wxPython 中的俄羅斯方塊游戲 · ZetCode 中文系列教程

# wxPython 中的俄羅斯方塊游戲 > 原文： [http://zetcode.com/wxpython/thetetrisgame/](http://zetcode.com/wxpython/thetetrisgame/) 俄羅斯方塊游戲是有史以來最受歡迎的計算機游戲之一。原始游戲是由俄羅斯程序員 Alexey Pajitnov 于 1985 年設計和編程的。此后，幾乎所有版本的幾乎所有計算機平臺上都可以使用俄羅斯方塊。俄羅斯方塊被稱為下降塊益智游戲。在這個游戲中，我們有七個不同的形狀，稱為 tetrominoes：S 形，Z 形，T 形，L 形，線形，MirroredL 形和方形。這些形狀中的每一個都形成有四個正方形。形狀從板上掉下來。俄羅斯方塊游戲的目的是移動和旋轉形狀，以使其盡可能地適合。如果我們設法形成一行，則該行將被破壞并得分。我們玩俄羅斯方塊游戲，直到達到頂峰。 ![Tetrominoes](https://img.kancloud.cn/2b/7a/2b7a874cd2ec9a34c259d3dd686809e9_328x132.jpg) 圖：Tetrominoes wxPython 是旨在創建應用的工具包。還有其他一些旨在創建計算機游戲的庫。不過，可以使用 wxPython 和其他應用工具包來創建游戲。 ## 開發我們的俄羅斯方塊游戲沒有圖像，我們使用 wxPython 中提供的繪圖 API 繪制四方塊。每個計算機游戲的背后都有一個數學模型。俄羅斯方塊也是如此。游戲背后的一些想法： * 我們使用`wx.Timer`創建游戲周期 * 繪制四方塊 * 形狀以正方形為單位移動（不是逐個像素移動） * 從數學上講，棋盤是簡單的數字列表 `tetris.py` ```py #!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ ZetCode wxPython tutorial This is Tetris game clone in wxPython. author: Jan Bodnar website: www.zetcode.com last modified: May 2018 """ import wx import random class Tetris(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, parent): wx.Frame.__init__(self, parent, size=(180, 380), style=wx.DEFAULT_FRAME_STYLE ^ wx.RESIZE_BORDER ^ wx.MAXIMIZE_BOX) self.initFrame() def initFrame(self): self.statusbar = self.CreateStatusBar() self.statusbar.SetStatusText('0') self.board = Board(self) self.board.SetFocus() self.board.start() self.SetTitle("Tetris") self.Centre() class Board(wx.Panel): BoardWidth = 10 BoardHeight = 22 Speed = 300 ID_TIMER = 1 def __init__(self, *args, **kw): super(Board, self).__init__(*args, **kw) self.initBoard() def initBoard(self): self.timer = wx.Timer(self, Board.ID_TIMER) self.isWaitingAfterLine = False self.curPiece = Shape() self.nextPiece = Shape() self.curX = 0 self.curY = 0 self.numLinesRemoved = 0 self.board = [] self.isStarted = False self.isPaused = False self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT, self.OnPaint) self.Bind(wx.EVT_KEY_DOWN, self.OnKeyDown) self.Bind(wx.EVT_TIMER, self.OnTimer, id=Board.ID_TIMER) self.clearBoard() def shapeAt(self, x, y): return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape): self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape def squareWidth(self): return self.GetClientSize().GetWidth() // Board.BoardWidth def squareHeight(self): return self.GetClientSize().GetHeight() // Board.BoardHeight def start(self): if self.isPaused: return self.isStarted = True self.isWaitingAfterLine = False self.numLinesRemoved = 0 self.clearBoard() self.newPiece() self.timer.Start(Board.Speed) def pause(self): if not self.isStarted: return self.isPaused = not self.isPaused statusbar = self.GetParent().statusbar if self.isPaused: self.timer.Stop() statusbar.SetStatusText('paused') else: self.timer.Start(Board.Speed) statusbar.SetStatusText(str(self.numLinesRemoved)) self.Refresh() def clearBoard(self): for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth): self.board.append(Tetrominoes.NoShape) def OnPaint(self, event): dc = wx.PaintDC(self) size = self.GetClientSize() boardTop = size.GetHeight() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight() for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1) if shape != Tetrominoes.NoShape: self.drawSquare(dc, 0 + j * self.squareWidth(), boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape) if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoes.NoShape: for i in range(4): x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i) y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i) self.drawSquare(dc, 0 + x * self.squareWidth(), boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(), self.curPiece.shape()) def OnKeyDown(self, event): if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoes.NoShape: event.Skip() return keycode = event.GetKeyCode() if keycode == ord('P') or keycode == ord('p'): self.pause() return if self.isPaused: return elif keycode == wx.WXK_LEFT: self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY) elif keycode == wx.WXK_RIGHT: self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY) elif keycode == wx.WXK_DOWN: self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotatedRight(), self.curX, self.curY) elif keycode == wx.WXK_UP: self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotatedLeft(), self.curX, self.curY) elif keycode == wx.WXK_SPACE: self.dropDown() elif keycode == ord('D') or keycode == ord('d'): self.oneLineDown() else: event.Skip() def OnTimer(self, event): if event.GetId() == Board.ID_TIMER: if self.isWaitingAfterLine: self.isWaitingAfterLine = False self.newPiece() else: self.oneLineDown() else: event.Skip() def dropDown(self): newY = self.curY while newY > 0: if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1): break newY -= 1 self.pieceDropped() def oneLineDown(self): if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1): self.pieceDropped() def pieceDropped(self): for i in range(4): x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i) y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i) self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape()) self.removeFullLines() if not self.isWaitingAfterLine: self.newPiece() def removeFullLines(self): numFullLines = 0 statusbar = self.GetParent().statusbar rowsToRemove = [] for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): n = 0 for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoes.NoShape: n = n + 1 if n == 10: rowsToRemove.append(i) rowsToRemove.reverse() for m in rowsToRemove: for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight): for l in range(Board.BoardWidth): self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1)) numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove) if numFullLines > 0: self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines statusbar.SetStatusText(str(self.numLinesRemoved)) self.isWaitingAfterLine = True self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoes.NoShape) self.Refresh() def newPiece(self): self.curPiece = self.nextPiece statusbar = self.GetParent().statusbar self.nextPiece.setRandomShape() self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1 self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY() if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY): self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoes.NoShape) self.timer.Stop() self.isStarted = False statusbar.SetStatusText('Game over') def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY): for i in range(4): x = newX + newPiece.x(i) y = newY - newPiece.y(i) if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight: return False if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoes.NoShape: return False self.curPiece = newPiece self.curX = newX self.curY = newY self.Refresh() return True def drawSquare(self, dc, x, y, shape): colors = ['#000000', '#CC6666', '#66CC66', '#6666CC', '#CCCC66', '#CC66CC', '#66CCCC', '#DAAA00'] light = ['#000000', '#F89FAB', '#79FC79', '#7979FC', '#FCFC79', '#FC79FC', '#79FCFC', '#FCC600'] dark = ['#000000', '#803C3B', '#3B803B', '#3B3B80', '#80803B', '#803B80', '#3B8080', '#806200'] pen = wx.Pen(light[shape]) pen.SetCap(wx.CAP_PROJECTING) dc.SetPen(pen) dc.DrawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y) dc.DrawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y) darkpen = wx.Pen(dark[shape]) darkpen.SetCap(wx.CAP_PROJECTING) dc.SetPen(darkpen) dc.DrawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1) dc.DrawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1) dc.SetPen(wx.TRANSPARENT_PEN) dc.SetBrush(wx.Brush(colors[shape])) dc.DrawRectangle(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2, self.squareHeight() - 2) class Tetrominoes(object): NoShape = 0 ZShape = 1 SShape = 2 LineShape = 3 TShape = 4 SquareShape = 5 LShape = 6 MirroredLShape = 7 class Shape(object): coordsTable = ( ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)), ((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)), ((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)), ((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)), ((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)) ) def __init__(self): self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)] self.pieceShape = Tetrominoes.NoShape self.setShape(Tetrominoes.NoShape) def shape(self): return self.pieceShape def setShape(self, shape): table = Shape.coordsTable[shape] for i in range(4): for j in range(2): self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j] self.pieceShape = shape def setRandomShape(self): self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7)) def x(self, index): return self.coords[index][0] def y(self, index): return self.coords[index][1] def setX(self, index, x): self.coords[index][0] = x def setY(self, index, y): self.coords[index][1] = y def minX(self): m = self.coords[0][0] for i in range(4): m = min(m, self.coords[i][0]) return m def maxX(self): m = self.coords[0][0] for i in range(4): m = max(m, self.coords[i][0]) return m def minY(self): m = self.coords[0][1] for i in range(4): m = min(m, self.coords[i][1]) return m def maxY(self): m = self.coords[0][1] for i in range(4): m = max(m, self.coords[i][1]) return m def rotatedLeft(self): if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoes.SquareShape: return self result = Shape() result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape for i in range(4): result.setX(i, self.y(i)) result.setY(i, -self.x(i)) return result def rotatedRight(self): if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoes.SquareShape: return self result = Shape() result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape for i in range(4): result.setX(i, -self.y(i)) result.setY(i, self.x(i)) return result def main(): app = wx.App() ex = Tetris(None) ex.Show() app.MainLoop() if __name__ == '__main__': main() ``` 游戲進行了簡化，以便于理解。它在啟動應用后立即啟動。我們可以通過按 `p` 鍵暫停游戲。 `空格鍵`將下降的俄羅斯方塊片段立即放到底部。 `d` 鍵將棋子下降一行。（可以用來加快跌落速度。）游戲以恒定速度進行，沒有實現加速。分數是我們已刪除的行數。 ```py def __init__(self, *args, **kw): super(Board, self).__init__(*args, **kw) ``` Windows 用戶注意事項。如果無法使用箭頭鍵，則將`style=wx.WANTS_CHARS`添加到板子構造器中。 ```py ... self.curX = 0 self.curY = 0 self.numLinesRemoved = 0 self.board = [] ... ``` 在開始游戲周期之前，我們先初始化一些重要的變量。 `self.board`變量是一個從 0 到 7 的數字的列表。它表示各種形狀的位置以及板上形狀的其余部分。 ```py for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1) if shape != Tetrominoes.NoShape: self.drawSquare(dc, 0 + j * self.squareWidth(), boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape) ``` 游戲的繪圖分為兩個步驟。在第一步中，我們繪制所有形狀或已放置到板底部的形狀的其余部分。所有正方形都記在`self.board`列表變量中。我們使用`shapeAt()`方法訪問它。 ```py if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoes.NoShape: for i in range(4): x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i) y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i) self.drawSquare(dc, 0 + x * self.squareWidth(), boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(), self.curPiece.shape()) ``` 下一步是繪制掉落的實際零件。 ```py elif keycode == wx.WXK_LEFT: self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY) ``` 在`OnKeyDown()`方法中，我們檢查按鍵是否按下。如果按向左箭頭鍵，我們將嘗試將棋子向左移動。我們說嘗試，因為該部分可能無法移動。 ```py def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY): for i in range(4): x = newX + newPiece.x(i) y = newY - newPiece.y(i) if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight: return False if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoes.NoShape: return False self.curPiece = newPiece self.curX = newX self.curY = newY self.Refresh() return True ``` 在`tryMove()`方法中，我們嘗試移動形狀。如果形狀在板的邊緣或與其他零件相鄰，則返回`False`；否則，我們將當前下降片放到新位置并返回`True`。 ```py def OnTimer(self, event): if event.GetId() == Board.ID_TIMER: if self.isWaitingAfterLine: self.isWaitingAfterLine = False self.newPiece() else: self.oneLineDown() else: event.Skip() ``` 在`OnTimer()`方法中，我們可以創建一個新的片段，將前一個片段放到底部，或者將下降的片段向下移動一行。 ```py def removeFullLines(self): numFullLines = 0 rowsToRemove = [] for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): n = 0 for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoes.NoShape: n = n + 1 if n == 10: rowsToRemove.append(i) rowsToRemove.reverse() for m in rowsToRemove: for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight): for l in range(Board.BoardWidth): self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1)) ... ``` 如果片段觸底，我們將調用`removeFullLines()`方法。首先，我們找出所有實線并將其刪除。通過將所有行移動到當前全行上方來將其向下移動一行來實現。請注意，我們顛倒了要刪除的行的順序。否則，它將無法正常工作。在我們的情況下，我們使用樸素重力。這意味著碎片可能會漂浮在空的間隙上方。 ```py def newPiece(self): self.curPiece = self.nextPiece statusbar = self.GetParent().statusbar self.nextPiece.setRandomShape() self.curX = Board.BoardWidth / 2 + 1 self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY() if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY): self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoes.NoShape) self.timer.Stop() self.isStarted = False statusbar.SetStatusText('Game over') ``` `newPiece()`方法隨機創建一個新的俄羅斯方塊。如果棋子無法進入其初始位置，則游戲結束。 `Shape`類保存有關俄羅斯方塊的信息。 ```py self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)] ``` 創建后，我們將創建一個空坐標列表。該列表將保存俄羅斯方塊的坐標。例如，元組（0，-1），（0、0），（-1、0），（-1，-1）表示旋轉的 S 形。下圖說明了形狀。 ![Coordinates](https://img.kancloud.cn/5c/0b/5c0bbb2ed04c22b46915ea1ef803ce4d_272x230.jpg) 圖：坐標當繪制當前下降片時，將其繪制在`self.curX`和`self.curY position`處。然后，我們查看坐標表并繪制所有四個正方形。 ![Tetris](https://img.kancloud.cn/5e/4e/5e4e72a5213da254ee8698afe7ca4eb2_180x380.jpg) 圖：俄羅斯方塊這是 wxPython 中的俄羅斯方塊游戲。