中文版

> 編寫:[huanglizhuo](https://github.com/huanglizhuo) - 原文:[http://developer.android.com/training/](http://developer.android.com/training/activity-testing/activity-functional-testing.html)[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")-testing/[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")-functional-testing.html 功能測試包括驗證單個應用中的各個組件是否與使用者期望的那樣（與其它組件）協同工作。比如，我們可以創建一個功能測試驗證在用戶執行UI交互時[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")是否正確啟動目標[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")。要為[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")創建功能測，我們的測試類應該對[ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/test/ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2.html)進行擴展。與[ActivityUnitTestCase](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/test/ActivityUnitTestCase.html)不同，[ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/test/ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2.html)中的測試可以與Android系統通信，發送鍵盤輸入及點擊事件到UI中。要了解一個完整的測試例子可以參考示例應用中的`SenderActivityTest.java`。 ### 添加測試方法驗證函數的行為我們的函數測試目標應該包括: - 驗證UI控制是否正確啟動了目標[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")。 - 驗證目標[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")的表現是否按照發送[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")提供的數據呈現。我們可以這樣實現測試方法: ~~~ @MediumTest public void testSendMessageToReceiverActivity() { final Button sendToReceiverButton = (Button) mSenderActivity.findViewById(R.id.send_message_button); final EditText senderMessageEditText = (EditText) mSenderActivity.findViewById(R.id.message_input_edit_text); // Set up an ActivityMonitor ... // Send string input value ... // Validate that ReceiverActivity is started ... // Validate that ReceiverActivity has the correct data ... // Remove the ActivityMonitor ... } ~~~ 測試會等待匹配的[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")啟動，如果超時則會返回null。如果ReceiverActivity啟動了，那么先前配置的[ActivityMoniter](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor.html)就會收到一次碰撞（Hit）。我們可以使用斷言方法驗證ReceiverActivity是否的確啟動了，以及[ActivityMoniter](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor.html)記錄的碰撞次數是否按照預想地那樣增加。 ### 設立一個ActivityMonitor 為了在應用中監視單個[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")我們可以注冊一個[ActivityMoniter](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor.html)。每當一個符合要求的[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")啟動時，系統會通知[ActivityMoniter](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor.html)，進而更新碰撞數目。通常來說要使用[ActivityMoniter](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor.html)，我們可以這樣： 1. 使用[getInstrumentation()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/test/InstrumentationTestCase.html#getInstrumentation())方法為測試用例實現[Instrumentation](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.html)。 1. 使用[Instrumentation](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.html)的一種addMonitor()方法為當前instrumentation添加一個[Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor.html)實例。匹配規則可以通過[IntentFilter](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/IntentFilter.html)或者類名字符串。 1. 等待開啟一個[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")。 1. 驗證監視器撞擊次數的增加。 1. 移除監視器。下面是一個例子: ~~~ // Set up an ActivityMonitor ActivityMonitor receiverActivityMonitor = getInstrumentation().addMonitor(ReceiverActivity.class.getName(), null, false); // Validate that ReceiverActivity is started TouchUtils.clickView(this, sendToReceiverButton); ReceiverActivity receiverActivity = (ReceiverActivity) receiverActivityMonitor.waitForActivityWithTimeout(TIMEOUT_IN_MS); assertNotNull("ReceiverActivity is null", receiverActivity); assertEquals("Monitor for ReceiverActivity has not been called", 1, receiverActivityMonitor.getHits()); assertEquals("Activity is of wrong type", ReceiverActivity.class, receiverActivity.getClass()); // Remove the ActivityMonitor getInstrumentation().removeMonitor(receiverActivityMonitor); ~~~ ### 使用Instrumentation發送一個鍵盤輸入如果[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")有一個[EditText](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/EditText.html)，我們可以測試用戶是否可以給[EditText](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/EditText.html)對象輸入數值。通常在[ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/test/ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2.html)中給[EditText](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/EditText.html)對象發送串字符，我們可以這樣做： 1. 使用[runOnMainSync()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.html#runOnMainSync(java.lang.Runnable))方法在一個循環中同步地調用[requestFocus()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/View.html#requestFocus())。這樣，我們的UI線程就會在獲得焦點前一直被阻塞。 1. 調用[waitForIdleSync()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.html#waitForIdleSync())方法等待主線程空閑（也就是說,沒有更多事件需要處理）。 1. 調用[sendStringSync()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.html#sendStringSync(java.lang.String))方法給[EditText](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/EditText.html)對象發送一個我們輸入的字符串。比如: ~~~ // Send string input value getInstrumentation().runOnMainSync(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { senderMessageEditText.requestFocus(); } }); getInstrumentation().waitForIdleSync(); getInstrumentation().sendStringSync("Hello Android!"); getInstrumentation().waitForIdleSync(); ~~~ 本節例子[AndroidTestingFun.zip](http://developer.android.com/shareables/training/AndroidTestingFun.zip)