# Chad Rigetti at Startup School SV 2016 > `[00:00:00]` And everybody. Our next speaker is Chadrick getit from McGeady quantum computing Righetti quantum computing and went through Y C in the summer of 2014. At that point they had nothing. They are now one of the leading quantum computing companies in the world. And next year well I don\'t know exactly what they are getting close to a quantum supremacy machine. I have a particular love for the startups where they\'re trying to do something. It\'s not clear if it\'s technically possible but if they do it change the world and it just goes nothing nothing nothing nothing. And then everything is different. These companies are super fun to work with. And I think they\'re super fun to work on which is why I\'m so excited. Chad\'s here to tell us about Righetti and also hard technology startups in general and why it\'s OK. If you don\'t have a growth graph every week sometimes you just work and work and work and then everything comes together. Check them out here because I have a question for you. `[00:00:00]` 和大家。下一位發言者是來自 McGeady 量子計算公司的 Chadrick Getit，他在 2014 年夏天經歷了 YC。那時他們一無所有。他們現在是世界上領先的量子計算公司之一。明年，嗯，我不知道他們到底在接近一臺量子至上機器。我對創業公司有一種特別的愛，他們想在那里做點什么。目前還不清楚這在技術上是否可行，但如果他們這樣做了，世界就會改變，一切就一事無成了。然后一切都變了。與這些公司合作非常有趣。我認為他們工作非常有趣，這也是為什么我如此興奮的原因。查德來這里是為了告訴我們關于 Righetti 和硬技術初創公司的一般情況，以及為什么這樣做是可以的。如果你沒有每周的增長圖表，有時你只是工作，然后一切都在一起。看看這里，因為我有個問題要問你。 > `[00:00:58]` So Chad and I met on the streets of San Francisco and I walked around the financial district in 2014 and chatted. It started this company was thinking about it and Chad I\'ve actually never spoken about this again but I think I hope you remember this. I think Chad thought I was really crazy because we got into a long conversation about this simulation hypothesis and if a building a quantum computer was actually bad. Because it would use a lot of resources to emulate and shut down the simulation do you think I was really crazy. 于是，查德和我在舊金山的街道上相遇，2014 年，我在金融區四處閑逛，聊了聊。它開始的時候，這家公司正在考慮這個問題，查德，我從來沒有說過這件事，但我想我希望你能記住這一點。我認為查德認為我真的瘋了，因為我們就這個模擬假設進行了長時間的對話，如果一臺量子計算機的建造真的很糟糕的話。因為它會使用大量的資源來模擬和關閉模擬，你認為我真的瘋了嗎？ `[00:01:29]` It was a very interesting conversation. > `[00:01:29]` 這是一次非常有趣的談話。 `[00:01:31]` Laughter. > `[00:01:31]` 笑聲。 `[00:01:33]` Is that like you know and as you can say yes I didn\'t think you\'re crazy but I had just moved to San Francisco into Silicon Valley from New York City. And that is not a conversation you can have in New York City without people thinking you\'re crazy. Laughter But I\'m an open person and I like to learn. So I was very interested in this hypothesis and it was an amazing conversation. It was really fun. > `[00:01:33]` 就像你所知道的，你可以說是的，我不認為你瘋了，但我剛從紐約市搬到舊金山去硅谷。在紐約市，你不可能在人們認為你瘋了的情況下進行這樣的對話。笑，但我是一個開放的人，我喜歡學習。所以我對這個假設很感興趣，這是一次很棒的對話。真的特好玩 `[00:01:54]` All right well I hope the company works and I hope the simulation is not shut down. Great thank you. That will help. All right. So Chad is going to talk to us about getti. Thank you for coming. Awesome. Thank you so much Sam. > `[00:01:54]` 好吧，我希望公司能運作，我希望模擬不會被關閉。太好了，謝謝。那會有幫助的。好的所以查德要和我們談談格蒂的事。謝謝你的光臨。太棒了。非常感謝山姆。 `[00:02:10]` Applause. > `[00:02:10]` 掌聲。 `[00:02:11]` All right. I\'m incredibly excited to be here today and to talk with you guys. > `[00:02:11]` 好的。我很高興今天能來這里和你們談談。 `[00:02:17]` I\'m also incredibly honored. So thank you very much Sam and Cat NYC for having me. Give me the opportunity to talk with you guys so this I mentioned when we joined Y Combinator in summer 2014. We had nothing. We had not built a single Cubitt the fundamental building block of Acorda computer. We did not know how we were going to build cubits. I knew what they needed to look like and I knew what the fundamental requirements were. In fact I\'d been working in the fields for already about 10 or 12 years in quantum computing. And this is a five cubic corner computer that we have built at Righetti computing. It\'s less than two years later and we\'re about 35 people in a warehouse in Berkeley about 20 somePh.D. and we\'re building contributors and we\'re in a race to define this technology for the next 20 30 40 years and it\'s incredibly fun. > `[00:02:17]` 我也非常榮幸。所以非常感謝山姆和凱特紐約邀請我。給我機會和你們談談，這是我在 2014 年夏天加入 Y Combinator 時提到的。我們什么都沒有。我們還沒有建造一個立方體，這是 Acorda 計算機的基本組成部分。我們不知道怎樣建造肘。我知道他們需要什么樣子，我也知道基本要求是什么。事實上，我已經在量子計算領域工作了 10 到 12 年。這是我們在 Righetti 計算機公司建造的一臺五立方角計算機。不到兩年后，我們在伯克利的一個倉庫里大約有 35 人-大約 20 歲左右-博士，我們正在建造貢獻者，我們正在競相在接下來的 20、30、40 年中定義這項技術，這是一種令人難以置信的樂趣。 `[00:03:18]` It is the kind of thing that gets you up in the morning and is worth spending your life on humans are building. > `[00:03:18]` 這是一種能讓你在早晨起床的東西，值得你把你的生命花在人類正在建造的建筑上。 `[00:03:29]` Humans have been building tools and technology to store and process information for millennia. I\'d like to think of the sundial as the original computer. It takes an input and it tells us something useful with it and tells you the time from the sundial to the abacus and then things like that Babbage Difference Engine which you can go see at the Computer History Museum. It\'s amazing and you should do it to punch cards. Those are all systems based on Newtonian mechanics. And every time our understanding of nature evolves and develops further we add a deeper level of understanding. Our technology progresses as well. So many great companies were born of this first transition that I\'m talking about on the slide. IBM started as a computing Tabulating Recording Company. They made punch punch cards and time clocks. They were kind of born out of this first transition into the microchip era. And they say know they blossomed and evolved and survived through that through this time to grow into a very very large company. Other companies that drove that first transition. > `[00:03:29]` 幾千年來，人類一直在建造工具和技術來存儲和處理信息。我想把日晷當成原來的電腦。它需要一個輸入，它告訴我們一些有用的東西，告訴你從日晷到算盤的時間，然后是巴貝奇差分引擎，你可以在計算機歷史博物館看到。這太棒了，你應該用它來打卡。這些都是基于牛頓力學的系統。每一次我們對自然的理解進化和發展的時候，我們都會增加一個更深層次的理解。我們的技術也在進步。這么多偉大的公司誕生在這第一次轉型中，我在幻燈片上談到了這一點。IBM 最初是一家電腦詞匯記錄公司。他們制作打孔卡和時刻表。他們是在第一次向微芯片時代過渡的過程中誕生的。他們說，他們知道，他們開花，進化，并通過這段時間生存下來，成長為一個非常大的公司。其他推動第一次轉型的公司。 `[00:04:30]` Q Was it Fairchild intel. And then what\'s been born in that area of the microchip. Well almost everything we see around us driven the global economy for the past 50 or 60 years. > `[00:04:30]` 問：是費爾柴爾德的情報嗎？然后，在微芯片的那個領域誕生了什么呢？嗯，在過去的 50 或 60 年里，我們所看到的幾乎所有的一切都推動了全球經濟的發展。 `[00:04:44]` That\'s incredible the amount of leverage you can get from a computing technology is massive. And you know what we\'ve known since 1985 that beneath is Newton\'s laws on one hand and then beneath that there is kind of Maxwell\'s equations and we\'ve known since 1985 that there\'s a more fundamental description of nature and that\'s quantum mechanics. At Righetti computing we\'re driving this next transition from microchips to the systems based on individual atoms or artificial atoms that we build in the lab. And that\'s a very exciting opportunity for for us so why is it worth doing this. > `[00:04:44]` 令人難以置信的是，你可以從一種計算技術中獲得巨大的杠桿效應。你知道自 1985 年以來我們知道的是牛頓定律，在牛頓定律下面，有某種麥克斯韋方程，我們從 1985 年開始就知道，自然界有一個更基本的描述，這是量子力學的一個更基本的描述。在 Righetti 計算中，我們正在推動下一次從微芯片向基于單個原子或人工原子的系統的轉變，這是我們在實驗室中構建的。這對我們來說是一個非常令人興奮的機會，所以為什么值得這樣做呢？ `[00:05:20]` This sounds incredibly hard. Why is it worth trying to build contributors in the first place. Well the kind of problems that these machines will solve are incredibly impactful. > `[00:05:20]` 這聽起來很難。為什么值得一開始就建立貢獻者呢？這些機器所能解決的問題是非常有影響的。 `[00:05:32]` They fall into two broad categories. We think of them in kind of two broad categories. On the one hand you have a class of applications that we think of as quantum chemistry. So what you\'re doing in this case is using the quantum mechanical the quantum computer as a tool to investigate other quantum mechanical systems. It turns out that that\'s almost everything in science medicine material science. This is stuff that is going to lead to better drugs better materials better nuclear reactors highly impactful technology. Why are we doing this. Because if you can you build a quantum computer you can do a simulation driven design of new catalysts catalysts to capture carbon or nitrogen from the atmosphere. It can help solve global warming. This is an incredible incredibly broad technology. The other bucket of applications is machine learning and artificial intelligence. So in this case what you do is learn to embed a learning problem on a classically intractable physical model that you can simulate on a quantum computer. That\'s a mouthful. What it means is quantum computers are going to lead a fundamentally more powerful forms of artificial intelligence. > `[00:05:32]` 它們分為兩大類。我們把它們分為兩大類。一方面，你有一類我們認為是量子化學的應用。在這種情況下，你所做的就是使用量子力學，量子計算機，作為研究其他量子力學系統的工具。事實證明，這幾乎是科學、醫學、材料科學中的一切。這將導致更好的藥物、更好的材料、更好的核反應堆、高影響力的技術。我們為什么要這么做。因為如果你能建造一臺量子計算機，你就可以進行模擬驅動的設計，設計新的催化劑，從大氣中捕獲碳或氮。它可以幫助解決全球變暖問題。這是一項令人難以置信的廣泛技術。另一桶應用是機器學習和人工智能。所以在這種情況下，你要做的是學會把學習問題嵌入到一個經典的棘手的物理模型上，你可以在量子計算機上模擬這個模型。那是一口。這意味著量子計算機將引領一種從根本上更強大的人工智能形式。 `[00:06:42]` So when I say more powerful what do I mean. Does anyone recognize this. It\'s on the slide. So this is Tianmei to this is until about three months ago was the most powerful computer on the planet. It cost about 400 million dollars it burns about 20 megawatts of electricity. > `[00:06:42]` 所以當我說更有力量的時候，我的意思是。有人認識這個嗎。它在下滑。所以這是天美，直到大約三個月前，它還是地球上最強大的計算機。它花費了 4 億美元，它消耗了大約 20 兆瓦的電力。 `[00:07:06]` Governor how much electricity that is enough to it\'s enough to power about its enough to power the town I grew up in. About 20000 households it\'s about half the size of a football field. > `[00:07:06]` 州長，有多少電力足夠讓我長大的小鎮供電，大約有 20000 戶，大約是足球場面積的一半。 `[00:07:24]` It\'s based on three point two million Intel cores. So there\'s two problems with this. Ultimately our approach to building large scale computers is starting to break. And there\'s two problems the first is that Moore\'s Law is ending. That\'s been happening for a long time lateral transistor scaling the fundamental measure of Moore\'s Law has sort of leveled off for the past eight years. The other thing is something that I hope you\'ve all heard about in your computer science class is called Abduls law on US law talks about the limiting benefits the diminishing returns of parallelization. These are massively parallel machines. Three point two million cores running in parallel only problems that can be paralyzed run fast on these kinds of machines. > `[00:07:24]` 它基于三百二十萬英特爾核心。這有兩個問題。最終，我們建造大規模計算機的方法開始瓦解。有兩個問題，第一個問題是摩爾定律即將結束。這種情況已經發生了很長一段時間，橫向晶體管定標-摩爾定律的基本測量-在過去八年里已經趨于平穩。另一件事，我希望你們在你們的計算機科學課上都聽說過，叫做 AbdulsLaw，關于美國法律，談論的限制利益，遞減的平行回報。這些都是大規模的并行機器。320 萬個核心并行運行，只有那些可以癱瘓的問題，才能在這類機器上快速運行。 `[00:08:06]` There\'s a fundamentally better way. Now President Obama has shown some significant vision in driving a return of American leadership and high performance computing and he ESET said that America is going to build an extra scale computer something about 30 times more powerful than China had to. By 2020 that machine will cost about a billion dollars with current technology and it would require a nuclear power plant to run it. > `[00:08:06]` 有一個根本上更好的方法。現在，奧巴馬總統在推動美國領導力和高性能計算機的回歸方面展現了一些重要的愿景。他說，美國將建造一臺額外規模的計算機，這是中國的 30 倍左右。到 2020 年，這臺機器的現有技術將耗資約 10 億美元，需要一座核電站來運行。 `[00:08:35]` We\'re > `[00:08:35]` 我們 `[00:08:35]` gonna do it and we need to. > `[00:08:35]` 我們必須這么做。 `[00:08:38]` But > `[00:08:38]` 但是 `[00:08:38]` there is another path ultimately when you can compute with quantum physics you have a faster and cheaper path to that level of computing power. How is that possible. Well these are two developmental systems in our lab in Berkeley. These are what you see in the big white cans are cooling systems every high performance computer has a cooling system. These ones are very powerful these round the low temperature inside each of those cooling systems is a single chip. When this picture was taken we had a five cubic processor in that machine a single chip with about 60 or 70 cubits on it would be more powerful the entire half a football field sized sized machine. That\'s what corner computing unlocks. > `[00:08:38]` 當你能用量子物理學計算的時候，還有另一條路徑，你有一條更快更便宜的途徑達到這個計算能力的水平。這怎么可能。這是我們伯克利實驗室的兩個發展系統。這些都是你在大白罐里看到的冷卻系統，每臺高性能的電腦都有一個冷卻系統。這些是非常強大的，這些周圍的低溫，每個冷卻系統是一個單一的芯片。當這張照片被拍下來的時候，我們在那臺機器里有一個 5 立方的處理器，一片 60 或 70 英尺左右的芯片，它的功能會更強大，整個半個足球場大小的機器。這就是角落計算解鎖的地方。 `[00:09:23]` So this is a true hard tech startup and one of the challenges that hard tech companies all talk about this more in a moment brings is this challenge of operating in a in an arena that is not well-defined that does not have a well-developed supply chain you know what you want to do but the capabilities to do it do not exist or are not commercially or are easily accessible. We\'ve had to develop all of the building blocks entire supply chain for this technology. What does that mean for us. We have developed a new new simulation driven design methods to actually develop design. These quantum chips. We develop our own fab our own micro fabrication capability. We\'ve developed advanced electronics that allow you to control these. These chips you can think of a quantum computer or something like a nuclear reactor where you have the core the new you know where the reaction is happening that generates all the power. But then there\'s this really complex traditional engineering system around that stabilized that it extracts a computational capability. And that thing is very expensive and requires very advanced control of Onix and then ultimately we have access to these machines over the cloud. And so we have to have cloud software and applications and a lot of work. There\'s a lot of different things you\'ve got to tie together in one organisation to do this. This slide is frankly a synthesis of the past 15 years of my life. I\'ve been working on this problem my entire adult life. I was a junior in college in Saskatchewan Canada and. Really that\'s amazing. > `[00:09:23]` 這是一家真正艱難的科技初創公司，困難的科技公司都會在一瞬間更多地談論到這一點，其中一個挑戰就是在一個沒有明確定義的、沒有完善供應鏈的環境中運營，你知道你想做什么，但做這件事的能力不存在，或者商業上不存在，或者很容易獲得。我們必須為這項技術開發整個供應鏈的所有組成部分。這對我們意味著什么。我們開發了一種新的仿真驅動設計方法來實際開發設計。這些量子芯片。我們發展自己的工廠，我們自己的微制造能力。我們開發了先進的電子產品，讓你可以控制這些。這些芯片，你可以想象一臺量子計算機或者類似于核反應堆的東西，在那里你有核心，新的，你知道反應在哪里發生，產生所有的能量。但是，還有一個非常復雜的傳統工程系統，它穩定地提取了計算能力。這種設備非常昂貴，需要對 Onix 進行非常先進的控制，最終我們可以通過云端訪問這些機器。因此，我們必須擁有云軟件和應用程序，以及大量的工作。為了做到這一點，你必須把許多不同的東西結合在一個組織中。坦率地說，這張幻燈片是我生命中過去 15 年的綜合。我成年后一直在研究這個問題。我是加拿大薩斯喀徹溫省大學三年級學生。真是太棒了。 `[00:10:54]` Laughter laughter Where are you from. Laughter. > `[00:10:54]` 笑聲你來自哪里。笑聲。 `[00:11:00]` Oh wow Mustafa here Mustafa. I was a junior at the University of Virginia Regina Saskatchewan Canada and a physics major. I was incredibly frustrated. I was very very frustrated. I didn\'t understand two basic things that I thought every human on the planet should understand what\'s quantum physics and how do computers actually work. > `[00:11:00]` 哦，哇，穆斯塔法，這里是穆斯塔法。我當時就讀于加拿大薩斯喀徹溫省的弗吉尼亞大學(UniversityofVirginia)，主修物理。我非常沮喪。我很沮喪。我不理解兩個基本的東西，我認為地球上的每個人都應該理解什么是量子物理，計算機是如何工作的。 `[00:11:26]` How do they actually store or process represent information. About the same time I read about a field called quantum computing. I like to synthesize things. I thought this was amazing. There is one field that I can learn instead of having to learn to this makes life so much easier. > `[00:11:26]` 它們如何實際存儲或處理信息。大約在同一時間，我讀到了一個叫做量子計算的領域。我喜歡合成東西。我覺得這太棒了。有一個領域，我可以學習，而不是必須學習，這使生活變得如此容易。 `[00:11:45]` I\'ve been working on that ever since and that was in 2001. I heard about these people at Yale University that had an idea for building Kornet computers. You can build these things out of real individual atoms or ions that\'s really hard because individual atoms are ions are extremely tiny and very very hard to control. They said why don\'t we build these things out of special electrical circuits based on superconductors that have no dissipation and build them in such a manner that they mimic real atoms build an artificial atom out of an electrical circuit like that. That\'s amazing. That\'s such a great idea because what\'s going to happen is you\'re gonna be able to leverage all of traditional semiconductor manufacturing capabilities. You\'re gonna be able to build a scalable tech chip technology someday based on those superconducting cubits. I spent about seven years with those with that group at Yale as aPh.D. student a postdoc. I spent about three years in doing further research at IBM in quantum computing and in 2013 I started Righetti computing to develop quantum integrated circuits and that\'s what we\'ve done. > `[00:11:45]` 從 2001 年起，我就一直在研究這個問題。我聽說耶魯大學的這些人想要建造 Kornet 電腦。你可以用真正的單個原子或離子建造這些東西，這些原子或離子非常難，因為單個原子是非常微小的，而且很難控制。他們說，為什么我們不用沒有耗散的超導體的特殊電路來建造這些東西，并以一種模仿真實原子的方式，用這樣的電路來建造一個人造原子。太棒了。這真是個好主意，因為你將能夠利用所有傳統的半導體制造能力。有一天，你將能夠建立一種可伸縮的技術芯片技術。我在耶魯大學當博士后的時候和那個小組的學生一起呆了大約七年。我花了大約三年時間在 IBM 做量子計算方面的進一步研究，2013 年，我開始了 Righetti 計算，開發量子集成電路，這就是我們所做的。 `[00:12:54]` So this is the jump on my second slide. > `[00:12:54]` 這是我第二張幻燈片上的跳轉。 `[00:12:57]` This is the leap from Newtonian plus Maxwell\'s equations to Newtonian plus Maxwell\'s equations plus Schrodinger\'s equations quantum physics and ultimately to offer you a working definition if there\'s any physics majors in the audience I want to give you a working definition of a quantum computer quantum computer store and process information in individual photons. > `[00:12:57]` 這是從牛頓+麥克斯韋方程到牛頓+麥克斯韋方程加上薛定諤方程、量子物理學的飛躍，并最終給你一個工作定義，如果聽眾中有物理專業，我想給你一個量子計算機存儲和處理信息的工作定義。 `[00:13:17]` That\'s it your iPhone. > `[00:13:17]` 那是你的 iPhone。 `[00:13:23]` The iPhone 7 uses about 100 billion photons for a bit processed. It may be as much as 10 to the 17 and 100 billion photons per bit transmitted this is far more efficient technology. > `[00:13:23]` iPhone 7 使用了大約 1000 億個光子來處理。它可能高達 10 到 1000 億光子每比特傳輸，這是一個更有效的技術。 `[00:13:39]` Okay so I want to talk for a moment about the distinction between a hard tech company and a tech company. First of all when I say hard tech I don\'t mean it\'s harder. Although it feels harder. What we mean is every company and look at the companies on the sly. These are incredible organizations incredible incredible organizations incredible companies incredible products incredible founders. > `[00:13:39]` 好吧，我想談一談硬科技公司和科技公司之間的區別。首先，當我說硬科技的時候，我并不是說難度更大。盡管感覺很難。我們指的是每一家公司，偷偷地看看這些公司。這些是不可思議的組織，不可思議的公司，難以置信的產品，不可思議的創始人。 `[00:14:06]` These are all incredibly hard things there\'s one distinction a hard tech company has to deal with and include in addition to all of the tech execution Markovitz all the standard things all the gauntlet that you have to steerer your organization through to survive. Fundamental questions of possibility you have to deal with that when you\'re a hard tech company that is. That is the signature of a hard tech organization. > `[00:14:06]` 這些都是令人難以置信的困難之處-一個困難的科技公司必須處理的一個區別-除了所有的技術執行，馬科維茨還包括所有你必須引導你的組織生存的挑戰。當你是一家硬科技公司的時候，你必須面對這個根本的可能性問題。這是一個硬科技組織的標志。 `[00:14:36]` There\'s two things I want you to take away from this. The first is that well with all of that risk we\'re saying it might not even be possible. Why the hell are you going to do that. Why the hell is anyone going to invest in your company if it might not be possible to even do it. > `[00:14:36]` 有兩件事我想讓你從這件事中解脫出來。第一件事是，我們說這種風險很好，我們說它可能根本不可能。你為什么要這么做呢？如果你的公司不可能這樣做，為什么還會有人投資你的公司呢？ `[00:14:56]` Why is it worth it. If you\'re not sure it\'s possible. Well there\'s two things you get from my perspective. > `[00:14:56]` 為什么值得這么做？如果你不確定這是可能的話。從我的角度來看，有兩件事你可以得到。 `[00:15:03]` The first is if and when you are successful you create monumental leverage and defense ability. Think of the Manhattan Project as a canonical hard tech organization. Look at the fucking leverage they created. > `[00:15:03]` 第一個問題是，如果你成功了，你就創造了巨大的籌碼和防御能力。把曼哈頓項目想象成一個典型的高科技組織。看看他們創造的杠桿。 `[00:15:17]` Laughter. That\'s incredible. > `[00:15:17]` 笑聲。太不可思議了。 `[00:15:21]` The Apollo missions when President Kennedy said in 1961 as a nation we\'re going to put a American on the surface of the moon and return him safely to Earth by the close of this decade. > `[00:15:21]` 當肯尼迪總統在 1961 年說，作為一個國家，我們將把一名美國人送上月球，并在這十年結束前將他安全地送回地球。 `[00:15:38]` That was an important moment for mankind. > `[00:15:38]` 那是人類的一個重要時刻。 `[00:15:44]` That\'s the kind of story that isn\'t written in quarterly reports and spreadsheets that\'s written in here glyphs on cave walls that\'s the kind of stuff that stirs the heart that\'s what you get when you do a hard tech company and that is so powerful. Now I want you to notice something on this site. > `[00:15:44]` 這是一種沒有寫在季度報告和電子表格中的故事，而是寫在洞穴墻壁上的銘文，這種東西讓你在做一家艱難的科技公司時得到了什么，這是多么強大的東西。現在我想讓你注意到這個網站上的一些東西。 `[00:16:05]` Look at these amazing companies at some point the defense ability and leverage that hard tech provides and the incredible passion that you engender by working on problems of that scope and impact leads organizations on the left to pushing into that into hard tech in order to access those things. > `[00:16:05]` 看看這些令人驚嘆的公司在某一時刻的防御能力和杠桿，以及你通過努力解決這種范圍和影響的問題而產生的難以置信的熱情，這將引導左邊的組織投入到硬技術中去，以獲取這些東西。 `[00:16:29]` Think of Uber moving into self driving cars. Think of Google now 100 seedlings hoping to turn something into a long term defense ability. Microsoft builds software and has started working on quantum computing that\'s what you get with a hard tech company. Now there\'s also significant challenges and I want to talk about three of them for a moment. Team communication and integration. So first of all building an organization that has world\'s experts in X Y zie all of the things that you need to master as an organization is incredibly hard. It comes with its own set of challenges. You\'re going to have to interface to the best scientists and engineers on the planet in those various fields. You\'re going to hire them. You\'re going have to bring them all into one company and you\'re going to have to find a way to smash them to allow them to talk to each other under the roof of one organization. And that leads into this integration challenge. > `[00:16:29]` 想象一下優步進入自動駕駛汽車。想想谷歌現在的 100 棵幼苗，希望能把一些東西變成一種長期的防御能力。微軟開發軟件，并開始致力于量子計算，這是你從一家硬科技公司得到的。現在也有一些重大的挑戰，我想談一談其中的三個。團隊溝通和整合。因此，首先，建立一個擁有世界專家的組織，作為一個組織，你需要掌握的所有東西都是非常困難的。它帶來了自己的一系列挑戰。你將不得不與地球上最優秀的科學家和工程師在這些不同的領域進行交流。你要雇用他們。你必須把他們都帶進一家公司，你必須想辦法粉碎他們，讓他們在一個組織的屋檐下互相交談。這導致了整合的挑戰。 `[00:17:35]` Integrating an organization that does all these disparate things we have people on the team. We have a Rhodes scholar who\'s been doing research in quantum computing for 10 years and is 27 years old. We have tenured physics faculty. We have someone teach in a course at Caltech who built the communication systems on the Mars rover missions. We have an incredible organization and one of the problems we\'ve solved it that we have people who can all have a conversation together because they all have developed a shared language. That level of integration becomes a long term weapon for your organization. > `[00:17:35]` 整合一個組織，完成所有這些不同的事情，我們團隊中的人。我們有一位羅茲學者，他在量子計算領域做了 10 年的研究，現在已經 27 歲了。我們有終身物理教師。我們有一位加州理工學院的教師在火星漫游者的任務中建立了通訊系統。我們有一個令人難以置信的組織，也是我們解決的問題之一，我們有一些人可以一起交談，因為他們都發展出了一種共同的語言。這種級別的集成將成為組織的長期武器。 `[00:18:11]` Huge amount of value can be created by now communication we\'re not doing this because quantum computing is interesting. > `[00:18:11]` 現在通訊可以創造出巨大的價值，我們沒有這樣做，因為量子計算很有趣。 `[00:18:24]` We\'re doing this to cure cancer and to solve global warming how you talk about what you do as an organization is incredibly impactful. I encourage you to spend a lot of time thinking about it. I did this a few years ago and I decided that our mission as an organization when there were three people in the company was we\'re on a mission to build the world\'s most powerful computer. > `[00:18:24]` 我們這樣做是為了治愈癌癥和解決全球變暖 `[00:18:47]` It gives you some of the sink your teeth into. It\'s a little more tangible than photons. > `[00:18:47]` 它讓你的牙齒陷進了一些水槽。它比光子更有形。 `[00:18:53]` We did this exercise again in the in the past month with the team fully built out well partially built out at the stage and we got to the same thing. > `[00:18:53]` 在過去的一個月里，我們再次做了這個練習，我們的團隊在舞臺上完成了完全的、部分的、完善的訓練，我們也做到了同樣的事情。 `[00:19:05]` It\'s really amazing why are we doing it we\'re we\'re building the most powerful computers in the world to solve humanity\'s most important and pressing problems. That\'s a rallying cry that can be very impactful for your organization. Now the other thing you get with integration is the opportunity create all this defense ability. So the chip the quantum integrated circuit is one part of it that gives you an Intel kind of business for the computing narrow. We\'re not stopping at that because no one is competing at all these different levels today and we have an opportunity to build moats around the entire thing. The next layer up is to build the system become a master system integration. That\'s an IBM style business. And then ultimately don\'t the software and platform out in the Microsoft style business. Ultimately I want to go full stack and also include the Google style business of applications and designing new drugs to to save people\'s lives. > `[00:19:05]` 我們為什么要這么做呢？我們正在建造世界上最強大的計算機來解決人類最重要和最緊迫的問題。這是一種團結的呼聲，對你的組織會產生很大的影響。現在，與集成的另一件事是機會，創造所有這些防御能力。所以芯片-量子集成電路-是其中的一部分，它為計算范圍提供了英特爾的一種業務。我們不會就此止步，因為今天沒有人在所有這些不同的層次上競爭，我們有機會圍繞著整件事建造護城河。下一層是建立系統，使系統成為主系統的集成。那是 IBM 風格的生意。最后，不要把軟件和平臺放在微軟風格的業務中。最終，我想要全力以赴，也包括谷歌(Google)式的應用程序業務，以及設計新的藥物來拯救人們的生命。 `[00:19:55]` All right. So before we move on to this I want you I\'ll do some for me I want you to do this one thing for me I want you to take 10 minutes today. > `[00:19:55]` 好的。所以，在我們討論這個之前，我要你幫我做一些，我要你為我做一件事，我想讓你今天花 10 分鐘的時間。 `[00:20:09]` After this at the break. When you go home during your meditation whatever you want to do I want you to take 10 minutes and look in your heart. I don\'t want you to ask yourself the question what kind of company do I want to join or found what kind of organization resonates with me. And when you do that spend that 10 minutes when you do that some small fraction of you it won\'t be many. Some small fraction of you will say you know what I want to do the thing that stirs my heart. I want to do the thing that calls to me that is worth spending your life on one last thing. > `[00:20:09]` 在這之后的休息時間。當你在冥想中回家時，無論你想做什么，我都希望你花 10 分鐘的時間看看你的心。我不想讓你問自己，我想加入什么樣的公司，或者發現什么樣的組織會引起我的共鳴。當你這樣做的時候，花 10 分鐘，當你做那件事的時候，你的一些小部分就不會太多了。你們中的一些人會說，你們知道我想做什么，這件事觸動了我的心。我想做一件值得你在最后一件事上花費一生的事情。 `[00:20:47]` So one of the special challenges that a hard tech organization faces is the capabilities to do what you need to do don\'t exist if they existed it wouldn\'t be hard. > `[00:20:47]` 所以一個困難的技術組織所面臨的特殊挑戰之一是你所需要做的事情的能力-如果它們存在的話-它不會很難。 `[00:20:59]` Check organization so there\'s this tension that exists in all companies but is especially accentuated in hard tech attention between developing the product. Take your product from concept to market get the product built ship the product with the things you need to do to enable that at each successive stage of evolution company development build the capabilities and create organizational clarity. That\'s your job as a founder and a leader. What should you work on found that there is a useful framework. I thought about this problem for a really long time because I was spending every day trying to balance these two competing tensions ultimately these are both processes of pumping entropy out of the system. You have an idea for the product. I know what this Cornick Peter wants to look like. It\'s all you know. But it doesn\'t exist it doesn\'t exist yet. There\'s all these questions we have to answer. I think when you starts basically an idea from what this rocket was going to look like there\'s a gazillion micro decisions that have to be made to actually manifest that thing in the real world. That is a process of pumping entropy out of the vision. > `[00:20:59]` 檢查組織，以便所有公司都存在這種緊張關系，但在開發產品之間的艱難的技術關注中尤為突出。把你的產品從一個概念帶到另一個市場，讓產品建立起來，用你需要做的事情來運送產品，以便在公司發展的每一個后續階段，建立能力，并創建清晰的組織。這是你作為創始人和領導者的工作。你應該做什么工作，發現有一個有用的框架。我思考這個問題已經很長時間了，因為我每天都在試圖平衡這兩種相互競爭的緊張關系，最終這些都是將熵從系統中抽出來的過程。你對這個產品有個想法。我知道這個科尼克·彼得想要什么樣子。你只知道這些。但它還不存在。我們必須回答所有這些問題。我想，當你從火箭的樣子開始的時候，需要做出無數的微觀決定，才能在現實世界中真正體現出這一點。這是一個將熵從視覺中抽出來的過程。 `[00:22:02]` Same with company development creating this organizational clarity building the capabilities answering the question are we going to do our own fab or we\'re going to outsource. We\'re going to partner with IBM to the Fabra we\'re going to how we can do the fab we have to answer that question. Ultimately that is a process of pumping HP of the system. There\'s a lot of things that this leads to one is it tells you who you should hire. > `[00:22:02]` 同樣，隨著公司的發展，創造組織的清晰性，建立解決問題的能力，我們是自己動手，還是外包。我們將與 IBM 合作到 Fabra，我們將討論如何做我們必須回答的問題。最終，這是一個泵惠普系統的過程。這導致了很多事情，其中之一就是它告訴你應該雇傭誰。 `[00:22:24]` Some people create order and clarity in their wake. They create systems they execute systems they reinforce systems they train other people how to use those systems. > `[00:22:24]` 有些人在身后創造秩序和清晰。他們創建系統，執行系統，加強系統，培訓其他人如何使用這些系統。 `[00:22:36]` Other people generate entropy know what you\'re looking for hire people who pump entropy out of your vision for your organization. It\'s incredibly powerful so this is one of my favorite pictures I\'ve ever seen. This is a picture of the control data Corporation. Sixty six hundred machine what I love about it is look clergy it is. There\'s wires hanging out of this thing everywhere you can see the pumps down in the corner. > `[00:22:36]` 其他人產生熵，知道你在找什么人，誰把熵從你的組織愿景中抽出來。它非常強大，所以這是我見過的我最喜歡的照片之一。這是控制數據公司的圖片。六百臺機器我最喜歡的是神職人員。這個東西上掛著電線，到處都可以看到角落里的水泵。 `[00:23:06]` This machine was the is widely considered the first supercomputer the United States blocked the export of one of these things to our allies in France. > `[00:23:06]` 這臺機器被廣泛認為是第一臺超級計算機，美國阻止了這些東西出口到我們在法國的盟友。 `[00:23:20]` It was incredibly impactful at a geopolitical level. And who built it. A group of 34 folks in the woods of Wisconsin 34 people built the world\'s most powerful computer. I can\'t even read the memo. It\'s too powerful. > `[00:23:20]` 在地緣政治層面上，這是非常有影響的。以及是誰建造的。威斯康星州森林里的 34 個人建造了世界上最強大的電腦。我連備忘錄都看不清。它太強大了。 `[00:23:42]` Ultimately 34 people compete in a giant behemoth that is what happens in high performance computing. That is what happens with a lot of hard tech organizations and it\'s an incredible opportunity for you. If this pulls at your heartstrings. Thank you very much. Applause. `[00:23:42]` 最終有 34 人在一個巨大的龐然大物中競爭，這就是高性能計算中所發生的事情。這就是很多困難的技術組織所發生的事情，這對你來說是一個令人難以置信的機會。如果這牽動了你的心弦。非常感謝。掌聲。