wxPython 中的應用框架 · ZetCode 中文系列教程

# wxPython 中的應用框架 > 原文： [http://zetcode.com/wxpython/skeletons/](http://zetcode.com/wxpython/skeletons/) 在本節中，我們將創建一些應用框架。我們的腳本將制定出接口，但不會實現該功能。目的是展示如何在 wxPython 中完成幾個眾所周知的 GUI 界面。 ## 文件管理器文件監視器是文件管理器的骨架。它復制了 Krusader 的監視，Krusader 是 Unix 系統上可用的文件管理器。如果我們雙擊拆分器小部件，它將把文件監視器分成寬度相同的兩個部分。如果我們調整主窗口的大小，也會發生同樣的情況。 `file_hunter.py` ```py #!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ ZetCode wxPython tutorial This program creates a skeleton of a file manager UI. author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: May 2018 """ import wx import os import time ID_BUTTON=100 ID_EXIT=200 ID_SPLITTER=300 class MyListCtrl(wx.ListCtrl): def __init__(self, parent): wx.ListCtrl.__init__(self, parent, style=wx.LC_REPORT) images = ['images/empty.png', 'images/folder.png', 'images/source-py.png', 'images/image.png', 'images/pdf.png', 'images/up16.png'] self.InsertColumn(0, 'Name') self.InsertColumn(1, 'Ext') self.InsertColumn(2, 'Size', wx.LIST_FORMAT_RIGHT) self.InsertColumn(3, 'Modified') self.SetColumnWidth(0, 220) self.SetColumnWidth(1, 70) self.SetColumnWidth(2, 100) self.SetColumnWidth(3, 420) self.il = wx.ImageList(16, 16) for i in images: self.il.Add(wx.Bitmap(i)) self.SetImageList(self.il, wx.IMAGE_LIST_SMALL) j = 1 self.InsertItem(0, '..') self.SetItemImage(0, 5) files = os.listdir('.') for i in files: (name, ext) = os.path.splitext(i) ex = ext[1:] size = os.path.getsize(i) sec = os.path.getmtime(i) self.InsertItem(j, name) self.SetItem(j, 1, ex) self.SetItem(j, 2, str(size) + ' B') self.SetItem(j, 3, time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M', time.localtime(sec))) if os.path.isdir(i): self.SetItemImage(j, 1) elif ex == 'py': self.SetItemImage(j, 2) elif ex == 'jpg': self.SetItemImage(j, 3) elif ex == 'pdf': self.SetItemImage(j, 4) else: self.SetItemImage(j, 0) if (j % 2) == 0: self.SetItemBackgroundColour(j, '#e6f1f5') j = j + 1 class Example(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, *args, **kw): super(Example, self).__init__(*args, **kw) self.InitUI() def InitUI(self): self.splitter = wx.SplitterWindow(self, ID_SPLITTER, style=wx.SP_BORDER) self.splitter.SetMinimumPaneSize(50) p1 = MyListCtrl(self.splitter) p2 = MyListCtrl(self.splitter) self.splitter.SplitVertically(p1, p2) self.Bind(wx.EVT_SIZE, self.OnSize) self.Bind(wx.EVT_SPLITTER_DCLICK, self.OnDoubleClick, id=ID_SPLITTER) filemenu= wx.Menu() filemenu.Append(ID_EXIT, "E&xit"," Terminate the program") editmenu = wx.Menu() netmenu = wx.Menu() showmenu = wx.Menu() configmenu = wx.Menu() helpmenu = wx.Menu() menuBar = wx.MenuBar() menuBar.Append(filemenu, "&File") menuBar.Append(editmenu, "&Edit") menuBar.Append(netmenu, "&Net") menuBar.Append(showmenu, "&Show") menuBar.Append(configmenu, "&Config") menuBar.Append(helpmenu, "&Help") self.SetMenuBar(menuBar) self.Bind(wx.EVT_MENU, self.OnExit, id=ID_EXIT) tb = self.CreateToolBar( wx.TB_HORIZONTAL | wx.NO_BORDER | wx.TB_FLAT) tb.AddTool(10, 'Previous', wx.Bitmap('images/previous.png'), shortHelp='Previous') tb.AddTool(20, 'Up', wx.Bitmap('images/up.png'), shortHelp='Up one directory') tb.AddTool(30, 'Home', wx.Bitmap('images/home.png'), shortHelp='Home') tb.AddTool(40, 'Refresh', wx.Bitmap('images/refresh.png'), shortHelp='Refresh') tb.AddSeparator() tb.AddTool(50, 'Edit text', wx.Bitmap('images/textedit.png'), shortHelp='Edit text') tb.AddTool(60, 'Terminal', wx.Bitmap('images/terminal.png'), shortHelp='Terminal') tb.AddSeparator() tb.AddTool(70, 'Help', wx.Bitmap('images/help.png'), shortHelp='Show help') tb.Realize() self.sizer2 = wx.BoxSizer(wx.HORIZONTAL) button1 = wx.Button(self, ID_BUTTON + 1, "F3 View") button2 = wx.Button(self, ID_BUTTON + 2, "F4 Edit") button3 = wx.Button(self, ID_BUTTON + 3, "F5 Copy") button4 = wx.Button(self, ID_BUTTON + 4, "F6 Move") button5 = wx.Button(self, ID_BUTTON + 5, "F7 Mkdir") button6 = wx.Button(self, ID_BUTTON + 6, "F8 Delete") button7 = wx.Button(self, ID_BUTTON + 7, "F9 Rename") button8 = wx.Button(self, ID_EXIT, "F10 Quit") self.sizer2.Add(button1, 1, wx.EXPAND) self.sizer2.Add(button2, 1, wx.EXPAND) self.sizer2.Add(button3, 1, wx.EXPAND) self.sizer2.Add(button4, 1, wx.EXPAND) self.sizer2.Add(button5, 1, wx.EXPAND) self.sizer2.Add(button6, 1, wx.EXPAND) self.sizer2.Add(button7, 1, wx.EXPAND) self.sizer2.Add(button8, 1, wx.EXPAND) self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.OnExit, id=ID_EXIT) self.sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) self.sizer.Add(self.splitter,1,wx.EXPAND) self.sizer.Add(self.sizer2,0,wx.EXPAND) self.SetSizer(self.sizer) # size = wx.DisplaySize() # self.SetSize(size) sb = self.CreateStatusBar() sb.SetStatusText(os.getcwd()) self.SetTitle("File Hunter") self.Center() def OnExit(self, e): self.Close(True) def OnSize(self, e): size = self.GetSize() self.splitter.SetSashPosition(size.x / 2) e.Skip() def OnDoubleClick(self, e): size = self.GetSize() self.splitter.SetSashPosition(size.x / 2) def main(): app = wx.App() ex = Example(None) ex.Show() app.MainLoop() if __name__ == '__main__': main() ``` 該示例創建一個兩面板文件管理器的 UI。 ```py class MyListCtrl(wx.ListCtrl): def __init__(self, parent): wx.ListCtrl.__init__(self, parent, style=wx.LC_REPORT) ``` 應用的主要區域被`wx.ListCtrl`小部件占據。 ```py self.il = wx.ImageList(16, 16) for i in images: self.il.Add(wx.Bitmap(i)) self.SetImageList(self.il, wx.IMAGE_LIST_SMALL) ``` 列表控件包含一個列表圖像，用于指示文件類型。 ```py files = os.listdir('.') for i in files: (name, ext) = os.path.splitext(i) ex = ext[1:] size = os.path.getsize(i) sec = os.path.getmtime(i) ... ``` 我們獲取當前工作目錄的內容，并確定文件擴展名，大小和最后修改時間。 ```py if os.path.isdir(i): self.SetItemImage(j, 1) elif ex == 'py': self.SetItemImage(j, 2) elif ex == 'jpg': self.SetItemImage(j, 3) elif ex == 'pdf': self.SetItemImage(j, 4) else: self.SetItemImage(j, 0) ``` 根據文件擴展名選擇文件的圖像。 ```py self.splitter = wx.SplitterWindow(self, ID_SPLITTER, style=wx.SP_BORDER) self.splitter.SetMinimumPaneSize(50) p1 = MyListCtrl(self.splitter) p2 = MyListCtrl(self.splitter) self.splitter.SplitVertically(p1, p2) ``` 我們有兩個列表控件，這些控件由拆分器小部件垂直拆分。 ```py menuBar = wx.MenuBar() menuBar.Append(filemenu, "&File") menuBar.Append(editmenu, "&Edit") ... ``` 我們有一個菜單欄。 ```py tb = self.CreateToolBar( wx.TB_HORIZONTAL | wx.NO_BORDER | wx.TB_FLAT) tb.AddTool(10, 'Previous', wx.Bitmap('images/previous.png'), shortHelp='Previous') tb.AddTool(20, 'Up', wx.Bitmap('images/up.png'), shortHelp='Up one directory') ... ``` 我們有一個工具欄。 ```py self.sizer2 = wx.BoxSizer(wx.HORIZONTAL) button1 = wx.Button(self, ID_BUTTON + 1, "F3 View") button2 = wx.Button(self, ID_BUTTON + 2, "F4 Edit") button3 = wx.Button(self, ID_BUTTON + 3, "F5 Copy") button4 = wx.Button(self, ID_BUTTON + 4, "F6 Move") ... ``` 八個按鈕放置在水平大小調整器中，該大小調整器添加到窗口底部。 ![File manager](https://img.kancloud.cn/cc/39/cc394ab9bc274b21feedeb3c0cbd869f_686x318.jpg) 圖：文件管理器 ## 電子表格下面的示例創建電子表格應用的 UI。 `spreadsheet.py` ```py #!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ ZetCode wxPython tutorial This program creates a SpreadSheet UI. author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: May 2018 """ from wx.lib import sheet import wx class MySheet(wx.grid.Grid): def __init__(self, *args, **kw): super(MySheet, self).__init__(*args, **kw) self.InitUI() def InitUI(self): nOfRows = 55 nOfCols = 25 self.row = self.col = 0 self.CreateGrid(nOfRows, nOfCols) self.SetColLabelSize(20) self.SetRowLabelSize(50) self.Bind(wx.grid.EVT_GRID_SELECT_CELL, self.OnGridSelectCell) for i in range(nOfRows): self.SetRowSize(i, 20) for i in range(nOfCols): self.SetColSize(i, 75) def OnGridSelectCell(self, e): self.row, self.col = e.GetRow(), e.GetCol() control = self.GetParent().GetParent().position value = self.GetColLabelValue(self.col) + self.GetRowLabelValue(self.row) control.SetValue(value) e.Skip() class Example(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, *args, **kw): super(Example, self).__init__(*args, **kw) self.InitUI() def InitUI(self): fonts = ['Times New Roman', 'Times', 'Courier', 'Courier New', 'Helvetica', 'Sans', 'verdana', 'utkal', 'aakar', 'Arial'] font_sizes = ['10', '11', '12', '14', '16'] box = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) menuBar = wx.MenuBar() menu1 = wx.Menu() menuBar.Append(menu1, '&File') menu2 = wx.Menu() menuBar.Append(menu2, '&Edit') menu3 = wx.Menu() menuBar.Append(menu3, '&Edit') menu4 = wx.Menu() menuBar.Append(menu4, '&Insert') menu5 = wx.Menu() menuBar.Append(menu5, 'F&ormat') menu6 = wx.Menu() menuBar.Append(menu6, '&Tools') menu7 = wx.Menu() menuBar.Append(menu7, '&Data') menu8 = wx.Menu() menuBar.Append(menu8, '&Help') self.SetMenuBar(menuBar) toolbar1 = wx.ToolBar(self, style= wx.TB_HORIZONTAL) toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/new.png')) toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/open.png')) toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/save.png')) toolbar1.AddSeparator() toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/cut.png')) toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/copy.png')) toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/paste.png')) toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/delete.png')) toolbar1.AddSeparator() toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/undo.png')) toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/redo.png')) toolbar1.AddSeparator() toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/asc.png')) toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/desc.png')) toolbar1.AddSeparator() toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/chart.png')) toolbar1.AddSeparator() toolbar1.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/exit.png')) toolbar1.Realize() toolbar2 = wx.ToolBar(self, wx.TB_HORIZONTAL | wx.TB_TEXT) self.position = wx.TextCtrl(toolbar2) font = wx.ComboBox(toolbar2, value='Times', choices=fonts, size=(100, -1), style=wx.CB_DROPDOWN) font_height = wx.ComboBox(toolbar2, value='10', choices=font_sizes, size=(50, -1), style=wx.CB_DROPDOWN) toolbar2.AddControl(self.position) toolbar2.AddControl(font) toolbar2.AddControl(font_height) toolbar2.AddSeparator() toolbar2.AddCheckTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/text-bold.png')) toolbar2.AddCheckTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/text-italic.png')) toolbar2.AddCheckTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/text-underline.png')) toolbar2.AddSeparator() toolbar2.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/align-left.png')) toolbar2.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/align-center.png')) toolbar2.AddTool(wx.ID_ANY, '', wx.Bitmap('images/align-right.png')) box.Add(toolbar1, border=5) box.Add((5,5) , 0) box.Add(toolbar2) box.Add((5,10) , 0) toolbar2.Realize() self.SetSizer(box) notebook = wx.Notebook(self, style=wx.RIGHT) sheet1 = MySheet(notebook) sheet2 = MySheet(notebook) sheet3 = MySheet(notebook) sheet1.SetFocus() notebook.AddPage(sheet1, 'Sheet1') notebook.AddPage(sheet2, 'Sheet2') notebook.AddPage(sheet3, 'Sheet3') box.Add(notebook, 1, wx.EXPAND) self.CreateStatusBar() self.SetSize((550, 550)) self.SetTitle("SpreadSheet") self.Centre() def main(): app = wx.App() ex = Example(None) ex.Show() app.MainLoop() if __name__ == '__main__': main() ``` 該代碼示例創建電子表格應用的 UI。我有一個菜單欄，工具欄和一個中央網格小部件。 ```py class MySheet(wx.grid.Grid): def __init__(self, *args, **kw): super(MySheet, self).__init__(*args, **kw) self.InitUI() def InitUI(self): nOfRows = 55 nOfCols = 25 self.row = self.col = 0 self.CreateGrid(nOfRows, nOfCols) ... ``` 我們創建一個自定義的`wx.grid.Grid`小部件。我們的每個工作表將有 55 行和 25 列。用`CreateGrid()`方法創建一個單元格網格。 ```py control = self.GetParent().GetParent().position ``` 位置文本控件顯示了網格小部件的選定單元格。它是第二個工具欄的第一個小部件。在`Example`類內部，我們需要獲取對文本控件的引用，該引用在`Example`類中定義。 `MySheet`是筆記本的子項。筆記本是`Example`的子項。因此，通過兩次調用`GetParent()`方法，我們設法到達了位置文本控件。 ```py notebook = wx.Notebook(self, style=wx.RIGHT) sheet1 = MySheet(notebook) sheet2 = MySheet(notebook) sheet3 = MySheet(notebook) sheet1.SetFocus() notebook.AddPage(sheet1, 'Sheet1') notebook.AddPage(sheet2, 'Sheet2') notebook.AddPage(sheet3, 'Sheet3') ``` 將創建三張紙并將其放置在筆記本小部件中。 ![Spreadsheet](https://img.kancloud.cn/b5/b3/b5b386dad3e34dd0e05ee30b08aac5d2_550x550.jpg) 圖：電子表格 ## 播放器以下示例是典型視頻播放器的框架。 `player.py` ```py #!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ ZetCode wxPython tutorial This program creates a Player UI. author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: May 2018 """ import wx class Example(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, *args, **kw): super(Example, self).__init__(*args, **kw) self.InitUI() def InitUI(self): self.CreateMenuBar() panel = wx.Panel(self) pnl1 = wx.Panel(self) pnl1.SetBackgroundColour(wx.BLACK) pnl2 = wx.Panel(self) slider1 = wx.Slider(pnl2, value=18, minValue=0, maxValue=1000) pause = wx.BitmapButton(pnl2, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/pause.png')) play = wx.BitmapButton(pnl2, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/play.png')) forw = wx.BitmapButton(pnl2, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/forw.png')) back = wx.BitmapButton(pnl2, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/back.png')) vol = wx.BitmapButton(pnl2, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/volume.png')) slider2 = wx.Slider(pnl2, value=1, minValue=0, maxValue=100, size=(120, -1)) vbox = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) hbox1 = wx.BoxSizer(wx.HORIZONTAL) hbox2 = wx.BoxSizer(wx.HORIZONTAL) hbox1.Add(slider1, proportion=1) hbox2.Add(pause) hbox2.Add(play, flag=wx.RIGHT, border=5) hbox2.Add(forw, flag=wx.LEFT, border=5) hbox2.Add(back) hbox2.Add((-1, -1), proportion=1) hbox2.Add(vol) hbox2.Add(slider2, flag=wx.TOP|wx.LEFT, border=5) vbox.Add(hbox1, flag=wx.EXPAND|wx.BOTTOM, border=10) vbox.Add(hbox2, proportion=1, flag=wx.EXPAND) pnl2.SetSizer(vbox) sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) sizer.Add(pnl1, proportion=1, flag=wx.EXPAND) sizer.Add(pnl2, flag=wx.EXPAND|wx.BOTTOM|wx.TOP, border=10) self.SetMinSize((350, 300)) self.CreateStatusBar() self.SetSizer(sizer) self.SetSize((350, 200)) self.SetTitle('Player') self.Centre() def CreateMenuBar(self): menubar = wx.MenuBar() filem = wx.Menu() play = wx.Menu() view = wx.Menu() tools = wx.Menu() favorites = wx.Menu() help = wx.Menu() filem.Append(wx.ID_ANY, '&Quit', 'Quit application') menubar.Append(filem, '&File') menubar.Append(play, '&Play') menubar.Append(view, '&View') menubar.Append(tools, '&Tools') menubar.Append(favorites, 'F&avorites') menubar.Append(help, '&Help') self.SetMenuBar(menubar) def main(): app = wx.App() ex = Example(None) ex.Show() app.MainLoop() if __name__ == '__main__': main() ``` 為了構建界面，我們使用了位圖按鈕，滑塊，面板和菜單欄。 ```py pnl1 = wx.Panel(self) pnl1.SetBackgroundColour(wx.BLACK) ``` 應用的主要區域由黑色背景的面板占據。 ```py slider1 = wx.Slider(pnl2, value=18, minValue=0, maxValue=1000) ``` `wx.Slider`用于顯示膠片的進度。 ```py pause = wx.BitmapButton(pnl2, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/pause.png')) play = wx.BitmapButton(pnl2, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/play.png')) ``` 位圖按鈕用于控制按鈕。 ```py self.SetMinSize((350, 300)) ``` 在這里，我們設置播放器的最小大小。將窗口縮小到某個值以下沒有太大意義。 ![Player](https://img.kancloud.cn/cc/08/cc085e5f1b970c97255c1e14c734898b_350x300.jpg) 圖：播放器 ## 瀏覽器在下面的示例中，我們模仿經典瀏覽器 UI 的外觀。 `browser.py` ```py #!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ ZetCode wxPython tutorial This program creates a browser UI. author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: May 2018 """ import wx from wx.lib.buttons import GenBitmapTextButton class Example(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, *args, **kw): super(Example, self).__init__(*args, **kw) self.InitUI() def InitUI(self): self.CreateMenuBar() panel = wx.Panel(self) # panel.SetBackgroundColour('white') vbox = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) hbox1 = wx.BoxSizer(wx.HORIZONTAL) hbox2 = wx.BoxSizer(wx.HORIZONTAL) line1 = wx.StaticLine(panel) vbox.Add(line1, 0, wx.EXPAND) toolbar1 = wx.Panel(panel, size=(-1, 30)) back = wx.BitmapButton(toolbar1, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/back.png'), style=wx.NO_BORDER) forward = wx.BitmapButton(toolbar1, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/forw.png'), style=wx.NO_BORDER) refresh = wx.BitmapButton(toolbar1, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/refresh.png'), style=wx.NO_BORDER) stop = wx.BitmapButton(toolbar1, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/stop.png'), style=wx.NO_BORDER) home = wx.BitmapButton(toolbar1, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/home.png'), style=wx.NO_BORDER) address = wx.ComboBox(toolbar1, size=(50, -1)) go = wx.BitmapButton(toolbar1, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/play.png'), style=wx.NO_BORDER) text = wx.TextCtrl(toolbar1, size=(150, -1)) hbox1.Add(back) hbox1.Add(forward) hbox1.Add(refresh) hbox1.Add(stop) hbox1.Add(home) hbox1.Add(address, 1, wx.TOP, 3) hbox1.Add(go, 0, wx.TOP | wx.LEFT, 3) hbox1.Add(text, 0, wx.TOP | wx.RIGHT, 3) toolbar1.SetSizer(hbox1) vbox.Add(toolbar1, 0, wx.EXPAND) line = wx.StaticLine(panel) vbox.Add(line, 0, wx.EXPAND) toolbar2 = wx.Panel(panel, size=(-1, 30)) bookmark1 = wx.BitmapButton(toolbar2, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/love.png'), style=wx.NO_BORDER) bookmark2 = wx.BitmapButton(toolbar2, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/book.png'), style=wx.NO_BORDER) bookmark3 = wx.BitmapButton(toolbar2, bitmap=wx.Bitmap('images/sound.png'), style=wx.NO_BORDER) hbox2.Add(bookmark1, flag=wx.RIGHT, border=5) hbox2.Add(bookmark2, flag=wx.RIGHT, border=5) hbox2.Add(bookmark3) toolbar2.SetSizer(hbox2) vbox.Add(toolbar2, 0, wx.EXPAND) line2 = wx.StaticLine(panel) vbox.Add(line2, 0, wx.EXPAND) panel.SetSizer(vbox) self.CreateStatusBar() self.SetTitle("Browser") self.Centre() def CreateMenuBar(self): menubar = wx.MenuBar() file = wx.Menu() file.Append(wx.ID_ANY, '&Quit', '') edit = wx.Menu() view = wx.Menu() go = wx.Menu() bookmarks = wx.Menu() tools = wx.Menu() help = wx.Menu() menubar.Append(file, '&File') menubar.Append(edit, '&Edit') menubar.Append(view, '&View') menubar.Append(go, '&Go') menubar.Append(bookmarks, '&Bookmarks') menubar.Append(tools, '&Tools') menubar.Append(help, '&Help') self.SetMenuBar(menubar) def main(): app = wx.App() ex = Example(None) ex.Show() app.MainLoop() if __name__ == '__main__': main() ``` 為了創建一個較大的組合框，我們不能使用`wx.Toolbar`。我們基于`wx.Panel`創建自定義工具欄。 ```py toolbar1 = wx.Panel(panel, size=(-1, 40)) ``` 我們創建一個普通的`wx.Panel`。 ```py hbox1 = wx.BoxSizer(wx.HORIZONTAL) ... hbox1.Add(back) hbox1.Add(forward) hbox1.Add(refresh) ``` 我們創建一個水平大小調整器，并添加所有必要的按鈕。 ```py hbox1.Add(address, 1, wx.TOP, 4) ``` 然后，將組合框添加到大小調整器。這種組合框通常稱為地址欄。請注意，這是唯一將比例設置為 1 的小部件。這是使其可調整大小的必要條件。 ```py line2 = wx.StaticLine(panel) vbox.Add(line2, 0, wx.EXPAND) ``` 工具欄由一行分隔。 ![Browser UI](https://img.kancloud.cn/62/4f/624f3a2d812228068239b68e6a416285_506x288.jpg) 圖：瀏覽器 UI 在 wxPython 教程的這一部分中，我們創建了一些應用框架。